Immersion Principle Research Articles

Optimisation of growing conditions for the apple rootstock M26 grown in RITA containers using temporary immersion principle

Optimisation of growing conditions for the apple rootstock M26 grown in RITA containers using temporary immersion principle

MICROPROPAGATION OF THE APPLE ROOTSTOCK M26 BY TEMPORARY IMMERSION SYSTEM (TIS)

In order to develop an efficient and economic micropropagation technique for fruit trees and ornamental plants, a liquid culturing system in the RITA containers using temporary immersion principle was examined on the apple rootstock M26. Several plant growth regulators were tested in the multiplication and elongation phase on two different types of explants. The results showed that the multiplication rate increased with an increase in the concentration of BAP and IBA in the multiplication medium, but the shoot length decreased at the same time. Hyperhydricity increased with a rise in concentration of BAP and IBA in the multiplication medium. Stem explants produced more shoots than shoot tips. The rooting results showed that shoots from all treatments rooted more than 90%. The higher concentrations of BAP and IBA in the multiplication medium did not affect the rooting percentage, root number and root length, nor did the addition of kinetin in the elongation medium. The plantlets were easily acclimatized in the greenhouse.

Combating effects of racism through a cultural immersion medical education program.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a perspective from New Zealand on the role of medical education in addressing racism in medicine. There is increasing recognition of racism in health care and its adverse effects on the health status of minority populations in many Western countries. New Zealand nursing curricula have introduced the concept of cultural safety as a means of conveying the idea that cultural factors critically influence the relationship between carer and patient. Cultural safety aims to minimize any assault on the patient's cultural identity. However, despite the work of various researchers and educators, there is little to suggest that undergraduate medical curricula pay much attention yet to the impact of racism on medical education and medical practice. The authors describe a cultural immersion program for third-year medical students in New Zealand and discuss some of the strengths and weaknesses of such an approach. The program is believed to have great potential as a method of consciousness raising among medical students to counter the insidious effects of non-conscious inherited racism. Apart from the educational benefits, the program has fostered a strong working relationship between an indigenous health care organization and the medical school. In general, it is hoped that such programs will help medical educators to engage more actively with the issue of racism and be prepared to experiment with novel approaches to teaching and learning. More specifically, the principles of cultural immersion, informed by the concept of cultural safety, could be adapted to indigenous and minority groups in urban settings to provide medical students with the foundations for a lifelong commitment to practicing medicine in a culturally safe manner.

Microscopy in Camillo Golgi's Times

The research performed by Camillo Golgi in histology and pathology dates from 1865, the year in which he obtained his MD degree, to 1923, when his last scientific article was published. Beginning in the mid-1855s, microscope manufacturers in Europe started producing objectives based on the principle of immersion introduced in 1847 by Giovan Battista Amici. The immersion objectives greatly improved the resolution of microscopic observations at high magnifications. From 1860 to 1872, technological improvements in microscope optics and the practicality of their use provided a larger community of investigators effective tools needed to study the structure of the nervous system. This progress in microscopy was associated with the application of new histological techniques, mastered by the chromoargentic reaction introduced by Golgi in 1873. In 1872, further progress in microscopy stemmed from the application of notions of applied physics to the production of microscope optics. These developments in microscopy will be briefly reviewed here.

A controlled burning apparatus based on the weight immersion principle

Summary A controlled burning apparatus has been constructed and tested which makes possible the accurate prediction of the body surface area to be burned. With it the investigator can reproduce the same surface area burn in any required number of animals. Liquid conduction is used as the method of burning and the temperature and exposure time may be varied as required. The basis of the method is the close relationship that exists between the weight of a body immersed and the surface area immersed. This concept is not a new one and was graphically described by Bailey, Lewis, and Blocker in 1962. While reviewing their work, prior to commencing a burn research project, it became apparent to the writer that certain modifications of their apparatus would improve its function and accuracy. These changes are described in detail and are essentially related to the method of measuring the weight change of the immersed rat. Also described is a simple method of calculating surface area of rat pelts which does not require the use of a planimeter. Testing of the apparatus revealed a consistent correlation between weight immersed and surface area immersed. Therefore the writer further advocates the use of this burning technique in the hope that experimental laboratories might use more uniform methods and make comparison of reports easier and more significant.

Objective Lenses of f/1 Aperture and Greater<!--<xref ref-type="other" rid="fn1-10.5594_J17813">*</xref>-->

The factors involved in the design of large-aperture objectives are discussed and some of the general approaches to the reduction of the various aberrations are presented. Diagrams, classification, and source references of most objectives of f/1 aperture or greater which have been published are included. Both refracting and reflecting systems are considered, including objectives having spherical and aspherical surfaces and those employing the immersion principle. Applications, testing, and performance of extreme-aperture objectives are discussed. An extensive bibliography is appended.

Principles of Immersion and Humidity Testing of Metal Protective Paints

Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation A. C. Elm; Principles of Immersion and Humidity Testing of Metal Protective Paints. CORROSION 1 October 1947; 3 (10): 501–538. doi: https://doi.org/10.5006/0010-9312-3.10.501 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search nav search search input Search input auto suggest Search

Metal-clad switchgear, automatic protection, and remote control, with particular reference to developments during the last seven years

This paper outlines a picture of the progress during the last seven years in the field it deals with, and also sets out the problems of to-day and the lines of possible future practice. The period under review has seen a change of national policy in Great Britain, which practically puts an end to isolated plants for public service, and enhances the scope for economy by the running of the largest plants with interconnections between them and all other plants and loads. New conditions therefore arise, demanding a reconsideration of the problems dealt with by the author in their earlier form in 1925. The construction of the various types of metal-clad switch-gear is diagrammatically represented by illustrations brought upto date and concluding with a forecast of the full application of the principle of complete enclosure and immersion of all conductors and insulators for all voltages as the means of safeguarding life and property, and securing continuity of supply. Certain basic constructional features are dealt with more fully. These are, in general, typical of changes, some brought about by research and practical experience, and others evolved in the quest by designers for something ?different? in a period of intensified competition. An attempt is made to classify the prevalent forms of arcing contacts and busbar enclosures, and to state the effects of such details, particularly of the latter, on the general lay-out of the whole switching equipment. The use of metal-clad switchgear has of itself effected such economy in buildings that outdoor switchgear has not been widely used in Great Britain; but reasons are given in favour of outdoor construction. A review is given of the present position of rating, performance, and selection of circuit breakers, in order to lead up to a better understanding of the interpretation of these terms, and in view of the need for an international agreement on standard conditions for assessing ratings. Results of tests in a British 1500000-kVA testing station are recorded as examples. The need for economy is accepted as a fundamental object for the designer, but it should be effected by the reduction of components rather than by lowering the quality of details. Some ways and means of effecting economy along these lines are therefore proposed. The automatic isolation of faults has a particular bearing on the protection of property and supply; in the latter its performance in procuring stability is considered to be of paramount importance, and in the former its speed of operation is a criterion of equal merit. In the light of these principles the known protective systems are reviewed, and some new developments are mentioned. This study is in the main a history of the quest of the ideal, which, for the sake of economy alone, excludes the pilot cables of the earlier systems, and thus an opening occurs for the use of telephone pairs. Some original research is recorded for the avoidance of interference with the other uses of such telephone conductors arising from accidents on main lines. Further, the resistance of heavy arcs has been experimentally ascertained, with a view to making clear the necessity of using reactance instead of impedance as the true means of measuring distance for the accurate loaction and discrimination of faults in the distance types of proctection. The evolution of automatic and remote-control systems is traced from the earlier power-station control-room to the present-day design of regional control from a central room, and the forecast for the future favours the increasing application of mechanical principles, which in the first place tends to avoid errors, and in the second place takes over the responsibility of action in an emergency.