Hermeneutical Principles Research Articles

SCIENTIFIC AND PRA TIFIC AND PRACTICAL IMPOR TICAL IMPORTANCE OF CREA ANCE OF CREATING A CONCISE DIC CONCISE DICTIONARY OF AGIOTERMINES

Abstract. It is an important task for lexicographers to convey the beauty of our national culture through words to the world's book lovers, as well as to create convenience for translators. The words to be given in dictionaries should not only be translated into another language, but should be described in accordance with international lexicographic standards, the word translated into another language should not lose its ethnographic features and be understandable to foreigners. In such cases, it is useful to study the experience of European lexicographers. The translation of terms into the language of translation in the translation of agiomatics, the solution of cases of linguistic and lingvoculturological barriers arising in the process of translation is proved by means of examples taken from the works. System-semantic taxonomic methods have been developed in modern languages, taking into account the definition of agiographic lexicon in dictionaries. When analyzing the national and cultural features of agiographic terms in French and Uzbek, it was found that they are the main dominant component, ie agiographic terms, religious terms. In agiomatics agiographic terms are grouped, ie theonyms, miphonyms, chronyms, myphozonyms. It is not necessary to go the way of giving a literal translation when creating a bilingual dictionary of religious terms or agiographic terms. This is because translating terms related to a particular field into a second language requires an in-depth analysis of its origins, sources, meanings, and accompanying combinations. Dictionaries are required to be in a language that is understandable not only to experts in a particular field but also to the general public. To do this, it is necessary to interpret words that are difficult to understand, in a short and concise way. Given the complexity of the pronunciation of words in foreign languages, giving their transcriptions is also one of the most basic principles. Introduction. As a result of globalization, the emergence of hybrid cultures, the partial transformation of national traditions, the strengthening of interethnic cooperation, various terms and assimilations enter our language. This, in turn, further expands the need for translation dictionaries. In this regard, the opinion of the French lexicographer Alan Ray that modern civilization is a lexical civilization is completely justified. Research methods. Methods of comparative analysis, contextual, axiological, exegetic, artistic analysis and encyclopedic analysis were used to cover the research theme. Results and discussions. It is well known that the fact that dictionaries play an important role in a particular folk culture does not require comment. They reflect the knowledge acquired by society in a particular period. Dictionaries are of great importance in performing a specific social function, including informing the reader, the user about a particular event or situation, conveying it to representatives of other languages, helping to improve and regulate the language, its vocabulary content. Conclusion. The approaches, methods and data used are taken from scientific and artistic sources, comparative-historical, comparative-typological methods, principles of hermeneutics and methods of comparative analysis, conclusions and recommendations are put into practice, the results are confirmed by the competent authorities.

Газета немецких оккупантов «Свободная земля»: парадигма фашистской пропаганды инвертированной цели войны против Советского Союза

Introduction. The article aims to analyze the newspaper ’Svobodnaya zemlya’ (Free Land), published for a short time (September-December 1942) by German occupying forces in Kalmykia. The newspaper has not been the object of a special study so far. Its main purpose was propaganda, used by the occupiers as one of the most important psychological and ideological weapons of war. The Nazi propaganda targeted the population of the occupied territories, subjecting the people to massive psychological and ideological pressures. Hence, every genre of the newspaper was designed and adapted to carry on disguised Nazi propaganda. Material and methods. The source for the research data was ’Svobodnaya zemlya’, the organ of the German administration at the time of Nazi occupation of the Kalmyk territory. Notably, the historiography in this country and abroaddiscusses certain aspects of fascist propaganda during the Second World War, but the regional newspapers of the German occupiershave not been examined so far. In his analysis, the author was guided by the principles of objectivity, comprehensive analysis, historicism, hermeneutics, and source criticism. Results. The purpose of the German occupiers’ newspaper was to persuade the local population that the preventive war launched and conducted by them was not a humanitarian catastrophe, but it was directed only against the “Jewish-Bolshevik government” of the Soviet Union, and the German army had a liberation mission, a happy future awaiting the liberated people. According to this propaganda, the liberated peoples were tostay calm and confident of their future; also, they were expected to actively cooperate, helping the German army tonear the victory, but any act of disobedience orjust passive resistance of individuals would havedire consequences for them, including death punishment. Conclusion. The newspaper under studyis one of the most important types of historical sources to shed light on the history of Kalmykia in the war period. Added to the source data, it helps fill in some gaps to allow for an objective discussion of controversial issues. Also, the analysis of the newspaper demonstrates some of the methods and techniques used by the Nazis in the occupied regions to deliberately disseminate falsified ideas about the goals of the war as a means of disguised propaganda.

The Madhyamaka Contribution to Skepticism

Abstract This paper examines the work of Nāgārjuna as interpreted by later Madhyamaka tradition, including the Tibetan Buddhist Tsongkhapa (1357–1419). It situates Madhyamaka skepticism in the context of Buddhist philosophy, Indian philosophy more generally, and Western equivalents. Find it broadly akin to Pyrrhonism, it argues that Madhyamaka skepticism still differs from its Greek equivalents in fundamental methodologies. Focusing on key hermeneutical principles like the two truths and those motivating the Svātantrika/Prāsaṅgika schism (i.e., whether followers of Nāgārjuna should offer positive arguments or should proceed on a purely “negative” basis), it argues that the Svātantrika commitment to mere conventional practice is robust and allows for a skepticism consistent with the scientific practices we must take seriously in the modern world. These findings are put forth as an illustration of what the Western tradition might gain by better understanding of non-Western philosophy.

Business Analogies at Church

A significant weakness in leadership studies is the free use of cross-sector analogies without a hermeneutical standard. Churches need new approaches from other sectors but may respond with little critical method, either too freely or too narrowly. Many reject any need to learn from outside the Church. The practical goal of this paper is to provide a way to learn without risking the Church’s own character. This is the work of analogy. While referencing the theological and missiological histories of this method, the argument is based on analysis of the hermeneutical principles in Jesus’ parables compared with the epistemology of analogy in education and interdisciplinary studies. An analogical hermeneutic is then applied to two business examples. The analogical hermeneutical spectrum, I propose, can nourish the wisdom of church leaders and enhance a church’s collective efficacy. In conclusion, further research avenues are suggested.

The Criteriological Meaning of the Lutheran Doctrine of Justification and its Ontological Underpinnings

Lutheran authors throughout the XX century have attempted to apply the Pauline doctrine of “justification by faith alone” to the whole of Christian theology, life and spirituality, as a unique determinative, criteriological or hermeneutical principle. Justification would point to the action of God who in Christ saves sinful humans, thus going to the very core of Christian life and identity. However, the fundamental principle needs to go beyond a purely existential reading of the human situation which considers man primordially as a sinner, and God only as his Saviour. It needs to be ontologically founded, on the basis of God’s good creation. It needs to take into account the fact that man, alongside the experience of sinfulness and pardon, truly encounters the goodness of God both through the reality of creation and on account of ­personal filiation in Christ’s Spirit.

TIME Model for Design Research

The TIME model has been developed based on the understanding of the causes that prevent the completion of design research projects. The topic encompasses the constructs of orientation and education, where scientism in teaching and design research leads to multiple methodological problems both in theorizing and in professional practice. It is not overlooked that it is the reason for numerous dropouts from graduate studies or research systems due to the implementation of the scientific method model. The most concerning impacts of this vision are the low rate of graduation and peer-reviewed publications in the field of Design. The objective of this text is to present the TIME model as an original and innovative alternative for teaching research considering the objectivity, subjectivity and intersubjectivity of Design. The postulation of the method has been based on the principles of Hegelian dialectics and hermeneutics. This model has been applied in different contexts as a pilot experience and then in a permanent practice until consolidating it as part of the research methodology in Design.

Kūn’s ‘body’: the many appearances and meanings of the pure even-numbered trigram in the early Yìjīng and related texts

Abstract One of the main reasons why words (i.e., ‘images’) in the Yìjīng and Guīcáng might appear so enigmatic is because they have become detached from the ‘pictures’ (guàhuà 卦畫) or ‘bodies’ (guàtǐ 卦體), as divination results, in which diviners first recognized them. This paper has two objectives. The first, as part of a larger database project, uses early Chinese excavated materials to reconstruct and reimage the many configurations and appearances of trigram Kūn’s ‘body’ (Kūn tǐ 坤體). Seeing and thinking about the pure even-numbered, yīn trigram in its original configurations leads us toward a deeper appreciation and understanding of the complexity of this early system of divination, and doing so is integral to investigating, as a thought experiment, complex relationships between divination results (i.e., trigrams and hexagrams) and numbers, numbers and images, and images and predictions. Users of the Changes should no longer visualize Kūn’s ‘body’ as one-dimensional ☷ and . The second, examines images of trigram Kūn in the Yìjīng, with a starting point being the images in the canonical commentaries, and the Shuō guà commentary in particular, by using hermeneutic principles in the ‘numbers and images’ tradition. The Shuō guà presents images either found in or to be extrapolated from the base text within a structured and highly interpretive system that creates ‘image programs’ for each of the eight trigrams. I argue the Shuō guà’s image programs have a defined architecture, and its images are not random lists of words collected without an agenda and devoid of relationships and mutual interaction with others.

Symbolism of the renaissance sculpture: Aedicule of Sholts-Volfovych townhouse in Lviv

The specific conditions of architectural development in Lviv promoted the expansion of the Renaissance traditions in the architecture in the XVI century. The local traditions considerably influenced the classical forms as well as techniques suggested by the Italian architects. As a result, the architecture of Lviv had taken the peculiar features that reflected the character of an indigenous revival. A significant feature of a Renaissance townhouse in Lviv lies in its abundant decoration. as it was created according to the symbolic ideas and was filled with the philosophic content. The façade of Sholts-Volfovych apartment house situated in 23, Rynok Square in Lviv deserves special attention. The abundant exterior design includes the composition «Epiphany», located in the aedicule of the second floor. Using the principle of hermeneutics the article presents the author’s interpretation of a symbolic meaning of this sculptural composition, based on the Gospel texts and is connected with the Renaissance meditations about a human place in the world and his/her relationship with God.

Celebration of the Hyperreal Nostalgia: Categorization and Analysis of Visual Vaporwave Artefacts

Summary Vaporwave grabs the attention of internet voyager with harsh collages glued together in a technically primitive manner. It’s a cultural phenomenon which both originated and is active solely on the internet. In the context of general internet culture Vaporwave is exclusive in its aesthetics due to the domination of violet and pink colors, technically primitive quality of texts, fetishization of 8th and 9th decade mainstream commodities and acute nostalgic undertones. Vaporwave has been mostly explored as a music genre or sociological phenomenon, while its visual aspect has mostly remained unattended. This article seeks to analyze the conceptual aspects embodied within Vaporwave visuals, to briefly compare them with music, and to unpack the mechanism of nostalgia as an affective entry point to the movement. The interpretation is mainly lead by Jean Baudrillard’s theory of hyperreality, and interpretational principles of hermeneutics. Five Tumblr blogs were analyzed. Hermeneutic inquiry into the texts yielded seven distinct symbol categories differentiated by the affect they generate: nostalgic commodities, idyllic classics, melancholic landscapes, harsh distortions, gentle geometry, depressive texts, and ecstatic brands. Each of these categories here are elaborated in detail finally summarizing the multilayered symbolism of the movement. It can be described as nostalgically challenging visual conventions through harsh technical quality and opposing codes of behavior through open expressions of depression and melancholy, thus exposing the doubts of individual imprisoned in postmodern society. ’80s and ’90s here become hyperreal fantasy lands of the past where a nostalgic individual can find refuge. In comparison to music, the visual aspect of Vaporwave highlights the technology as central artefacts of nostalgia, introduces new ways to analyze late capitalist consumer culture, and brings an intimate dialogue with hyperreality to the front. The article suggests that Vaporwave is a post-ironic art movement which both celebrates and criticizes capitalism, finally remaining vague whether there are ways to escape the system, and whether these ways should even be looked for.

Blame-game politics: Re-evaluating incongruent leprosy and COVID-19 policies in the Old Testament and Nigerian societies

History is rife with political actors framing policies to absolve themselves from blame. Such policies seem integral to governance. Studies have shown how the outbreak of diseases triggers policy changes from different governments, especially during the present day coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The ‘Old Testament (OT) leprosy’, particularly as found in Leviticus 13 and 14, prompted incongruent policies that occasioned the victimisation and destruction of suspected lepers’ houses. Similarly, some who breached the COVID-19 lockdown protocols in Nigeria were tortured, victimised or killed. Investigations on these overbearing regulations are linked to ignorance and autocracy on the part of policy formulators and implementers. There has likely not yet been any study examining this phenomenon from the purview of blame-game politics resulting from poor leadership decisions. This work, therefore, reviewed the government’s policy response to leprosy in the OT and the Nigerian government’s response to COVID-19 lockdown regulations with the view to assess their suitability in their specific contexts. The texts of Leviticus 13 and 14 were examined through the analytical principles of hermeneutics. Documentary method of research was also used to interpret other secondary data to draw relations between the two governments’ shifting of responsibilities and victimisation of citizens, both in the OT and Nigerian societies.Intradisciplinary and or interdisciplinary implications: This research drew on the theories in philosophy, ethics, political science, psychology and sociology. The findings indicated that policy formulators and or implementers employed blame-game constructs as response to leprosy and COVID-19 both in OT and contemporary Nigerian society, respectively.

The Muʿtazila on Covenantal Theology: A Study of Individualist Approaches

Abstract This article examines how three leading exegetes of the Muʿtazilite school tradition – ʿAbd al-Jabbār (d. 415/1025), Jishumī (d. 494/1101), and Zamakhsharī (d. 538/1144) – conceptualized the Qurʾānic idea of covenant in divergent ways. It also illustrates how they related the idea of covenant to their broader thought world to forge an interpretation of the meaning of human history and salvation. It argues that these three commentators, although they are linked to one another by a loose form of teacher-student discipleship, share only basic ideas and applied hermeneutical devices and interpretive principles in considerably different ways. It is unlikely that they relied on one another when they composed their commentaries.

Does St. Paul Believe in Original Sin? Yeah, but so What?

In this article, I discuss the extent to which St. Paul’s view of the doctrine of Original Sin ought to be taken as authoritative for confessing Christians today. I begin with the observation that there are, in the main, two camps represented in the contemporary literature. On the one hand, there are those who affirm the presence of Original Sin in Rom. 5, and consequently embrace the doctrine; on the other hand, there are those who deny Original Sin any substantive anchor in the text, and as a result conclude it is not necessary to believe today. I argue that things are not so straightforward, and present what I take to be a legitimate via media between these two positions. In the first main section of the article, I argue on exegetical grounds that Rom. 5:12–21 can be rendered adequately intelligible only when we admit that something like the Augustinian view of Original Sin is present at least in nuce. This I attempt to demonstrate in conversation with Douglas Moo and C. E. B. Cranfield (plus a bonus thought from Luther). While not, of course, the full-blown Augustinian doctrine, St. Paul's mind is, I contend, much nearer to the former’s view of Original Sin than is commonly supposed. However, in the second main section I turn my attention to the question, So what? I discuss a number of theological and exegetical considerations which make it clear, I think, that St. Paul is not urging belief in Original Sin so much as he is utilizing an “intertestamental expansion” of an OT text to paint a picture about Christ and what we ought to believe about him. As such, I encourage and defend the application of a relatively mild hermeneutical principle which will allow the theologian a clear and biblically faithful way around the doctrine of Original Sin, if this is what is desired.

HIPPOLYTUS OF ROME: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE INTERPRETATION OF DAN. 8

The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the interpretation of Hippolytus of Rome (170-235 AD) of Dan. 8 of the book of Daniel. The hermeneutic principles of the theologian in the interpretation of apocalyptic symbols of Dan. 8 are presented and showed their specifics. It has been found that Hippolytus first interpreted the symbol of the "little horn" (Dan. 8:9-12) as Antiochus IV Epiphanes among early Christian writers. This interpretation is followed today by the Preterist and Futurist schools of interpretation. The arguments of both the supporters of Hippolytus' interpretation and his opponents are highlighted. It is established that the theologian's interpretation, according to which the small horn in Dan. 8 symbolizes Antiochus Epiphanes has weaknesses and contradicts the biblical context of the apocalyptic symbols of both the eighth chapter and the entire book of Daniel. It is investigated that the arguments of the historicistl school allow us to conclude that the small horn in Dan. 8 symbolizes Rome. Promising for the future continuation of the study is seen in a deep exegetical study of the apocalyptic symbols of Dan. 8 and the influence of Hippolytus' interpretation on the hermeneutics of later Christian theologians.Key words: Book of Daniel, Hippolytus of Rome, hermeneutics, Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the small horn, exegesis, apocalyptic literature, eschatology.

APOCALYPTIC SYMBOLS OF THE BOOK OF REVELATION IN THE INTERPRETATION OF TERTULLIAN

The article examines the interpretation of the Book of Revelation by the western theologian Tertullian. The specifics of the interpretation of the symbols of the Book of Revelation and theological concepts of the latin exegete are highlighted. The hermeneutic principles of interpretation of the biblical apocalyptic and Tertullian’s view on the fulfillment of prophecies are studied. It is established that Tertullian used a tropological and allegorical method of interpretation. In the first place Tertullian put the spiritual and moral meaning of the biblical text. The importance of the Old Testament texts in the interpretation of the Book of Revelation is pointed out and the shortcomings of excessive allegory. Prospective for further research is clarify the influence of Tertullian's eschatological views on the work of later theologians.Key words: Revelation, Apocalypse, hermeneutics, Tertullian, prophecy, exegesis, apocalyptic literature, eschatology.

Art à la the Occult: The Literary Esotericism of James Joyce’s Ulysses

Abstract Widely considered a hermetic text of avant-garde modernism for its inaccessibility to the “common reader,” James Joyce’s magnum opus Ulysses is literally esoteric with allusions to Kabbalistic concepts, terms of Hindu cosmology, Trinitarian heresies, and Continental mystics; quasi-ironic references to Dublin Theosophists; the protagonist Leopold Bloom’s Freemasonry; and structural use of Platonic/Aristotelian metaphysics. However, the esotericism of Ulysses is not confined to the text’s cavalier allusiveness. Nor is the religious origin of Joyce’s art merely part of the personal mythology of the author, a relapsed Catholic, whose Eucharistic aesthetic endeavors to “transmut[e] the daily bread of experience into the radiant body of everliving life.” This article argues that esotericism is a fundamental principle underlying the composition of Ulysses, its envisaged relationship with the “implied reader,” and its larger socio-cultural ramifications. It explores the literary esotericism of Ulysses as analogous to religious esotericism with reference to: the idea of the book as cosmos with the chaotic “word” as its prima materia; its archetypal/symbolic consciousness; the idea of infinity as a hermeneutic principle; manifestation of the ideas of initiation and secrecy as hermeneutic challenges; the self-imposed antithetical character of avant-garde modernism vis-à-vis the mainstream; and the possibility of deciphering a Joycean “vision.”

The Bible & Ancient Science: Principles of Interpretation

The Bible & Ancient Science: Principles of Interpretation

What Was Early Modern World Literature?

Did world literature exist during the period that scholars writing in English have come to call early modernity? How did early modern authors perceive or imagine relations between far-flung literary cultures? Answers to these questions depend on what is meant by world literature, a category whose meaning, scope, history, and value have been contested in recent scholarship. In this essay, we reconstruct concepts of world and world literature that were held independently by two poets: Bidel of Delhi (1644–1720) from Mughal India and Thomas Traherne (1636–1674) from rural England. During Bidel’s and Traherne’s lifetimes, projects of enlightenment and self-knowledge were driven by thinking with worlds. Taking this blurring of self and world as our point of departure, we begin by examining how Traherne’s and Bidel’s concepts of world name the relations that condition phenomenal appearance and epistemic endeavor. We then show how each poet responds to experiences of diversity (across languages, religions, temporalities, and geographies) by articulating their own concepts of world literature. Finally, we argue that these notions of world literature are structured by practices of assemblage—a concept we borrow from the early modern album (muraqqaʿ). As objects that collect varied specimens of art and calligraphy, albums solicit creative engagement with diverse materials, encouraging readers to attend to similarities and differences in style, medium, and content without imposing hermeneutic principles. We reflexively activate this early modern concept of assemblage in order to retune current scholarly approaches to world literature and early modern studies.

Psychological implications and rehabilitation programmes due to football‐related injuries

AbstractBackgroundThis research explored the experience of footballers who had experienced a sports‐related injury and sought psychological and/or counselling support. What interventions did athletes find helpful/not helpful for coping with such an experience?MethodDrawing upon the principles of phenomenology, hermeneutics, and ideography, interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used to provide insight into the athletes’ experiences and their personal perceptions of the injury. Semi‐structured interviews with six Maltese top‐level football players who have sustained and overcome a sports‐related injury were used for the collection of data.FindingsThe athletes’ appraisals of their injury were explored, and their attitudes towards the different forms of support received and the psychological interventions used were identified. Despite the psychological support sought and received on a personal level, the participants suggested that their mental health was often overlooked by their clubs, leaving them with feelings of helplessness and insecurity.RecommendationsRecommendations, which can be adopted to create sports environments that promote athletes’ psychological well‐being, are presented. These include recruiting professional service providers such as counsellors and sport psychologists within clubs, as well as the promotion of such services to diminish the stigma around athletes’ mental health. Since sport psychologists usually focus on sports’ performance enhancement, it may be wise for clubs to create transdisciplinary teams, which include other health professionals, such as counsellors, for more in‐depth one‐to‐one counselling related to readiness to play. This suggests the implementation of holistic sport education programmes promoting mental well‐being. Recommendations for further research are also discussed.

Irony and heroism

In the article we investigate the Christian – pagan polemic of Origen's treatise “Contra Celsum” in fragment 7.53-58, where the problem of the correlation of irony and heroism reveals the contrast between false and true deeds, for which divine honours are given. The irony that Celsus uses to attack Christians serves as a kind of “divide” that marks a contrast between pagan ideas about heroism, as a principle of deification of people, and the principles on which, from Celsus’ point of view of, Christians consider Jesus to be God. A special subject of the article is Celsus’ reflection on the ironic motive of the Book of Jonah, the story of the gourd (Jonah 4, 5-11), and the salvation of the prophet Daniel from the lion's den (Dan. 6, 16-23). Origen’s response to Celsus’ speech shows a certain similarity to the text of a pagan author in structural, stylistic and lexical aspects. Such factor reveals a rhetorical content of the response of Origen. In the field of rhetorica, Origen uses irony against his opponent: pagan heroes and philosophers now appear funny or not serious enough, whereas the Old Testament prophets are revealed as genuinely great and as a source of miracles. In light of this, Origen’s response to Celsus replaces Celsus’ ironic allusion to the gourd story from the fourth chapter of the Book of Jonah with the first verse of the second chapter, which opens the episode of Jonah’s stay in the belly of the whale. An analysis of this substitution, based on the hermeneutic principles of Origen, shows the role of Biblical irony as a specific aspect of the spiritual meaning of the sacred text. It is hypothesized that the essence of this specificity is the creation of a contrast that sets any feat of any person in the light of the historical life of Jesus Christ, who completely and exceptionally realized God's providence. This reveals a pattern or principle of going beyond the limits of human virtue to the sphere of divine being. To compare any feats with the earthly life and the death of the Saviour renders the opposition of ironic and heroic no longer a contrast between false and true: any heroism, even the exploits of the Old Testament prophets, becomes ironic / ridiculous. Thus Origen’s Christian irony is not only an instrument of rhetorical discourse, but a philosophical and literary device that allows transcending, or elevating to an unattainable level, the heroism of the life and death of the Saviour.

Reading Mark’s Gospel as a Text From Collective Memory

Reading Mark’s Gospel as a Text From Collective Memory