Political Principles Research Articles

Gita Wirjawan’s Use of Politeness in Requesting and Using Addressing Terms in Two Endgame Podcasts

This research examines politeness in two Endgame podcasts, focusing on Gita Wirjawan's request and the use of address terms with a minister and a non-government employee. The writer analyzes politeness expressed by Gita Wirjawan in two podcasts on his channel using First-Order Politeness by Watts (2003) and the Indonesian (Javanese) politeness principle by Suseno (2001) and Kuntjara (2009). A descriptive qualitative approach is employed in this study. The analysis shows that Gita often uses direct language for requests, utilizes the term 'you' to blur their distance. The findings show that Gita wanted to look neutral with someone who has the same rank and tended to appear to have a lower rank when he talks with someone with a higher rank. In conclusion, differences in rank influence how people communicate.

Of Fernweh and Fleabites: German Female Journalists in Pursuit of Adventure, 1937–1942

AbstractThis article opens up new perspectives on gendered experiences of the Nazi era by exploring three individual women as case studies for subjective interpretations of German nationalism and modernity in the late 1930s and early 1940s. It focuses on Liselotte Purper, Ilse Steinhoff, and Margret Boveri, all of them journalists and photographers from Germany who sought adventure abroad and published books and articles about their trips back home. They were independent, hardworking, and pro-Nazi regime, though their professional and political principles played out differently. In tracing how these three women navigated and narrated their international journeys, I highlight that their quest for adventure, like those of others with a similar propensity for travel, involved primarily the pursuit of independence, individuality, and historical relevance. The range of their experiences and interpretations further draws attention to the complex relationship between collective identity and individual subjectivity under Nazism.

Kesantunan Berbahasa Novel Rindu Karya Tere Liye serta Implikasinya terhadap Pembelajaran Sastra di SMA

Kesantunan Berbahasa Novel Rindu Karya Tere Liye serta Implikasinya terhadap Pembelajaran Sastra di SMA

Analysis of Language Politeness of Social Media Users on Instagram Anies Rasyid Baswedan

Language is a communication tool owned by humans to interact or collect. From a language humans can exchange information orally and in writing. The development of technology is growing in various countries, including Indonesia, resulting in the process of communication and exchanging information between people from various regions and parts of the world. A speaker must use courteous or good language when communicating through mass media for speech partners who are intended recipients of the message to be able to interpret and comprehend the message. This study aims to describe the utterances of social media users in the Anies Rasyid Baswedan Instagram comment column, which allegedly contain the principle of language politeness. This is a type of qualitative descriptive research. The method used in this study is data analysis, according to Miles and Huberman, namely, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing or verifying conclusions. The results of this study found that there were 16 maxims of wisdom, 20 maxims of generosity, 13 maxims of appreciation, 10 maxims of moderation, 18 maxims of consensus, and ten maxims of sympathy.

Maksim Kesopanan pada Tuturan Tokoh dalam Novel Bumi Surga Karya Muhammad Irata

Politeness in language is an effort to avoid rudeness in social interactions. This research focuses on the use of politeness maxims in the novel Bumi Surga by Muhammad Irata. The main goal is to describe the usage of politeness maxims in the work. A pragmatic approach with Geoffrey Leech's theory serves as the research framework, utilizing a qualitative descriptive method. Data is collected from the dialogues of the characters in the novel through reading, note-taking, and classification techniques. The research results reveal the presence of 37 instances of conversations following politeness maxims: tact (5 instances), generosity (4 instances), approbation (7 instances), modesty (5 instances), agreement (7 instances), and sympathy (9 instances). The data found indicates that in the novel Bumi Surga by Muhammad Irata, most of the characters' dialogues in the story adhere to politeness maxims based on Leech's theory. Compliance with politeness maxims reflects the characters' way of life in the story, as evident in their manner of speaking and interacting with one another. This demonstrates that the author has portrayed the characters' personalities and character through their communication and adherence to the principles of politeness in the narrative.

Discrepancy of MA Arifah Gowa Student's Speech toward Leech Language Politeness Principles

The research highlights the discrepancy between MA Arifah Gowa students' polite speech and Leech language politeness. This research is descriptive qualitative research. The data in this research are students' speech in words, clauses, and sentences that do not comply with the principles of language politeness based on Leech's theory. The results show that the discrepancy between students' speech and the principles of language politeness occurs in five maxims, including the maxim of wisdom, the maxim of generosity, the maxim of praise, the maxim of humility, and the maxim of agreement. Keywords: discrepancy, politeness principles, student language

SUDUT PANDANG PENGONTRUKSIAN PRO DAN KONTRA DALAM KONSEP SYIRIK DI POLITIK ISLAM

This article examines Islamic politics from the Al-Qur'an, Surah Al Imran verse 159 concerning deliberation. This paper argues that deliberation and consensus is one of the values ​​and principles of Islamic politics in the Al-Qur'an. These interpretations even suggest that the Prophet Muhammad SAW, as the leader of the Muslim community at that time, often took decisions suggested by his friends, not based on his own opinion. Several religious figures also stated that politics without a state would not be successful and a state without politics would be impossible, because politics and religion are an inseparable unity, politics itself is simply the application of the absolute mind in humans regarding instruments. It is important in achieving a goal that every human desires, and religion itself has a role in decision making and guiding humans in taking and carrying out tasks in a maslahah way. Therefore, this paper shows that one of the principles of Islamic politics from the Koran is achieving consensus in making decisions that involve many parties and by involving them in decision making

Pelanggaran Prinsip Kesantunan Berbahasa dalam Novel Bergenre Perempuan Tertindas dalam Novel Perempuan di Titik Nol dan Novel Cantik Itu Luka

The purpose of this research is to explain the forms of violations of politeness principles that occur in oppressed women genre novels and explain the causes of violations of politeness principles in oppressed genre novels in the novel Beauty is Wounds and the novel women at point Zero. This research uses mixed methods, namely combining qualitative and quantitative methods. The object of this research is all the dialogue of the characters in the novel Beauty is Wounds and the novel women at point Zero. This research uses mixed methods, namely combining qualitative and quantitative methods. The object of this research is all the dialogue of the characters in the novel Beauty is Wounds and the novel women at point Zero. Data collection in this research was a free listening and note taking technique. The research results found 93 data. (1) violations of the principles of language politeness in oppressed women's novels in the women's novels in women at Point Zero and the beauty is wounds consist of 93 data consisting of six maxim violations, namely, violations of the maxim of wisdom, violations of the maxim of generosity, violations of the maxim of praise, violations of the maxim of humility , violation of the maxim of agreement, and violation of the maxim of sympathy, (2) the causes of violations of the principles of language politeness in oppressed women's novels which consist of five factors that cause violations, namely, direct criticism, emotional encouragement, protectiveness of opinions, cornering, and accusation. This research is useful both theoretically and practically. Theoretically, this can provide additional information regarding understanding violations of linguistic politeness maxims and forms of politeness violations in Latin-like languages. In practice, the results of this research can be used in the world of education as a relevant reference/source for further research by pragmatic researchers, especially in cases of violations of linguistic politeness maxims.

Pelanggaran Penggunaan Prinsip Kesantunan Berbahasa dalam Drama Komedi Lapor Pak di Trans 7

This article aims to describe violations of the principles of linguistic politeness in the comedy drama Lapor Pak in Trans 7. This research is a qualitative linguistic research with descriptive methods by describing the data found to obtain general conclusions. The data used in this research is in the form of speeches from actors in the comedy drama sketch Lapor Pak. Data collection was carried out by: (a) watching video replays on YouTube (b) then transcribing them from oral to written form (c) classifying speech in table format (d) identifying speech formats that violate the six maxims according to Geoffrey Leech. The results of this research show that: 136 types of violations of the principle of wisdom were found, violations of the principle of praise were 162 statements, violations of the principle of humility were 14 statements, and violations of the maxim of sympathy were 34 statements. The Principle of Generosity is not found.

Political Education and Children's Political Cognition in China

Abstract: The importance of children's political cognition as integral to the formation of their political attitudes into adulthood has been well documented in Western contexts. Whether such an association holds in China, however, is less well-known. Building on the political psychology theory of cognitive process, this article utilises the picture association test to analyse how children form their political cognition in China. The authors report five findings. First, the proximity to (a familiarity with) the police and the most prominent political leaders in children's political images are the entry points for children to connect with and enter the political system. Second, despite the shift from recognition of individual authority figures to system cognition in children's political cognition in other countries, Chinese children's political cognition based on leadership figures remains deep-rooted and persistent. Third, children's political cognition is closely related to their cognitive level, as they tend to grasp basic knowledge and political principles by 13 to 14 years old. Fourth, children's political cognition is not only related to their school education but it also has an impact on their subjective social experience. Fifth, children's attitudes and evaluations of authority figures are closely related to Chinese political values that emphasise benevolence and justice, and also to China's hierarchical trust in government.

Pragmatic deviation of politeness principle in Trump’s political speeches

The current study aimed to pragmatically explore the deviation from Leech's (2014) politeness maxims in the former president of the US Donald Trump's political speeches. A qualitative approach was followed to collect and analyze the data. Two oral documents; an interview and a speech that were taken from YouTube were adopted in this study as an instrumentation. These documents, which were selected purposively to saturate the data, were Trump's interview with Fox News Channel reporters, Martha MacCallum and Bret Baier in Scranton on March 6, 2020, and Trump's direct speech to the crowd in Illinois on June 25, 2022, in support of his candidates to win the Congressional election. A discourse analysis method was used to examine the data. The findings showed that Trump from the maxims to convince the people that his opponents are unacceptable, elect Trump's candidates, influence the crowd to change their views of the world, ruin his rivals' image, show his period as the US president incomparable and better than any US presidents, deny accountability, reject to release others from blame, influence the public that the election was stolen to invoke wrath among his supporters, express his hatred towards others, and vent his own feelings to make people sympathetic to him.

Analisis Prinsip Kesantunan Tuturan dalam Film Ngeri-Ngeri Sedap Yang Disutradarai Oleh Bene Dion Rajagukguk

Humans use language as a means of communication. When communicating, speakers should use polite language because with polite language, speakers will maintain their dignity and respect their interlocutor. Apart from being an entertaining spectacle, films can also be used as a medium for learning and disseminating information today. This research aims to describe forms of compliance and violation of politeness principles in the film Ngeri-Ngeri Sedap directed by Bene Dion Rajagukguk. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method with the aim of explaining the forms of compliance and violation of Leech's (1993) politeness principles in the film Ngeri-Ngeri Sedap. The data collection method used in this research uses the note-taking technique. The listening method is done by watching or listening to the speech of the characters in the film and then using note-taking techniques as a continuation. The data obtained is described and determined whether it constitutes compliance or a violation of politeness. The results of the research show that there is compliance with the principles of politeness in the film Ngeri-Ngeri Sedap, amounting to 20 data consisting of 1 utterance of the maxim of wisdom, 3 utterances of the maxim of generosity, 8 utterances of the maxim of praise, 1 utterance of the maxim of simplicity, 2 utterances of the maxim of agreement and 5 utterances of the maxim of sympathy . Apart from compliance, there were also violations of politeness principles, totaling 12 pieces of data consisting of 1 utterance of the maxim of generosity, 1 utterance of the maxim of praise, 2 utterances of the maxim of simplicity, 7 utterances of the maxim of agreement, and 1 utterance of the maxim of sympathy.

'Share the Pleasures with the Public': Evolution of Urban Landscapes in Nanjing in Song Dynasty China (976–1279)

ABSTRACT This study investigates the cultural and political implications of urban landscapes in Song Dynasty China through a case study of Nanjing’s greenspace. The increasing urban population and thriving city-centred culture prompted urban greenspaces in Nanjing to assume additional social and cultural functions, contributing to the multi-level and multi-functional development of the city’s greenspaces under commercialised and popularised aesthetics and landscaping theories. Meanwhile, under the political principle of ‘sharing the pleasures with the public’, the imperial court and local officials attached importance to landscaping, using urban gardens as a tool to achieve political and cultural control and social edification.

Harmonizing Society: Bediuzzaman Said Nursi's Vision of Islamic Politics


 
 
 
 Contemporary politics has given rise to various humanitarian disasters. The political world seems too preoccupied with personal, group, and factional power interests. One tangible impact is the destruction of social stability. In contrast, Islamic politics ontologically views human beings holistically and universally, and then epistemologically derives from the Revelation of Almighty God and the Sunnah of His Messenger. History has proven that Islamic politics has contributed significantly to social harmony in a civilization. Based on the aforementioned political paradigm, the question is how Said Nursi addresses these issues by applying his political principles. This research aims to uncover and explain the definition, purpose, politics, and solutions to contemporary political problems according to Bediuzzaman Said Nursi. Said Nursi's political principles play a crucial role in the modern political world, especially concerning issues of social harmony. The researcher employs a qualitative method and an Islamic political approach, using narrative data rather than numerical data. This research discovers that the Islamic political thought of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi holds a concrete vision in harmonizing society.
 
 
 

Kekerasan Bahasa di Media Daring Nasional

Verbal abuse means impolite, referring to Leech's politeness principle. The problem of this research is: how is language violence in the Indonesian National Brave media? The long-term goal of this research is to prevent conflicts that occur in Indonesia due to hatred. The target of this research is to obtain reliable findings about patterns of language violence in Indonesia's national online media. The method used is pragmatic content analysis. The results of the research show that language violence predominantly occurs in Indonesia's national online media. The violence of language is measured by its violation of the Principle of Politeness which consists of six maxims. Of the total 8,922 analyses, 3,852 complied and 5,070 were tracked. If we look at the analysis of comments for each topic, out of 100 topics, only 16 topics tend to have comments that comply with the principles of politeness and 84 topics tend to violate them. From the research findings, it was also revealed that language violence predominantly occurs on topics related to political issues. While the topics relate to entertainment and the arts, there is rarely any violent language. This research also reveals that language violence has grown rapidly since the 2014 presidential election.

قیامِ ریاستِ اسلامیہ کا نبوی منہج: ڈاکٹر نثاراحمد کے افکار کا خصوصی مطالعہ

This debate is the most important need of the hour in today's era: how did Islam emerge as a political force during the Prophet's (peace be upon him) era, and what were the basic political principles on which Islam continued to spread as a political force during the Sahabah's (peace be upon him) era. And why does the future of Islam appear so bleak in Muslim countries today? Although such questions (subjects) are sometimes thought to support the position of some Orientalists. Instead of acknowledging Islam as a religion of God Almighty, they appear to demonstrate that it is only a political system, and that the Prophet of God, is merely a political leader rather than being recognized as the Messenger of God. Watt, Hallaq, William Muir, and Michael Hart are among them.
 There is no doubt that the Prophet's biography is a perfect example in every respect. Therefore, as a political leader, He (PBUH) is the greatest and most successful leader in the world, that is why Michael Hart also ranked Him first. He founded a great ideal state in the Hijaz region with limited time and limited resources. On the other hand, the sad thing is that in the present era, the religion of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) has become a stranger in the so-called Muslim nation-states. What was the plan for the establishment of the Muslim state of the Prophet's era, which achieved great success? What are the reasons for the poor patriotism of Islam in modern Muslim nation-states? How is it possible to remedy them? The article under review is very useful to understand the answers to the above questions.

STUDENTS OF CHUVASHIA HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS ABOUT PATRIOTISM: GENDER ANALYSIS

The relevance of the study determines the increasing importance of patriotism in education, primarily that of young people, including students. It is important both practically and theoretically to comprehend the role and the place of patriotism in the conditions of increasing confrontation with Western countries and ideologies. At this, it is important to take into account the multidimensional nature of this phenomenon, including the peculiarities of its gender perception.
 
 The purpose of the work is to analyze the opinions of Chuvashia students about patriotism, to identify the distinguishing characteristics of the responses given by boys and girls.
 
 Materials and methods. The analysis is based on data from a survey involving over 500 university students of Chuvashia, among whom 60% were girls, the remaining 40% were young people. The basis for the analysis seems to be quite representative. The obtained indicators will have not only theoretical, but also applied significance, since they will enable to choose more effective work strands with students, taking into account their gender characteristics. The processing of materials within the framework of the SPSS Statistics program makes it possible to take into account such aspects of the study.
 
 Study results. According to the respondents, the most distinctive feature of patriotism is love for one’s country. Conscious love for the Motherland, devotion to it – act as the basis of this political principle and social feeling. Further, the frequency of choice is followed by such answers as pride for the history of the country and readiness to defend it. In both cases, girls chose these options more often, especially in the first case. The elements of patriotic choice with a certain degree of conditionality can be divided into cognitive, emotional and active. Undoubtedly, they intersect, in each of them all three components are reflected, but the basic characteristics prevail.
 
 Conclusions. It follows from the data obtained that girls perceive to a greater extent such components of patriotism that are cognitive and emotional in nature, and young men – its effective component. At the same time, it is not necessary to draw rigid dividing lines between them, since some phenomena are perceived from different points of view, which we have tried to show in this article.

Анархизм в очень старых и в самых современных одеждах. Практика

This article discusses examples of the practical implementation of the ideas of anarchism or attempts at such an implementation. The author believes that without taking into account and systematizing these phenomena, the economic history of the world is incomplete. The author does not make it his task to promote these examples and attempts, he only believes that they cannot be ignored. First, the author considers the anarchies that existed in Europe in the Middle Ages: Free Frisia and Dithmarschen in the north of Europe and the ‘Forest Cantons’ on the territory of modern Switzerland. The phenomenon of the Wild West in the history of the United States is analyzed as a form of long-term existence of the economy on a vast territory without government control. It is noted that those elements of self-organization of the population that were formed during the development of new territories in the western United States are usually hushed up. The author also considers temporarily existing anarchist communities in Spain in the 1930s and modern anarchist movements in Latin America, as well as the problem of the so-called ‘optimal size of the state’, which was raised by the anarchist Leopold Kohr. The paper describes a zone of Zomia, in which 100 million people currently live, who do not recognize the authority of any state. The author explores ideological roots of the Makhnovshchina, an anarchist movement during the Civil War. It is shown that the Republic of Nestor Makhno was organized not spontaneously, but according to certain initial political principles. The author especially highlights the successful attempt to build an anarchist community in Libya, where the principle of the absence of state taxes was practically implemented, since the state had other sources of income. In conclusion, two events of recent years are analyzed, behind which it is not customary to see the practical implementation of anarchist ideas: the Ukrainian Maidan of 2014 and the ‘Yellow Vests’ movement in France in 2018. Both of these phenomena are currently usually interpreted as spontaneous or inspired from outside. However, the author believes that such an interpretation is one-sided, not taking into account the continuity of pre-existing ideological and political currents.

Electoral suffrage between legitimate rights and national rights (Malaysia as a model)

Islamic political scholars have determined that Islamic legislation has a unique system and specific methods for selecting rulers. This system is subject to established religious mechanisms, criteria, and conditions. This Islamic system was clearly evident during the establishment of the Islamic state, particularly after the passing of the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him. Consultation (shura) was employed among Muslims to choose a caliph, and no one was appointed as a ruler after him. This study aims to highlight the principles of Islamic politics through analyzing Quranic and Prophetic texts, examining the foundations of general and specific religious rulings, and applying them to the Malaysian elections as a model. The significance of the topic lies in the importance of transparency and integrity in presidential and parliamentary elections and their consequential effects. The researcher employed various methods including extrapolation, analysis, comparison, and conclusion. The researcher concluded that the Islamic political system has distinct electoral criteria that set it apart from global constitutions, and Islamic law attaches significant importance to electoral participation. Participation is both a religious and constitutional obligation for those qualified to take part in elections.

Динамика представлений россиян о патриотизме

Patriotism is one of the broadest and loosely defined concepts of social and political science. Commonly, it is viewed as a political principle and a person’s sense of belonging to the country. The verbal acceptance and approval of patriotism in Russian society increased throughout the entire period of scientific observations 2006–2023, with the dynamics being particularly intense in the period 2012–2018. Foreign policy appears to be the major factor in the growth of Russians’ patriotic sentiments. Loyalty to the authorities as a component of patriotism practically did not change in the period 2006–2018, and then increased rapidly and significantly in the period 2018–2023. It is fair to assume that such dynamics is associated not with foreign policy, but with in-ternal socio-political factors.