Principle Of Redundancy Research Articles

Effects of blinded and nonblinded sequential human redundancy on inspection effort and inspection outcome in low prevalence visual search

Human redundancy is often used in safety–critical domains to help protect against errors. For example, mammograms are read by two radiologists, or the dose of a drug is calculated by two physicians who perform the task redundantly one after the other. However, the expected reliability gain may be compromised by social loafing (SL), i.e., a reduction of individual effort caused by the team setting. In two laboratory studies, we therefore investigated whether different forms of human redundancy cause SL and impact task outcome. In each experiment, about 20 participants inspected images alone for rare targets, while 40 participants worked in teams of two, either performing the first or second inspection. We measured effort using inspection time and inspection area, and measured task outcome using the number of detected targets and false alarms. While there was no transfer of target marks in experiment 1 (blinded redundancy), the second inspectors in experiment 2 saw marks set during the first inspection (nonblinded redundancy). In experiment 1, data revealed no indications of SL but increased time, area covered, detections and false alarms for team-based relative to solo performance. In experiment 2, teams clearly adapted their inspection intensity. The second inspectors searched the images significantly shorter than the first inspectors. While detected targets did not differ between the two redundant groups, the second inspectors were found to produce significantly fewer false alarms than the first inspectors. However, the advantage of detected targets and area coverage still favored the teams. Thus, the principle of redundancy was effective in both forms of sequential redundancy, even if it led to different behaviors and perceptions at the individual level.

Validation of the Gap-fill as an Overall Measure of English Language Proficiency among Iraqi EFL Learners

The purpose of this study was to validate the Gap-fill among Iraqi EFL university students. To this end, two types of multiple-choice Gap-fill were administered to a sample of EFL students along with a number of other tests as criteria. Correlational analyses revealed moderate to strong correlations between the Gap-fill and the criterion measures. Principal components analysis resulted in a one-factor solution with the Gap-fill highly loading on this single factor. These were interpreted as validity evidence for the. Gap-fill Implication of the study for classroom testing are discussed. Keywords: Gap-fill, reduced redundancy principle, validity, conversational Gap-fill, written Gap-fill

Feature selection considering feature relevance, redundancy and interactivity for neighbourhood decision systems

Feature selection is an effective method to simplify data analysis and obtain key features, which improves the accuracy and generalization ability of classifiers. Neighbourhood rough set is a typical granular computing model that enables data analysis at different granularity by setting different neighbourhood radii. In recent years, feature selection based on neighbourhood rough sets has received widespread attention from researchers. However, these models still have the following shortcomings. On the one hand, they rarely simultaneously consider the relevance, the redundancy and interactivity among features, making it difficult to accurately depict classification information in the data. On the other hand, there is still a lack of effective uncertainty measures to evaluate the classification ability of feature subsets. For these reasons, this article proposes a feature selection model that considers the relevance, redundancy, and interactivity of features. Firstly, the relevance, the redundancy and interactivity between features, are defined based on the neighbourhood, respectively. Secondly, a new feature evaluation function (MMM function) is proposed based on the principles of maximum relevance, minimum redundancy, and maximum interactivity. Finally, from the perspective of maintaining classification ability, a heuristic feature selection algorithm (FS_CRRI) was designed. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, it was compared with some representative feature selection algorithms on twelve common datasets. The experimental results on three different classifiers indicate that the FS_CRRI algorithm can effectively reduce data and achieve higher classification performance.

Elevated Fungicide and Nutrient Concentrations Change Structure but not Function of Aquatic Microbial Communities.

Leaf decomposition is a key process in stream ecosystems within forested catchments; it is driven by microbial communities, particularly fungi and bacteria. These microorganisms make nutrients and energy bound in leaves available for wider parts of the food web. Leaf-associated microorganisms are subjected to anthropogenic pressures, such as the increased exposure to nutrients and fungicides associated with land-use change. We assessed the sensitivity of leaf-associated microbial communities with differing exposure histories, namely, from pristine (P) streams, and streams impacted by wastewater (W) and agricultural run-off (vineyards; V). In the laboratory, microbial communities were exposed to elevated nutrient (NO3-N: 0.2-18.0 mg/L, PO4-P: 0.02-1.8 mg/L) and fungicide concentrations (sum concentration 0-300 µg/L) in a fully crossed 3 × 4 × 4-factorial design over 21 days. Leaf decomposition and exoenzyme activity were measured as functional endpoints, and fungal community composition and microbial abundance served as structural variables. Overall, leaf decomposition did not differ between fungicide treatments or exposure histories. Nonetheless, substantial changes in the fungal community composition were observed after exposure to environmentally relevant fungicide concentrations. Elevated nutrient concentrations assisted leaf decomposition, and the effect size depended on the exposure history. The observed changes in the fungal community composition support the principle of functional redundancy, with highly efficient decomposers maintaining leaf decomposition. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1300-1311. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

Can humanity survive to a giant comet impact?

It is well known that giant long period comets originating from the Oort's cloud could be the most threatening celestial bodies. The warning time could indeed be very short, five years, and the kinetic energy could be sufficient for global and durable effects on Earth, killing all life forms on the surface. Humans might nevertheless be able to survive decades in underground shelters. Based on a model used to determine the minimum number of people to survive on another planet, a classification of long terms shelters is proposed, taking all needs into consideration and also the double redundancy principle. Accumulation shelters corresponds to shelters with lots of resources but a weak autonomy, and therefore a well-established limited lifetime around thirty years. Borderline shelters correspond to long term shelters with strong autonomous capacities but little margins and high risks of collapse due to misconceptions, underestimations and insufficient testing. Complete shelters correspond to ideal shelters with double redundancy for every system and also for the working capacity. Thanks to a high resilience, they could last decades, eventually saving humanity from extinction. The limits of the shelters are discussed, as well as uncertainties. Given the short warning time, it is impossible to test any shelter, and, as a consequence to avoid errors in the design of a complete shelter. The risk is indeed high that some problems are underestimated and a slow but unstoppable degradation of life conditions would lead to the death of the survivals, whatever the preparation and motivation of the survivals.

Supply chain resilience: Conceptual and formal models drawing from immune system analogy

Resilience is a frequently discussed concept in the context of supply chains, often likened to an immune system that plays a vital role in safeguarding against disruptions and facilitating recovery. Recognizing a gap in the literature for constructs that encapsulate supply chain resilience from an immune system perspective, this article introduces conceptual and formal models drawing from molecular biology and immunology. Our models reflect the dual nature of supply chain resilience as a composition of preparedness and recovery, interpreted through the primary components of immune systems—innate and adaptive immunities. We discuss how certain analogies between immune and supply chain systems, along with dissimilarities, can be leveraged to enhance supply chain resilience. An immune system-inspired mechanism for supply chain resilience is proposed using a combination of innate and adaptive responses and complemented by the principles of diversity and redundancy. Finally, the article outlines potential research areas within the domain of supply chain resilience (e.g., data-driven analytics, viability, ripple effect, complexity analysis, and uncertainty modeling) that could benefit from the application of the immune system perspective, thereby contributing to and broadening the scope of current scholarly literature.

Decoding topological XYZ 2 codes with reinforcement learning based on attention mechanisms

Quantum error correction, a technique that relies on the principle of redundancy to encode logical information into additional qubits to better protect the system from noise, is necessary to design a viable quantum computer. For this new topological stabilizer code-XYZ 2 code defined on the cellular lattice, it is implemented on a hexagonal lattice of qubits and it encodes the logical qubits with the help of stabilizer measurements of weight six and weight two. However topological stabilizer codes in cellular lattice quantum systems suffer from the detrimental effects of noise due to interaction with the environment. Several decoding approaches have been proposed to address this problem. Here, we propose the use of a state-attention based reinforcement learning decoder to decode XYZ 2 codes, which enables the decoder to more accurately focus on the information related to the current decoding position, and the error correction accuracy of our reinforcement learning decoder model under the optimisation conditions can reach 83.27% under the depolarizing noise model, and we have measured thresholds of 0.18856 and 0.19043 for XYZ 2 codes at code spacing of 3–7 and 7–11, respectively. our study provides directions and ideas for applications of decoding schemes combining reinforcement learning attention mechanisms to other topological quantum error-correcting codes.

The role of bentonite in the repository concepts for radioactive waste in Germany: a review

Irrespective of the host rock and the repository concept, bentonite plays a central role in the geological disposal of radioactive waste by serving as the main sealing element in most repository concepts. Due to its favourable chemical, hydraulic and mechanical properties, bentonite is of paramount importance in the overall safety of a repository for radioactive waste. This work gives an overview of the use of bentonite in the German repository concepts in different host rocks. Starting with the current repository safety regulations in force in Germany, the principles for the design of the engineered barrier system are described. Among them, the principle of diverse redundancy has been established as the main design principle to fulfil the requirements of the Repository Safety Ordinance. This principle allows the arrangement of different geomaterials in the design of the geotechnical barriers where bentonite plays a key role. Bentonite is used in the German repository concepts in different host rocks as either buffer, backfill and/or sealing material. In clay and in crystalline rock, highly compacted bentonite blocks are considered for the sealing of disposal boreholes and for the construction of drift seals. Processed excavated material is mixed with bentonite to backfill the remaining voids inside the repository. For the closure of shafts, bentonite as binary mixture of briquettes and powder or as equipotential sand-bentonite-segments are considered. The present work also brings to light how bentonite is used in German repository concepts. We also discuss the differences between German and international geological disposal programmes in regards to the applications of bentonite. The innovative aspect of the German approach is demonstrated through the adoption of a dual bentonite/asphalt sealing system and the implementation of equipotential segments comprising layers of sand and bentonite. Thematic collection: This article is part of the Sustainable geological disposal and containment of radioactive waste collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/radioactive

What is the value of rotations to insecticide resistance management?

Rotations have been the cornerstone of insecticide resistance management for many decades. In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in the use of insecticide mixtures, particularly based on new theoretical models. Here, we present a perspective on the value of rotations to insecticide resistance management, focusing on the interpretation of influential theoretical models. The principles of resistance management have previously been reduced to moderation, saturation and multiple attack. Alongside mixtures and mosaics, rotations have been presented as a strategy of multiple attack in using more than one insecticide. Three explanations have been offered for how rotations delay resistance evolution: counterselection from resistance cost, the relaxation of selection and intergenerational redundant kill. We show that all three explanations can make sense of the comparison of rotations with another resistance-management strategy but have failed to elucidate the principle at work. Overall, we argue that rotations work by moderation, delaying resistance to insecticides through the use of each insecticide less over time. We suggest that the principles of resistance management are recast as moderation, saturation and redundancy. When rotations and mixtures are not conceptualised as competing methods of multiple attack, these strategies can more obviously work together through the complementary principles of moderation and redundancy. Whether solo products or a mixture of products are used, rotations are an effective method of risk management, preserving the arsenal of all effective insecticides for longer. A successful resistance-management plan should make appropriate use of all the principles of resistance management. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

ПРИНЦИП СУБЪЕКТИВНОЙ ИЗБЫТОЧНОСТИ И МЕТОД СЖАТИЯ ДАННЫХ, ПОЛУЧАЕМЫХ ОТ ЦИФРОВЫХ АНТЕННЫХ РЕШЕТОК

The problem of limiting the capacity of the diagram-forming circuit of the digital antenna array is considered, due to the capabilities of existing communication lines with serial data transmission from the receiving channels to the computer. This problem limits the possibilities of implementing various methods of signal processing in digital antenna arrays. The subject of the study is the possibility of increasing the capacity of the diagram-forming circuit of the digital antenna array due to software compression of radar data. The purpose of the work is to create a scientific and methodological apparatus that will increase the capcity of the diagram-forming scheme by using the principle of subjective redundancy in relation to radar data processing tasks. The results of the work include: justification and formulation of the principle of subjective redundancy of radar data and the method of compression of radar data, as well as the results of numerical studies confirming the operability of the proposed scientific and methodological apparatus. The principle of subjective redundancy is based on the independence of the separation of signal processing processes in the spatial and temporal domains when receiving a single echo signal, and in the case of receiving several echo signals, on the principle of superposition of fields from various sources in the far antenna zone. The method of radar data compression is based on the principle of subjective redundancy of radar data and differs from the known iterative procedure for approximating the matrix of complex samples in the form of a superposition of products of one-dimensional cosine spectra. It is shown that the application of the radar data compression method makes it possible to increase the transmission capacity of the digital antenna array transmission lines several times.

Using resiliency, redundancy, and representation in a Bayesian belief network to assess imperilment of riverine fishes

AbstractConservation prioritization frameworks are used worldwide to identify species at greatest risk of extinction and to allocate limited resources across regions, species, and populations. Conservation prioritization can be impeded by ecological knowledge gaps and data deficiency, especially in freshwater species inhabiting highly complex aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, we developed a flexible approach that calculates a species' imperilment risk based on the conservation principles of resiliency, redundancy, and representation (i.e., the “three R's”). Our approach organizes data on species traits, distributions, population connectivity, and threats within a Bayesian belief network capable of predicting resiliency and redundancy within representative ecological settings. Empirical data and expert judgment inform the model to provide robust and repeatable risk assessments for rare and data‐deficient species. The model calculates resiliency at hierarchical spatial scales from distributional trends and population strength. Redundancy is estimated from the connectivity and quantities of extant populations. Resiliency, redundancy, and species' inherent vulnerability based on species traits collectively estimate extirpation risk within each unique ecological setting. Extirpation risks across ecological settings characterize representation and are aggregated to estimate global imperilment risk. We demonstrate the model's utility with Piebald Madtom (Noturus gladiator), a species petitioned for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Our results revealed that resiliency, redundancy, and extirpation risks can vary spatially across the species' range while identifying populations where additional sampling could disproportionally reduce uncertainty in estimated global imperilment risk. Our approach could standardize and expedite conservation status assessments, identify opportunities for early management intervention of at‐risk species and populations, and strategically reduce uncertainty by focusing monitoring and research on priority information gaps.

Subtitles in News Explainer Videos and the Impact on Information Retention

The redundancy principle of the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning states that the use of subtitles in videos affects the storage of information in a person’s memory. Previous studies that tested this assumption were based on videos, tutorials, and presentations in academic settings. There is a gap in literature on whether this theory applies to news explainer videos which break down complex news topics for audiences. This study addressed this gap by showing a news explainer video with and without subtitles to two groups of participants, and by testing how much information they could recall in the short and long terms. The findings show that the use of subtitles has a minor negative impact on information retention in the long-term and not in the short-term. Another key finding is that the negative impact prevails even if subtitles are used in a non-native language or if people have high levels of prior knowledge about a topic. The results suggest it is better to avoid using subtitles in news explainer videos regardless of the characteristics of the audience to which the videos are shown.

Is animation always better for learning Chinese characters?

Abstract The present study investigated the effect of animations on Chinese character learning in multimedia presentations. In particular, we examined whether animations focusing on different knowledge of characters would yield different performance among students learning Chinese characters. The role of the animations which focused on the etymology of Chinese characters was tested in Experiment 1 with twelve English secondary school students. The results found that etymological animations were superior to flashcards for learners in recognizing forms of Chinese characters but not for understanding their meanings. In Experiment 2, the effect of animations which focused on demonstrating stroke order along with the audio explanations and on-screen written texts was addressed with 60 Thai secondary school students. The results revealed that animations demonstrating stroke order did not provide learners with advantages in orthographic learning. However, the findings support the redundant principle that static imagery and spoken and written text together facilitated character learning. In addition, the study showed that the students’ pace and flexibility of learning, the level of character difficulty, and students’ active processing have significant roles in character learning performance in a multimedia settings. This study provides implications for the design of multimedia instruction in foreign language acquisition and sheds light on the theoretical assumptions of dual-coding theory regarding learners’ cognitive loads in multimedia processing.

NUWARD SMR safety approach and licensing objectives for international deployment

Drawing on the deep experience and understanding of the principles of nuclear safety, as well as many years of nuclear power plant design and operation, the EDF led NUWARD SMR Project is developing a design for a Small Modular Reactor (SMR) of 340 MWe composed of two 170 MWe independent units, that will supplement the offering of high-output nuclear reactors, especially in response to specific needs such as replacement of fossil-fuelled power plants. NUWARD SMR is a mix of proven and innovative design features that will make it more commercially competitive, while integrating safety features that comply with the highest international standards. Following the principles of redundancy and diversity and rigorous application of Defence in Depth (DID), with an international view on nuclear safety licensing, the Project also incorporates new safety approaches into its design development.The NUWARD SMR Project has been in development for a number of years, it entered conceptual design formally in mid-2019 and entered Basic Design in 2023. The objective of the concept design phase was to confirm the project technological choices and to define the first design configuration of the NUWARD SMR product, to document it, in order to launch pre-licensing with the French Safety Authority (ASN) and to define its estimated cost and its subsequent development and construction schedules. As a delivery milestone the Safety Options file (called the Dossier d’Options de Sûreté (DOS)) has been submitted to ASN in July 2023 for their opinion.An integral part of the NUWARD SMR Project, is not only to deliver a design suitable for France and to satisfy French regulation, but to develop a product suitable and indeed desirable, for the international market, with a first focus in Europe. In order to achieve its objectives and realise its market potential, the NUWARD SMR Project needs to define and realise its safety approach within an international environment and that is the key subject of this paper. The following paper:• Summarises the foundation principles and technological background which underpin the design;•Contextualises the key design features with regard to the international safety regulatory framework with particular emphasis on innovative passive safety aspects;•Illustrates the Project activities in preparation for first licensing in France, and also a wider international view via the ASN led Joint Early Review of the NUWARD SMR design, including Finnish and Czech Republic regulators, recently joined by the Swedish, Polish and Dutch regulators;•Articulates the collaborative approach to design development from involvement with the Project partners (the Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Naval Group, TechnicAtome, Framatome and Tractebel) to the establishment of the International NUWARD Advisory Board (INAB), to gain greater international insight and advice;•Concludes with the focus on next steps into detailed design development, standardisation of the design and its simplification to enhance its commercial competitiveness in a context of further harmonisation of the nuclear safety and licensing requirements and aspirations.

Learning from academic video with subtitles: When foreign language proficiency matters

BackgroundPrevious multimedia research suggests that learning from an academic video in a foreign language may represent a boundary condition for the redundancy principle, such that subtitles assist learning, especially for low-proficiency learners. AimThe effects of the subtitle language and the learners’ foreign language proficiency level plus any interaction between the two on learning from a subtitled video were examined. Sample and methodsIn an online study, 131 francophone students allocated to three English proficiency levels studied a video lecture under three conditions: subtitles in English (same as audio), subtitles in French or no subtitles (control). They were then asked to provide subjective ratings (cognitive load and interest) and perform comprehension tasks. ResultsNeither a main effect of the condition nor interactions were found on any measure. However, there was a main effect of language proficiency on inference and transfer outcomes as well as on extraneous cognitive load. ConclusionThe findings did not provide evidence for any effect of subtitles in the same or native language, but confirm the leading role of foreign language proficiency in content learning from video in a foreign language.

The impact of multimedia design and the accent of the instructor on student learning and evaluations of teaching

AbstractIn college classrooms, the language background of instructors is rarely considered when designing instructional materials. Previous work suggests that redundant text on slides during multimedia presentations can hinder learning (i.e., the redundancy principle). The current study examines whether additional text support can facilitate learning when the instructor speaks with a non‐native accent. In two experiments conducted in the United States, participants were randomly assigned to watch a lecture with more or less text on the slides narrated by either a Mandarin‐ or an American‐accented instructor. Then, participants completed a multiple‐choice assessment and evaluation of the instructor's effectiveness. The amount of text on the slides and the accent of the instructor did not differentially impact performance on the assessment. However, students rated the instructor who spoke with a Mandarin accent less favorably, suggesting that accent‐based biases influence students' perceptions of teaching even when there are no observable differences in learning.

Enhancing climate resilience in businesses: The role of artificial intelligence

The abrupt rise in extreme weather events (floods, heat waves, droughts, etc.) due to changing climate in the last decades has increased the level of threats to various sectors (agriculture, energy, transportation, etc.) globally. The climate projections from global circulation models indicate even more intense and frequent extreme events in the future, which in turn pose more risks to socioeconomic infrastructure. The enhanced understanding of the climate-related financial risk associated with businesses has driven efforts to include critical information on probable risks associated with climate change in financial decision-making. In this study, we have presented a framework to assess the need of incorporating climate risk assessment as an integral part of business operations. We also reviewed revealed literature to understand the possible impacts of climate change on various sectors and presented key strategies to assess the climate risk associated with them. Also, a framework incorporating probable climate threats to business ecology with principles of robustness, resourcefulness, redundancy, and rapidity has been proposed to adapt and mitigate associated risks for a climate-resilient business ecosystem. The integration of Artificial Intelligence in managing risk could be a promising tool for enhancing business resilience to climate change and could be used as a tool. Robust and accurate predictions of climate and weather extremes from deep learning algorithms at a significant lead time can help in minimizing the associated risk with a business infrastructure. Atmospheric Rivers (ARs), a weather extreme cause huge socioeconomic risk by triggering floods and droughts in various continents of mid-latitude regions. We have presented a case study investigating the ability of deep learning algorithms to predict ARs. The results from the analysis advocate the application of deep learning algorithms to predict weather and climate extremes in decision support systems to enhance the climate resilience of a business ecosystem.

On semantic redundancy in the epigraphs of Moesia Superior

AbstractIn this paper, the principle of semantic redundancy is examined as evidenced in the corpus of the Moesia Superior inscriptions (Inscriptions de la Mésie supérieure – IMS). The objective is to identify pleonastic phrases within the epigraphic material and to distinguish instances of unmotivated redundancy. The starting point is the observation made by Hofmann, Löfstedt, Herman, and others that this type of redundancy, contrary to the pragmatically motivated or “rhetoric” one, could reflect the ongoing semantic change in Vulgar Latin. Given the scarcity of semantic redundancy findings in the IMS corpus, this paper also serves as an introduction to this linguistically important topic.

A STUDY ON CHALLENGES OF NURSING STUDENTS IN THE CLINICAL LEARNING ENVIRONMENT OF SELECTED COLLEGE OF NURSING, LUDHIANA, PUNJAB.

inical skills are essential and important component in nursing career. Clinical learning environment is a combination of physical, psychological, emotional and spiritual factors which affect the student nurses' clinical skills and growth. Aim:To explore the challenges of the nursing students in the clinical learning environment. Methodology:Aqualitative approach with phenomenological research design was used to assess the challenges of nursing students in the clinical learning environment. Data was collected from a sample of 12 students of B.Sc.(N) 4th year of DMCH College of Nursing, Malakpur, Ludhiana. Sample was collected according to principle of redundancy using non- probability convenience sampling technique. Semi-structured interview guide and audio recorder were used to collect data. The challenges faced by nursing students were assessed by in-depth interview. Analysis was done using thematic analysis and descriptive statistics. Results: The study revealed that majority (50 %) of the nursing students were of age 21 years with mean age ± SD of (20.83±0.718), (83.4%) were female, (58.4%) were Sikh, (66.6%) belonged to nuclear family,(83.4%) actual clinical attendance was up to 96-100%, (66.6%) obtained 70-79% marks in their academic performance, (50%) preferred nursing as 1st professional preference, for (41.6%) of the students, the source of motivation for choosing nursing profession was self and parents and (75%) of their family members didn't belong to nursing profession. The data was grouped under 09 main themes i.e.: barriers in clinical learning environment, ineffective planning of clinical experience, ineffective communication, inadequate readiness, psychological response, traditionalism in clinical practice, lack of professional approach, welfare defect and insufcient exposure and these themes were grouped into various subthemes. Conclusion: The results obtained in this study showed that there were undesirable experiences of nursing students in the clinical learning environment. While considering the role of clinical practice in the development of personal and professional skills of nursing students, the results of this study could be helpful in quality improvement in the clinical learning environment. The study aimed to explore the challenges of the nursing students in the clinical learning environment. A qualitative approach with phenomenological research design was used in the study. Data was collected from a sample of 12 students of B.Sc.(N) 4th year of DMCH College of Nursing, Malakpur, Ludhiana. Sample was collected according to principle of redundancy using non- probability convenience sampling technique. Semi-structured interview guide and audio recorder were used to collect data. The challenges faced by nursing students were assessed by in-depth interview. Analysis was done using thematic analysis and descriptive statistics. Results were grouped under 09 main themes i.e.: barriers in clinical learning environment, ineffective planning of clinical experience, ineffective communication, inadequate readiness, psychological response, traditionalism in clinical practice, lack of professional approach, welfare defect and insufcient exposure and these themes were grouped into various subthemes

How large the number of redundant copies should be to make a rare event probable.

The redundancy principle provides a framework to study how rare events are made possible with probability 1 in accelerated time, by making many copies of similar random searchers. However, what is a large n? To estimate large n with respect to the geometrical properties of a domain and the dynamics, we present here a criterion based on splitting probabilities between a small fraction of the exploration space associated with an activation process and other absorbing regions where trajectories can be terminated. We obtain explicit computations especially when there is a killing region located inside the domain that we compare with stochastic simulations. We also present examples of extreme trajectories with killing in dimension 2. For a large n, the optimal trajectories avoid penetrating inside the killing region. Finally, we discuss some applications to cell biology.