Principles Of Protection Research Articles

Radiation Hazards, Protection, and Cultivating a Radiologically Safe Environment for Nurses

Medical diagnostics has been revolutionized with the discovery of X-rays. The number of radiological procedures performed globally has increased rapidly during past decades and according to UNSCEAR 2021 report, 4.2 billion medical radiological procedures are performed annually. Ionizing radiations if not used appropriately and carefully can lead to health hazards for health professionals involved in the radiation work as well as patients undergoing the radiological procedure. However, the awareness about the ionising radiation and radiation safety is very limited among the healthcare professionals. This educational paper will provide basic insights in radiation protection training, and key topics to cover during education and training for nurses working in various medical radiological procedures of patients. Nurses need to understand radiation protection principles and ways to minimize their exposure of radiation during radiological procedures. They should be able to practically apply radiation protection principles in healthcare settings with enhanced patient and occupational safety without Radiophobia. Applying radiation safety culture in nursing practice improves quality and safety in patient care.

Zawiłości wynalazku biotechnologicznego w świetle prawa cywilnego, podatkowego i bilansowego

The main research problem of the article is the juridical assessment of a biotechnological invention in the light of civil, tax and accounting law. The aim is to present the issue of biotechnological invention from the perspective of various areas of law, the process of shaping current legislation in this field, as well as a review of Polish and EU case law. The work presents a broader analysis of biotechnological inventions in three branches of law: civil, tax and accounting. In the context of civil law, the principles of legal protection of this type of inventions were analyzed, as well as their impact on civil law relations. The main aspects of the regulation of biotechnological inventions in Polish civil law are presented, including the criteria for granting patents, as well as issues related to intellectual property. The importance of a balance between the protection of innovation and social interests and the need to constantly adapt the law to dynamically developing biomedical technologies were emphasized. Legal analysis based on tax law showed how complex the subject of the biotechnological invention is. All theses were supported by literature, legislation and case law. Tax law shows the potential of the invention and the possibilities associated with it. The accounting law segment of the study determines the categorization of biotechnological inventions within the appropriate framework of the legal system by identifying the relevant legal provisions.

Juridical Review Of Standard Agreements In The Framework Of Consumer Protection

Exonerating clauses have been widely used in agreements due to their time and cost efficiency. However, as the use of these clauses has expanded, there have been instances of non-compliance with certain requirements, which have subsequently caused disadvantages to certain parties. Exonerating clauses are often employed in freight forwarding service agreements by companies to limit their legal liability in the event of loss or damage to a consumer's goods. From the perspective of consumer protection, the use of exonerating clauses can create an imbalance in rights and obligations between service providers and consumers. According to Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection, consumers have the right to safety, comfort, and security in the consumption of goods and services. However, exonerating clauses can undermine or limit these rights, potentially causing harm to consumers. This paper will discuss the use of exonerating clauses in freight forwarding service agreements from the perspective of consumer protection based on the Consumer Protection Act. It will focus on how these clauses can be used unfairly by companies to avoid liability and how the law should protect consumers from such detrimental practices. This analysis is crucial to ensuring that the use of exonerating clauses does not conflict with the fundamental principles of consumer protection established by law.

Turning the Tide on Remnants of War at Sea? Toward the Principles for Protection of the Environment in Relation to Armed Conflicts

Abstract For a long time, the full impacts of armed conflicts on the marine environment have been ill-defined and largely neglected. World War I and II-era remnants of war at sea pose increasing threats to human and marine life, particularly over the coming decade, as they contaminate, pollute, or detonate toxic and hazardous substances into coastal and benthic ecosystems. The International Law Commission’s Principles for Protection of the Environment in Relation to Armed Conflicts aim to enhance protections for the marine environment before, during, and after conflict. In practice, this means navigating an uncoalesced legal regime and relying on established principles of international environmental law – particularly the duty to cooperate and share information. However, considerable knowledge gaps need to be addressed to remedy the vast legacy of war in the ocean, as the majority of remnants of war at sea remain under-assessed, in part, due to financial and technical constraints.

Assessing the Use of Radiation Protection Equipment: A Cross-Sectional Survey Among Dental Students

Background: Proper radiation protection is crucial for minimizing exposure risks in dental radiography. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, awareness, and practices of dental students regarding radiation protection equipment. Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted with 100 dental students, including third-year students, final-year students, interns, and postgraduates. The questionnaire assessed participants' understanding of radiation protection principles, use of protective equipment, and attitudes toward radiation safety. Data were analyzed using statistical methods, including chi-square tests. Results: The study found that 73% of participants had good knowledge and awareness of radiation protection equipment and radiation dosage. Despite this, adherence to recommended practices was poor. A significant association was observed between gender and the use of lead aprons during radiographs (p-value = 0.03), indicating a difference in practice based on gender. Conclusion: While dental students generally exhibit strong knowledge and awareness of radiation protection, there is a notable gap in the practical application of protective measures. The findings highlight the need for improved training and adherence to radiation safety practices to ensure the well-being of both patients and practitioners.

Pilot protection based on the similarity of the traveling waves between the quadratic fitting curve and the calculated curve for the All-DC wind power transmission system

The All-DC wind power generation system can effectively solve the harmonic resonance problem caused by large-scale wind power AC collection and transmission, gradually becoming a hot topic in future research. However, there are few studies on the relay protection of the All-DC wind power transmission systems. In the All-DC wind power systems, there are differences in topology, control strategies, fault characteristics, boundary characteristics, etc. At the same time, existing pilot protection has problems such as strict information synchronization requirements and selection of setting values through simulation. Therefore, the proposed pilot protection based on the similarity of the traveling wave between the quadratic fitting curve and the calculated curve for the All-DC wind power system transmission lines. Firstly, the difference of the 1-mode initial current waveform characteristics is analyzed in the time domain at both ends. Then, the least squares method is introduced to fit the differential curves of the current forward and backward traveling waves at two terminals. The differential characteristics of the differences between the fitted curve, the calculated curve, and the measured curve under the influence of internal and external errors are analyzed. Finally, the calculated value of traveling wave current during external metallicity fault is used as the standard. By comparing the fitting curve of current traveling waves and the difference in the calculation curve to distinguish internal faults from external faults. The simulation results show that the proposed protection principle can fault resistance of 2200 Ω and noise interference of 20 dB. In addition, the proposed method does not require strict data synchronization, higher sampling frequency, and setting value through simulation.

Self-adhesive fiberboards fabricated from waste bamboo powder through biological pretreatment

Using renewable and sustainable agricultural and forestry wastes to produce bio-based materials is an effective approach for significantly reducing the environmental pollution caused by petroleum-based materials such as plastics and chemical fibers. This research aims to develop a cleaning process for large-scale production of high-performance green bio-based materials without the use of any chemical binders. The mechanical properties of self-adhesive fiberboards are improved through pretreatment with white rot fungi. By pretreating bamboo powder with biological factors like sugars and laccase produced by white rot fungi under high temperature and pressure, lignin-active molecules are formed on the surface. These active molecules can reconstruct chemical bonds between multi-fiber materials, thereby exhibiting biological adhesion. The reconfiguration of lignin molecules on the material's surface also helps prevent rapid water penetration. After biological pretreatment, the surface of bamboo powder forms a concave-convex structure, effectively increasing the area of biological adhesion during hot-pressing conditions. Compared to regular bamboo powder control samples, bio-pretreated fiberboards showed an increase in modulus of rupture (MOR) by 83.33 % and modulus of elasticity (MOE) by 100.79 %. In contrast to traditional fossil-based adhesive synthetic materials, the findings of this study circumvent the emission of harmful volatiles from chemical adhesives while effectively substituting petroleum-based synthetic materials that necessitate diverse chemical additives, which are in alignment with the principles of environmental protection and sustainable development.

Transparency and consent as the main principles of personal data protection in Ukraine

The rapid digitization of the modern world has led to an increase in the collection and processing of personal data. The principles of transparency and consent have become crucial for citizens to understand how their data is being used and to be able to give their voluntary consent to its processing. Ukraine is actively adapting its legislation to EU standards in the field of personal data protection. In particular, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) affects approaches to data collection and processing. Examining transparency and consent in the context of these changes can help identify which aspects of the law need special attention. Citizens are becoming increasingly cautious about who they trust with their data. This article analyzes and evaluates the role and impact of the principles of transparency and consent on the effective mechanism of personal data protection in Ukraine, taking into account modern technological and legislative challenges. Studying these principles demonstrates their importance and relevance in today’s digital society. The principle of transparency determines the need for accessible and understandable information for data subjects regarding the processing of their data. Openness is a fundamental requirement for maintaining trust between organizations and citizens. Providing the ability to control and regulate their data allows data subjects to play a more active role in the processing and use of their personal data. The principle of consent, in turn, emphasizes the voluntary and informed nature of consent to data processing. The consent of the data subject determines the basis for the legal processing of personal data, ensuring harmony between the rights of citizens and the interests of organizations. As technology advances and legislation changes, transparency and consent become even more important aspects. They help build trust between organizations and citizens, ensure responsible use of personal data, and empower individuals to control their own information.

Analisis Perilaku Konsumtif Mahasiswa pada Penggunaan E-commerce dalam Perspektif Maqashid al-Syariah

This research is based on many of university students who use e-commerce. The purpose of this study is to find out students' behavior in buying goods in e-commerce and whether they use the principles of maqashid al-sharia or not. The principles of maqashid al-sharia used are the maintenance of religion (hifz al-din), the maintenance of the soul (hifz al-nafs), the maintenance of reason (hifz al-‘aql), the maintenance of offspring (hifz al-nasl), the maintenance of assets (hifz al-mal), and the maintenance of the environment (hifz al-biah). This research is qualitative research with a phenomenological abbreviation. The sampling technique in this study is purposive sampling. This sample of research totaled 45 1st level students of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University. The results of the study show that students have not fully used the principles of maqashid sharia in the use of e-commerce, so students behave consumptuantly. In the principle of religious protection, it is known that not all students buy goods with the intention of worship, in the principle of preserving reason, students cannot decide properly the priority of the goods to be purchased, on the principle of spiritual care, students cannot resist the lust to buy goods that are by the usefulness, on the principle that the descendants of students have not been able to save money for the future, In the principle of assets, students were found to use the pay later feature. And on the principle of protecting the environment, students still need education in the recycling system of goods that have been purchased.

Investigation of radiation knowledge and awareness among healthcare professionals in Mogadishu, Somalia: a single-center survey study

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiation knowledge and awareness levels of healthcare workers working in a single center in Mogadishu, Somalia, in terms of age, gender and education levels of the participants. Materials and methods: The research involved 274 healthcare professionals, comprising volunteer physician and other healthcare personnel working at the Somali-Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Training and Research Hospital in Mogadishu. The face-to-face questionnaire consists of 13 questions covering radiation-sensitive or resistant tissues, radiation status of medical imaging devices, biological effects of radiation, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation symbols and radiation protection principles. The study was limited to the health personnel in the hospital. The survey had 274 participants, comprising 126 (46%) women and 148 (54%) men. Of these, 82 (29.9%) were physicians and 192 (70.1%) were other healthcare professionals. Results: It was found that health workers under the age of thirty demonstrated a significantly higher level of knowledge about radiation protection principles than their counterparts over the age of thirty (p = 0.003). Similarly, it was observed that the level of awareness regarding the extent of knowledge about radiation protection was higher in health workers under thirty years of age than in those over thirty years of age (p: 0.001). It was found to be statistically significant that males were more aware of the potential harms of radiation than females (p: 0.004). It was found to be statistically significant that men were more aware of the radiation content of mammography and X-ray imaging methods than women (p: 0.002 and p: 0.029, respectively). Conclusions: To enhance the number of healthcare professionals in Mogadishu, Somalia, who are aware of the risks associated with radiation and the methods for its mitigation, it was postulated that a comprehensive radiation information and awareness training program could be beneficial.

Triboelectrically active and wettability-swichable magnetic textile for self-powered intelligent marine conservation

Intelligent materials that are built with reversibly switchable wettability between superhydrophilicity-hydrophobicity are crucial for combating environmental challenges such as spill oil cleanup and fuel purification. In this work, inspired by mussel, a robust magnetic textile was prepared by anchoring titanium dioxide and magnetic carbon nanotubes onto textile through Schiff condensation between the amine groups of dopamine and the carboxyl groups of lauric acid. Reversibly switchable wettability was presented on the as-fabricated textile, where superhydrophobic/oleophilic could be achieved at pH 3–7 and hydrophilic/underwater oleophobic were achieved at pH 13. With a maximum saturation magnetization of 17.99 emu/g, it achieves non-contact oil spill recovery through its response to pH and magnetic fields. Interestingly, the asymmetric electric field of M−TENG accelerate the coalescence of water on fabric and oil–water mixture separation. Furthermore, the output performance of M−TENG was dielectrically and magnetically enhanced, with a power density of 0.837 W·m−2. Additionally, a self-powered marine protection system was developed by integrating cathodic protection principles with M−TENG, where the three-dimensionally accommodated triboelectric unit enhanced the efficiency for collecting wave energy, thereby protecting marine vessel components effectively. This work provides guiding strategies for developing self-powered devices for marine conservation and protection based on smart materials and TENG.

Assessing, Advising, and Advancing the Filling Practices of the Radiology Request Form in Africa: A Systematic Review.

Despite the increased use of diagnostic imaging in Africa, the completion of the Radiology Request Form (RRF) remains suboptimal, often relying on paper-based communication. To examine the practices surrounding RRF completion in the African continent, on 25 March 2024, we conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed articles describing the practice in African settings. Non-African studies, studies involving non-human subjects, and articles examining the practice of the RRF for interventional usage were excluded. Our search involves PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and African Journals Online. The included studies were 3004, of which 30 met the inclusion criteria. These studies span eight countries and highlighted several shortcomings, including the usage of informal forms, unconventional abbreviations, illegibility, inaccuracy, and the lack of important fields from institutional forms, commonly the last menstrual period and the referrer's contact details. We also found widespread non-compliance in all RRF fields; half of the studies did not have an adequately filled form. Incomplete RRFs lead to delayed imaging, increased workloads for radiographers and radiologists, and potential misdiagnoses due to insufficient information. It will also impede the application of radiation protection principles. To address these challenges, empowering radiographers and radiologists and encouraging best practices is essential. Regular audits and educational initiatives aimed at clinicians are recommended. While transitioning to a paperless communication system might help, implementing nationwide quality improvement projects to standardise radiology request forms is currently more feasible.

The Constitutionality of Special Mining Business Permit (IUPK) Application to Community Organisations in Indonesia

The management of natural resources, including minerals and coal, is governed by the principle that these resources are controlled by the state and used as much as possible for the prosperity of the people, the constitutionality of Article 33 Section (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (1945 Constitution). This principle places the state as the main manager responsible for fair and sustainable exploitation. A Special Mining Business Permit (IUPK) is a license that allows certain parties to manage mining in a certain area, regulated in Law Section 4 of 2009 and its derivative regulations. The decision of Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) to be involved in mining has significant economic, social, and environmental implications. Its economy can increase organizational income, create jobs, and support social programs; its social strengthens the role of the organization in positive change by promoting fair work standards; However, environmental challenges require strict standards to prevent damage. The granting of mining permits is regulated in Government Regulation (PP) No. 25 of 2024, which aims to provide financial independence for religious organizations. However, strict monitoring is needed to mitigate negative impacts such as pollution, social change, and health impacts. From a constitutional perspective, licensing must adhere to the principles of social justice, transparency, and environmental protection to ensure fair and sustainable benefits for society.

Let's talk about radiation dose and radiation protection in children.

Children are more sensitive to ionizing radiation than adults. Even though the risk is very low, exposure from radiological examinations can possibly cause them long-term side effects. Recent large epidemiological studies involving children and young adults have added evidence suggesting that even small doses of radiation, such as those from computed tomography scans, might slightly increase the risk of developing cancer later in life. Therefore, even though radiologic studies are essential for an accurate diagnosis and management of various conditions, it is crucial to minimize radiation exposure. This article addresses radiation protection for children in the medical use of ionizing radiation and it is set in the context of the European legislative framework regarding radiation protection. It advocates for a holistic approach to paediatric radiological tests. This approach includes the key principles of radiation protection, such as the justification of imaging procedures supported by referral guidelines, as well as the optimization of techniques (according to the ALARA principle) and effective communication with parents about the benefits and the risks of radiologic procedures. Protecting children from unnecessary radiation is not only a technical challenge, but also a moral obligation and a legal requirement.

Outlining Principle of Data Protection through various Indian Legislations with comparison to The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023

This article is exploring a variety of legislations in different sectors, such as, financial, health, information technology, etc. to discover how the principle of personal data protection and privacy was dealt with under Indian legal regime before the enactment of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023. It attempts to compare between them and examine how the new law is an improvement over previous laws and finally suggest what changes or modifications it may require, learning from provisions under the other laws from the different sectors.

State and Fiqh: Examining the Legal Status of Divorce in Verstek Decision Number 2939/Pdt.G/2023/PA.Mdn

This research is grounded in Decision Number: 2939/Pdt.G/2023, wherein the presiding magistrate rendered a verdict of Verstek in his consideration of the case. In such cases, the decision is rendered by the court in the absence of either the defendant or their legal representative. The validity of a verstek verdict in the context of the legitimacy of a marriage may be contingent upon the applicable legislation within the jurisdiction in question; thus, this investigation will consider both positive law and Islamic law. The objective of this article is to undertake a critical analysis of the decision rendered in Decision Number: 2939/Pdt.G/2023, which pertains to the use of a verstek decision to terminate a marriage due to childlessness, followed by disputes and quarrels. This research is a normative legal study with a case-based approach. The principal data source is derived from court decisions in the field of marriage law. The analysis reveals that, in Decision Number: 2939/Pdt.G/2023, a verdict of divorce by verstek is considered valid if the stipulated procedures have been followed correctly and the party who is required to be present or provide a defence does not do so without a valid reason. Islamic law also establishes principles of justice and protection of individual rights, including in the marriage process. Accordingly, the legitimacy of a marriage concluded through a verstek verdict may be contingent upon the interpretation of Islamic schools of thought and the legal principles that are embraced. Likewise, in the context of marriage law in Indonesia, a verstek decision in a verstek divorce case can be recognized as valid if it has fulfilled the requirements stipulated in the law. Thus, to determine whether a verstek decision in a marriage is valid or not, it is necessary to consider the applicable legal context, both in terms of civil law and in terms of Islamic law (fiqh) or the applicable marriage law.

Constitutional Principles of Spiritual and Moral Values Protection under Criminal Law

Constitutional Principles of Spiritual and Moral Values Protection under Criminal Law

Abuse of Authority Against Judicial Power in Constitutional Court Decision No.90/PUU-XXI/2023

Each law enforcer has its own authority according to what has been regulated in Indonesian laws and regulations. These provisions are stated in the Judicial Power Law No. 48 of 2009 which states that power judiciary according to The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia is independent power . However, what has happened in Indonesia recently seems to be diminishing justice and putting aside codes of ethics in the world of law. The facts that occurred in the Constitutional Court decision No. 90 of 2023 regarding the age limit for presidential and vice presidential candidates were considered a decision that violated the code of ethics because there was a conflict of interest. In fact, the decision was built based on less than rational legal reasoning, resulting in a decision that was considered problematic. Based on the background description above, problems arise in the form of how a judge's authority should be in deciding cases in accordance with what is contained in the legislation. Then what are the legal remedies given in the form of sanctions to judges who are proven to be abusing their authority? This research uses a normative juridical approach, namely by looking at the rules and principles applied in the judiciary in Indonesia. The administration of government must be based on the principles of legality, protection, human rights and AUPB, especially in terms of the principle of not abusing power. Article 10 paragraph (1) letter e and the explanation of Law Number 30 of 2014 stipulate the principle of not abusing one's own authority. This basis requires every government agency and official not to exceed, abuse or confuse their authority for personal or other interests.

Legal Horizons of the New Artificial Intelligence Paradigm

Modern society is undergoing a structural transformation of the world economy. This is as a result of the transition to a new technological base through the introduction of artificial intelligence, cutting-edge information and communication technology, energy technology, biotechnology and nanotechnology. Artificial intelligence has the ability to significantly change the economy and social relations in society, and its newly discovered capabilities are transformational and global in nature. At the same time, the extraordinary capabilities of artificial intelligence technologies involve risks that can threaten stability and undermine human values. In order to eliminate possible threats and risks and mitigate potential dangers, it is crucial to develop systemic legal measures and ways to regulate AI technologies and models on a national and international scale and to define the legal status of AI, which must include protection of humans from the uncontrolled influence of AI and the inviolability of guarantees of human rights and freedoms. With this in mind, and in order to mitigate potential dangers and ensure the controllability and sustainability of AI technologies based on the concept of trusted (responsible) AI, it is necessary to agree on universal international guidelines for the development and application of AI technologies and models. Furthermore, it is necessary to create a universal code of conduct for AI developers, who together can create a basis for a uniform framework of legal regulation within the national legislation of each country on the principles of human rights protection, privacy and data protection, transparency and explainability, fairness, accountability and safety of artificial intelligence, adequate human oversight and ethical standards for the creation and application of AI models.

Teaching and learning with older adults: Research ethics, risk analysis, and covert research

ABSTRACT This article reports a case study of older adults learning English in China. It indicates how, founded on consequentialist ethics, risk analysis, and safeguarding, it was decided to use covert research, drawing on the confluence of risk analysis, risk evaluation, risk management, safeguarding, research ethics, and important contextual and cultural features. Ethical principles of nonmaleficence, beneficence, safeguarding, and protection were addressed, and account was taken of the strength, likelihood, and consequences of risks, safeguards, and benefits, informed by Chinese cultural contexts, values, behaviors, and features of teaching and learning based on andragogy and geragogy. Implications are drawn for teaching and learning with older adults, advocating significant account to be taken of contextual factors.