Principles Of Protection Research Articles

Radiation protection and personal dosimetry in a core facility for multimodal small animal imaging.

Clinical imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) in combination with computed tomography (CT) are increasingly being used in biomedical research involving small animal models. The handling of open radioactive substances (radiopharmaceuticals) necessary for PET imaging requires prior official authorization for handling, the application of radiation protection principles, and regular training. The overriding aim of radiation protection is to protect the personnel directly involved, other persons, and the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation.This paper aims to provide an overview of the regulatory requirements of the Radiation Protection Act (StrlSchG), the Radiation Protection Ordinance (StrlSchV), and the associated standards and guidelines. Furthermore, their implementation in practical work in small animal imaging using PET/CT is shown. We will focus on the individual steps of the imaging process, from delivery of the radiopharmaceuticals to waste disposal. This should provide interested researchers with an initial overview of the safe and successful use of the method. In addition, exposure values from the last six years in the literature were analyzed. While personal dosimetric monitoring in clinical PET/CT imaging has been extensively published, there is no published data known to us for personnel for PET/CT research with small animals. The evaluation of the personal dosimetric monitoring of our small animal imaging facility with 7 employees over 4 years revealed an increased personal and finger dose normalized to the injected activity and compared to human PET/CT imaging. Nevertheless, the annual personal dose or annual finger dose in small animal imaging (Hp(10): 1.7 mSv, Hp(0.07): 64 mSv) is lower than for personnel performing human PET/CT imaging at the local University Department of Nuclear Medicine (Hp(10): 3.8 mSv, Hp(0.07): 156 mSv) or published values, and is well below the legally permissible maximum dose of 20 or 500 mSv per year.The increasing use of PET/CT in small animal research can be safely utilized if the radiation protection principles are implemented and continuously trained. · PET/CT imaging in small animals is increasingly used in biomedical research.. · Radiation protection laws and guidelines have to be known and are relevant in animal experiments.. · Compared to published values from human medicine, activity-specific employee doses are increased in the presented imaging facility.. · The legal personal dose in the studied imaging facility is below legal limits.. · Schildt A, Sänger P, Lütgens M et al. Radiation protection and personal dosimetry in a core facility for multimodal small animal imaging. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2024; DOI 10.1055/a-2462-2419.

Development status of mouthguard

The mouthguard plays a crucial role in preventing damage to the oral and jaw system. However, the popularity of sports mouthguards remains relatively low, and research on sports mouthguards is rather scattered. This paper primarily summarizes the characteristics of materials, production methods, protection principles, and influencing factors of mouthguards, with the aim of providing a theoretical reference for the popularization and application of mouthguards.

Navigating Troubled Waters: Evaluating the Function and Material Legitimacy of European Criminal Law

The question of the function of European criminal law has dominated recent doctrinal thinking. In order to answer that question, a thorough study on the guiding principles of criminalisation and their applicability to the European Union’s legislative process was necessary. This article focusses first on the concept of legitimacy and the need for a European criminal policy, and then on some principles that already exist in the EU’s legal order and their ability to provide said legitimacy. Following the conclusion that the existing principles are insufficient, it is suggested that the harm principle and the principle of protection of legal goods would be more appropriate to evaluate the material legitimacy of European criminal law. For that purpose, the multiple categories of interests that coexist in the EU will be analysed according to the allocation of responsibility for their protection. That distinction will, in turn, lead to the proposal of a three-step process to assess any given instance of criminalisation stemming from the EU. Finally, the practical consequences of such a process will be mentioned in the conclusion.

Analysis Of Land Ownership Disputes By Foreign Nationals Based On Wills: Case Study Of Supreme Court Decision No. 1134/Pdt/2009 In The Perspective Of International Civil Law

Land ownership in Indonesia is strictly regulated, especially for foreigners, through the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA). This legal foundation limits the rights of foreigners in terms of land ownership, especially property rights, according to Article 21 of the UUPA. The case of Supreme Court Decision No. 1134/Pdt/2009 provides a clear example of how the recognition of inheritance rights for foreigners on land can lead to complicated legal issues. The method of this research is normative juridical with a statutory and case approach. This method focuses on the analysis of Supreme Court Decision No. 1134/PDT/2009 on land ownership disputes between citizens and foreigners based on wills. Primary data was obtained through court decisions and related laws and regulations, such as the UUPA, while secondary data was through legal literature, and legal periodicals In Supreme Court Decision No. 1134/Pdt/2009, legal considerations regarding land ownership by foreign nationals (WNA) based on wills are the basis of juridical considerations in the case. one of the basic principles that apply in international civil law is lex situs or the law that applies in the country where the land object is located. Based on the principle of lex situs, any breach or agreement relating to property must be subject to the law of the country where the property is located. According to an analysis of Supreme Court decision No. 1134/Pdt/2009, although foreign nationals can receive land through wills, Indonesian agrarian law explicitly prohibits foreigners from owning land. This creates a conflict between domestic law and the legal principles of international property rights protection. Decision No. 1134/Pdt/2009 became an important reference in Indonesian international civil and agrarian law.

Real-Time Short-Circuit Current Calculation in Electrical Distribution Systems Considering the Uncertainty of Renewable Resources and Electricity Loads

Existing short-circuit calculation methods for distribution networks with renewable energy sources ignore the fluctuation of renewable sources and cannot reflect the impact of renewable sources and load changes on short-circuit current in real time at all times of the day and in extreme scenarios. A real-time short-circuit current calculation method is proposed to take into account the stochastic nature of distributed generators (DGs) and electricity loads. Firstly, the continuous power flow of distribution networks is calculated based on the real-time renewable energy output and electricity loads. And then, equivalent DG models with low-voltage ride through (LVRT) strategies are substituted into the iterative calculation method to obtain the short-circuit currents of all main branches in real time. The effects of different renewable energy output curves on distribution network short-circuit currents are quantitatively analyzed during the fluctuation in distributed power output, which can provide an important basis for the setting calculation of distribution network relay protection and the study of new principles of protection.

CONDITIONS FOR IMPROVING THE FORMS OF EMPLOYMENT OF THE POPULATION FOR THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

The article analyzes the priority socio-economic conditions that ensure the improvement of employment forms, and identifies bottlenecks that need to be addressed. Theoretical and practical recommendations on the problem are proposed: supplementing existing research schemes with the principles of innovation, social security and protection of the population; substantiating an interdisciplinary approach to analyzing new forms of employment for sustainable development; using a methodological synthesis of modern theories of state regulation in revealing cause-and-effect relationships between the social policy being pursued and the growth rate of public welfare; developing mechanisms and tools for developing competencies among young people to promote start-ups; developing a legislative framework for social entrepreneurship in the Republic of Belarus; developing and improving integrated management systems based on international standards.

No Refuge from Childhood: How Child Protection Harms Refugees

Abstract This article sheds new and critical light on the notion, enshrined in international law, that child refugees are a uniquely vulnerable and dependent age group requiring special protection. Although protection is not inherently detrimental, this conception of child protection often ends up harming refugees of all ages. It casts adult refugees as less vulnerable, less dependent and less deserving of protection than their younger counterparts. It downplays the contextual, relational and socially constructed nature of vulnerability, dependence and childhood. It potentially contributes to the disregard for the capacity and wishes of child refugees. It usually affords these children only temporary protection, thereby increasing their uncertainty, driving them to disengage from welfare services and incentivizing the state to delay decisions about their entitlements. Meanwhile, international law not only places great value on children’s relationships with their parents but also authorizes the punishment of supposedly unfit parents, and this ambivalence helps states weaponize legal principles of child protection against refugee families. What is needed, however, is not for child refugees to be denied protection. Rather, a fundamental reimagining of protection is in order: a shift from hierarchies of vulnerability, dependence and deservingness towards free global movement based on solidarity and equity.

On the Principle of Protection of Reliance Interests in Administrative Law

Reliance on the principle of protection of interests first appeared in Germany, the German Administrative Procedure Act of 1976 established the principle as one of the basic principles of administrative law, and since then has undergone continuous development and improvement, and the development and improvement of the principle of protection of interests of the other civil law countries has had a far-reaching impact on the development and improvement of the principle of protection of interests of reliance. China's research on the principle of protection of reliance interests started late, the implementation of the administrative licensing law in 2004, article 8 and article 69 is the first time in China to the principle of clarity, which shows that the Chinese government is committed to transforming the functions of the government, in order to effectively protect the administrative relative of the legitimate interests of the trust. The concept of building a country based on the rule of law in China has put forward higher requirements for government integrity, and the administrative organ should ensure the continuity and stability of its administrative behaviour, guarantee the legitimate expectations of citizens, and maintain the stability of social order. The government's backtracking will cause incalculable damage to the government's credibility and integrity image. The application of the principle of protection of reliance interests in China is not only a necessary element in promoting the construction of a government of integrity in China, but also an important condition for the construction of a modern state of law.

An Examination of Attempted Murder in Islamic Criminal Law

This research examines attempted murder (qatl al-amd) in Islamic criminal law, which is considered a serious offense with strict legal consequences. In Islamic law, the intention (niyyah) and concrete action to kill someone are seen as morally and legally equivalent to the successful act of murder, referring to the principles of protection of human life (hifz al-nafs) and justice (‘adl). Attempted murder can arise in a variety of situations, including physical attacks with weapons or other life-endangering devices. This research explores the main criteria in assessing attempted murder, namely the existence of an intention to kill as well as concrete actions to achieve that goal. Based on a normative juridical approach and analysis of primary legal texts, the study found that Islamic law provides for proportionate punishment while taking into account factors such as the intention of the perpetrator, the condition of the victim, and the social context of the event. In addition, the principle of reconciliation in Islamic law emphasizes the need

NEW ECONOMETRIC MODEL OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT QUANTIFYING THE IMPACT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SDG9 IN THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT

In the context of European integration, sustainable economic development in the European Union is a strategic priority. In recent years, the European Union has made progress towards sustainable development objectives, reflecting a commitment to economic growth that respects the principles of environmental protection, social equity and economic efficiency. The European Union plays an important role in shaping sustainable development policies and initiatives through legislation, directives and financial funds aimed at both protecting the environment and stimulating innovation and competitiveness. We aim to analyse the level of innovative sustainability of the European economy in relation to the European dimension of innovative sustainability using an econometric model. The methods used consist of a literature survey, database consolidation and econometric modelling. The econometric model shows that environmental taxes and raw material consumption have a negative impact on GDP per capita in the short run, while technological innovation, measured by the number of patents and R&D personnel, contributes significantly to economic growth and sustainable development, underlining the need for long-term investment in human capital and green technologies to support the competitiveness and sustainability of European economies. The results of the study will lead to the formulation of European public policies on sustainable economic development regarding the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 9.

Between restriction and protection: the experience, problems, and improvement path of judicial recognition of personal bankruptcy exempt property in China

Personal bankruptcy exempt property refers to the property retained to ensure future survival and development to safeguard the basic life, career development, and other rights and interests of the debtor and dependents. It is a strong solution to the problems of the right to survival and development of the honest but unfortunate debtor, among other things. This thesis handles the Personal Bankruptcy Regulations of Shenzhen, the personal bankruptcy judicial documents, and judicial cases issued by the courts as samples and comprehensively analyzes the problems in the judicial practice of exempting property from personal bankruptcy in China. It innovatively proposes that the scope of recognition of exempted property adopts “inflation as the main approach” and sets up exceptions to protect the interests of creditors and debtors through the principle of “balance of interests”; Construct a recognition standard that “only specifies the types of property” and sets regional limits, protecting and limiting the rights of debtors under the principle of moderate protection; Implement the construction model of exemption property that combines “enumeration” and “generalization”, and under the guidance of the “flexibility principle”, establish a scope of exemption property that is in line with China’s national conditions. This study provides a new sample for international comparative research on the system of personal bankruptcy exempt property. It gives a new direction for exploring the judicial recognition of personal bankruptcy exempt property in China.

OPTIMIZATION OF RADIATION PROTECTION IN PATIENTS THROUGH IMPLEMENTATION OF LOCAL DIAGNOSTIC REFERENCE LEVEL (DRL) IN PANORAMIC DENTAL EXAMINATION IN RADIOLOGY INSTALLATION OF PROF. DR. MARGONO SOEKARJO HOSPITAL

One of the principles of radiation protection is optimization. Optimization is done to make the dose received as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) by considering economic and social factors. Implementation of radiation protection optimization can be done with dose management through the Local Diagnostic Reference Level (DRL). In recent years, the Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency (BAPETEN) has set the Indonesian DRL value for several X-ray modalities, including dental panoramic. This study was motivated by panoramic patient dose audit data using the auto mode exposure factor, which operators often use. The method for determining the manual mode exposure factor is carried out by comparing the image quality of the current variations of 6.3 mA, 8 mA, 10 mA, 13 mA, and 16 mA with a fixed voltage of 66 kV and a time of 14.1 seconds. The local DRL value was obtained by comparing the dental panoramic auto mode measurements with manual mode using certain exposure factors according to the recommendations in the initial study using a head phantom. This study used 100 patient data with adult human criteria aged over 15. The results obtained from the initial study and questionnaires in manual mode were the values that had the highest CNR and SNR at a current variation of 10 mA. The exposure factor was then used to collect patient data. The local DRL value obtained for auto mode was 83.35 mGy cm2; in manual mode, it was 57.7 mGy cm2. Manual mode exposure factors in dental panoramic examinations affected the implementation of local DRL values with a decrease of 30.77% from auto mode. The use of manual mode in dental panoramic examinations significantly reduces the radiation dose received by patients, so the use of manual mode is one of the steps to optimize radiation protection. Keywords: Diagnostic Reference Level (DRL), optimization of radiation protection in patients, dental panoramic.

Violations Committed by Israel in Armed Conflicts Under International Humanitarian Law

Introductioan: War has various aims and objectives, including under the pretext of self-defense to defend life, family, honor or to defend one's nation, to ideological issues. The wars that occur also often violate international humanitarian law. One of them is between Israel and Hamas.Purposes of the Research: To find out violations of international humanitarian law committed by IsraelMethods of the Research: This research uses an normative juridical research method. Normative Juridical Research is research on Norms, Principles, Rules and Principles based on statutory regulations related to the problem being studied. The approaches used are the statutory approach, the conceptual approach, and case aprroach.Results of the Research: The results of the research show that according to international humanitarian law, violations committed by Israel in armed conflict involve actions that violate the principles of protection of civilians and civilian infrastructure. Humanitarian law, as set out in the Geneva Conventions, prohibits attacks on non-combatants and requires protection of vital facilities such as hospitals and schools, as well as access to humanitarian aid.

Legal Analysis of the Notary's Role in Protecting Client Personal Data

Notaries, empowered to create authentic deeds, require client personal data to perform their duties, making this information vulnerable to misuse if not properly secured. This paper examines the obligations of notaries in protecting client data under the Personal Data Protection Act No. 27 of 2022. Using doctrinal legal research methods, it explores data protection principles, the legal framework for client rights, and how these responsibilities align with notarial duties. Findings reveal that privacy is central to data protection, with the 2022 Act providing a legal foundation for notaries to safeguard client information, emphasizing the importance of maintaining confidentiality in all deed-related activities. The Personal Data Protection Act supports notaries’ roles as data controllers and processors, linking these duties with the authority granted under the Notary Position Act. The synergy between these laws ensures that clients' data rights are upheld, and notarial responsibilities are reinforced within the legal framework.

Enforcement of the Principle of Legality to Living Law as Legal Basis in the Positivism of Displacement Customary Law

Living law is an inseparable part of the Indonesian criminal law system. However, in perspective of legality principle, living law causing pros and cons. The idea of regulating the living law in Indonesian, as the basis for criminal prosecution, for unregulated act is still debated. The issue that will be analysed in this article is how to apply living law/adat law as a basis for prosecuting criminals related to the existence of legality principle and, how to measure the enforcement of living law in criminal process. Based on the analysis using the principle of legality, it can be concluded that living law, as basis for prosecution, is contrary to principle of legality and protection of human rights. The enactment of living law can potentially create legal uncertainty and abuse of power by the government. Law enforcement against living law is also difficult to implement, because it is tied to the four indicators. Therefore, the living law provision better not be placed as part of general principles in the Indonesian Penal Code Bill. Keywords: Code Bill: Legality principle; Living law.

Ius Constituendum on the Doctrine of Unlawful Nature in the Law on the Eradication of Corruption After the Constitutional Court Decision Number 003/PUU-IV/2006

The unlawful teachings in the explanation of Article 2 paragraph (1) of the Law on the Eradication of Corruption have been considered by the Constitutional Court as a norm that is contrary to the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia in 1945, and does not have binding legal force. This condition has legal implications for the meaning of unlawful elements in Article 2 paragraph (1) of the Law on the Eradication of Corruption, becoming vague (vague norm). The purpose of this study is to analyze the unlawful teachings in the Law on the Eradication of Corruption in Ius Constituendum. This research uses normative legal research, which formulates the aspired law (ius constituendum) on the meaning of the element against the law (wederrechtelijkeheid) in the Corruption Eradication Law after the Constitutional Court Decision Number 003/PUU-IV/2006. The results of the discussion show that by assessing the basis of the Constitutional Court's legal considerations (ratio decidendi) Number 003/PUU-IV/2006. The cancellation of the explanation of Article 2 paragraph (1) of the Law on the Eradication of Corruption which adheres to the teachings of the nature of the act of violating formal and material laws, because it is considered that the concept of materiele wederechtelijk, which refers to unwritten law, is an uncertain measure. The unlawful element in Article 2 paragraph (1) of the Law on the Eradication of Corruption Crimes is still interpreted as against formiele wedderechtelijkeheid and against materiele wedderecjhtelijkeheid in its negative function. As for its positive function, it must be considered contrary to the principle of protection and fair legal certainty regulated in Article 28D of the 1945 Constitution.

WHO/Europe tools for strengthening health information systems

Abstract WHO/Europe offers different tools and capacity building activities to support Member States (MS) in strengthening their health information systems (HIS). These range from assessment methodologies and guidance documents to situation reports and workshops and trainings. The HIS assessment method of WHO/Europe provides an overview of the performance of the entire HIS in an MS. As such, this is often applied as a starting point for HIS strengthening activities in a country, and ideally repeated every few years to measure progress. Next to an assessment of the overall HIS, WHO/Europe also has methods for assessing specific HIS aspects, such as cybersecurity preparedness and GIS capacity. There are also several tools and capacity building activities that specifically focus on strengthening HIS digitalisation (d-HIS). For example, there is a modular d-HIS training, the programme of which can be adapted to meet specific MS needs. This also applies to the population health monitoring training that is available for interested MS. In addition, WHO/Europe has published a range of guidance documents, ranging from a comprehensive d-HIS strengthening manual to guidance on how to write an impactful health report, and guidance on how to apply data protection principles in public health. Finally, WHO/Europe supports HIS strengthening by making Regional and country-level situation reports, and by writing and contributing to scientific papers. In this presentation, first a general overview of available types of HIS strengthening tools and activities will be provided, after which the available tools and capacity building related to data protection and cybersecurity will be presented in more detail, because of the high interest WHO/Europe encounters for these topics in the Region currently.

From Nasion to Sellion: repositioning landmarks for radioprotection-tailored 3D cephalometric analysis

ABSTRACT Purpose The present study aimed to three-dimensionally evaluate the correlation between cephalometric measurements utilizing Sellion in place of Nasion. Material and methods A pilot study using 25 CBCTs was carried out to determine the required sample size, reaching a minimum of 136 patients was required to validate the correlation between Nasion(N)- and Sellion(Se)-related measurements. Eight landmarks were manually annotated on full cranium CBCTs, resulting in six skeletal and six cutaneous/skeletal measurements. Therefore, data were statistically analysed after outliers’ detection and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) calculation. Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to assess the correlation between Nasion and Sellion measurements. At the end, simple linear regression was performed. Values of p < 0.01 and r > 0.80 were considered statistically and clinically relevant, respectively. Results ICC revealed a substantial degree of consistency. A total of 214 CBCTs were included in the present study. Pearson test revealed highly significant correlations for all the tested variables; the highest coefficient was found between N^Me^Go vs Se^Me^Go (r = 0.989, p < 0.001) while the lowest among SNA vs SSeA (ρ = 0.814, p < 0.001). Finally, linear regression provided the new norm range values for the Sellion-based measurements. Conclusion Pearson’s coefficients between Sellion- and Nasion-related measurements exhibited significantly high levels of correlation, suggesting the potential use of Sellion-based measurements for innovative cephalometric analyses. This method might comply with radiation protection principles in CBCT-based orthodontic cephalometry.

The Urgency of Banks in Implementing the Precautionary Principle as Consumer Protection in the Standard Clauses of Credit Agreements

The importance of the bank in applying the precautionary principle contributes to ensuring a sound banking system and protecting the country’s economy. In lending, the precautionary principle was manifested in a standard agreement between the bank as the creditor and the customer as the debtor. Credit agreements can lead to disputes, where the debtor sues the bank for violating the principle of consumer protection because it applies standard clauses in the credit agreement. The research method used is legal research with a statute approach and a conceptual approach). The results state that the application of the precautionary principle in making standard agreements manifests itself in the prohibition of financial service business actors including exoneration clauses to the detriment of financial service consumers as stipulated in Article 18 paragraph (1) of the Consumer Protection Act and OJK Regulation No. 6/POJK.07/Tahun 2022 concerning Consumer and Community Protection in the Financial Services Sector.

Radiation information, protection and awareness of healthcare professionals in terms of occupational health and safety: a two–center survey study

Abstract The objective of this study was to assess the level of knowledge, protection and awareness of radiation among healthcare professionals. A total of 413 healthcare professionals from two major training and research hospitals in Istanbul took part in the study. The sample consisted of 26.6% physicians and 73.4% other healthcare professionals. There was considerable variation in the knowledge of radiation content in imaging techniques, with correct response rates of 89.3% for Computed Tomography, 80.1% for digital x-ray, and 52.8% for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. While 69.5% of respondents provided correct answers to questions regarding radiation protection principles, 64.4% demonstrated a lack of sufficient knowledge in this area. It is noteworthy that 48.4% of respondents incorrectly identified the medical imaging technique to which the public is most exposed. It was concluded that further training on radiation-related issues should be provided at the university level and through in-service training for healthcare professionals.