Principle Of Equality Research Articles

Integrating Cultural Humility into Medical Education Using a Structured and Interactive Workshop.

Cultural humility is a lifelong commitment to self-evaluation, redressing power imbalances in patient-physician relationships and developing mutually trusting beneficial partnerships. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility and efficacy of cultural humility training. From July 2020-March 2021, 90-minute educational workshops attended by 133 medical students, resident physicians and medical education faculty included 1) pre- and post- intervention surveys; 2) interactive presentation on equity and cultural humility principles; 3) participants explored sociocultural identities and power; and 4) reflective group discussions. There were significant increases from pre to post intervention assessments for perception scores (3.89 [SEM= 0.04] versus 4.22 [0.08], p<0.001) and knowledge scores (0.52 [0.02] versus 0.67 [0.02], p<0.001). Commonest identities participants recognized as changing over time were personality = 40%, appearance = 36%, and age =35%. Commonest identities experienced as oppressed/subjugated were race/ethnicity = 54%, gender = 40% and religion = 28%; whilst commonest identities experienced as privileged were gender= 49%, race/ethnicity = 42% and appearance= 25%. Male participants assigned mean power score of 73% to gender identity compared to mean power score of -8% by female participants (P<0.001). Non-Hispanic Whites had mean power score for race identity of 62% compared to 13% for non-white participants (p<0.001). English as a second language was only acknowledged as an oppressed/subjugated identity by those born outside the United States (p<0.001). An interactive educational workshop can increase participants' knowledge and perceptions regarding cultural humility. Participants can self-reflect to recognize sociocultural identities that are oppressed/subjugated or privileged.

Non-Binary and Trans-Inclusive AI: A Catalogue of Best Practices for Developing Automatic Gender Recognition Solutions

Artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly optimized processes across various sectors, enhancing efficiency and transforming digital interactions. However, as AI becomes more integrated into daily life, concerns about its social impacts and inherent biases have emerged. This study explores how AI technologies, such as facial recognition and Automatic Gender Recognition (AGR), can perpetuate and amplify societal prejudices, especially against transgender and non-binary individuals. The 2018 case of Amazon's Rekognition technology, which exhibited high false positive rates for individuals with dark skin, highlights the risks of algorithmic bias and mass surveillance. Given these challenges, this research performed performed a systematic mapping study of the literature on AI to present an analysis of problems and respective causes brought by facial recognition and AGR applications to trans and non-binary people. In a second phase, we developed and empirically assessed a catalog of 19 best practices for an ethical AI development grounded in Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion principles. We aim to establish ethical standards that promote inclusivity to trans and non-binary people, mitigating algorithmic discrimination.

Development and delivery of justice, equity, diversity, inclusion, and anti-oppression concepts in entry-level health professional education: a scoping review protocol.

The objective of this scoping review is to identify the frameworks, guidelines, and models used to develop and deliver justice, equity, diversity, inclusion (JEDI), and anti-oppression (AO) principles in mandatory, entry-level health care professional program curricula (EHCPPC). A secondary objective will be to examine how these frameworks, guidelines, and models are used. Health inequities are perpetuated globally, as observed by the suboptimal quality of care and health outcomes among equity-deserving groups. An understanding of JEDI and AO concepts is necessary in health care settings to promote culturally safe and high-quality care; however, entry-level health care programs may lack adequate integration of content and/or delivery of these principles. This scoping review will summarize the international literature on frameworks, guidelines, and models used to develop and deliver JEDI and AO concepts in EHCPPC. This review will consider articles that discuss frameworks, models, or guidelines included in EHCPPC that guide the development and/or delivery of JEDI and AO principles in any country. Studies will be considered if they were published from 2015 to the present and are in English. All study designs will be considered for inclusion. This review will be conducted in accordance with the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. A search of MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), and CINAHL (EBSCOhost) will be conducted. Two or more independent reviewers will assess titles and abstracts, screen full-text studies, and extract data from included studies. Data from the included studies will be collated into tables or figures and described in a narrative summary. Open Science Framework osf.io/ewqf8.

Districting in the 2023 Sejm Elections and the Principle of Equality of Representation — Selected Aspects

Abstract This scientific article examines the system of electoral districting in the 2023 Sejm elections and its impact on the principle of equality of representation. The main objectives of the study are to analyse the relationship between the principle of equality of representation and electoral districting in Sejm elections, evaluate the compliance of current constituency boundaries with this principle, and assess the potential consequences of any changes in districting in the 2023 Sejm elections in terms of electoral representation. The research questions guiding this study are as follows: (1) How should constituencies be determined for the 2023 Sejm elections and what legal criteria should be applied in electoral districting? (2) Does the current districting system align with the principle of equality of representation? (3) Are there disparities in the size or demographics of constituencies that could result in unequal representation in the Sejm? (4) What are the potential implications of the current districting system for the representation of different political parties? (5) How do alternative scenarios of districting affect the principle of equality of representation in the context of the 2023 Sejm elections? The research employs an institutional-legal analysis, along with statistical data analysis and simulations, to model alternative districting scenario and evaluate their effects on the principle of equality of representation. The findings of this study contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the implications of districting on the principle of equality of representation in the 2023 Sejm elections. The research emphasises the significance of fair districting for ensuring equal representation and provides valuable recommendations for policymakers.

A NEW PARADIGM OF DOCTOR-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP, DIGNIFIED JUSTICE PERSPECTIVE

The relationship between doctor and patients is highly personal, based on the patients trust in the doctor. However, , it is not uncommon for this doctor-patient relationship to give rise to conflicts, disputes, and even legal claims and demands against doctors. Throughout history, the doctor-patient relationship has evolved through three models: thethe Activity-Passivity Relation, Guidance-Cooperation, and Mutual Participation. From the perspective of Dignified Justice, both the Activity-Passivity (Paternalistic) and Guidance-Cooperation models are not aligned with the Principles of Equality, the Principle of Balance between Rights and Responsibilities. They are contrary to the goal of humanizing individuals (ngewongkewong). The model of Mutual Participation is considered the optimal phase of the relationship, where doctors and patients are on an equal footing and bound by the principles of contract law, known as the Therapeutic Contract. However, this model falls short of the Principles of Moral Justice, the Principles of Spiritual Justice, and the fundamental principles of Dignified Justice that elevate intellect, creativity, and empathy as the highest drivers of the doctor-patient. We propose a new paradigm for this relationship, emphasizing humanity, justice, respect for moral and ethical norms, a familial bond, virtue, and spirituality. This model embodies the Dignified Justice of a Relationship.

Everyday lived experience and ‘carescape’ of women street vendors: Spatial Justice in Al-Hisba Marketplace, Ramallah/Al-Bireh, Palestine

The city’s local markets are essential for daily shopping and nurture traditions, spatial practices, and heritage. This study investigates the everyday lived experiences of Palestinian women street vendors operating in the Al-Hisba marketplace, located in the center of Ramallah/Al-Bireh. It investigates the challenges they encountered in the evolving Al-Hisba, against the backdrop of male dominance and the impediments imposed by the Israeli occupation. Within this context, they struggle to survive and to cope with transformative shifts in marketing trends. These challenges offer glimpses of resilience and opportunities to adapt to emerging informalities, the essential practices of spatial making-do, and a growing network of “carescape.” Employing a qualitative approach and actor-network theory, this study draws on the narratives of women street vendors to unravel their tactics of resilience, the dynamics of their carescape network, and the adaptive practices they employ to sustain their presence in Al-Hisba. The findings illuminate the negotiated spatial opportunities of adaptation in the face of uncertainties within Al-Hisba marketplace. This study also contributes to the realm of cultural studies and human behavior, offering insights that inform urban epistemologies. It underscores the importance of local markets in anchoring cities to principles of spatial equity and sense of place.

Simultaneous rotation-nutation suppression for a tumbling satellite via a flexible rod

Effectively capturing a malfunctioning tumbling satellite by a servicing spacecraft is nowadays a worldwide challenge. Because of the potential collision between the chaser and the target spacecraft, it is risky to directly capture the tumbling satellite. An innovative approach is to use a flexible brush/rod as the end-effector of a chaser to tackle the tumbling target. However, almost all studies are confined to reducing the pure rotational motion without considering the inevitable nutation motion. To ensure safe capture, it is necessary to suppress both the nutation and rotation simultaneously to the desired low level. There are two difficulties with the simultaneous suppression problem: i) the ideal contact point between the rod and the target is difficult to pinpoint for simultaneous suppression, and ii) the solution of the rod-target dynamic system (described by nonlinear partial differential equations) is extremely time-consuming especially with the limited computing capability of the on-board computer. To conquer these difficulties, a simultaneous rotation-nutation suppression (SRNS) method based on the equal ratio principle is proposed to simultaneously reduce angular velocity and nutation angle. Besides, a highly efficient simplified rod-target model is established based on machine learning. Numerical simulations have been carried out to verify the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method.

국제인권규범을 중심으로 한 젠더 기반 폭력(Gender-Based Violence)에 관한 연구

Gender-Based Violence against women is one of the most prevalent problems in most countries around the world. The issue of gender-based violence against women is related to the principle of constitutional equality, which guarantees equal rights for men and women, and the principle of non-discrimination, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of gender. In particular, violence against women can be considered gender-based violence because it is often caused by structural discrimination that goes beyond the usual criminal case. The case analyzed in this paper, P. and S. v. Poland, decided by the European Court of Human Rights in 2012, is significant because it is a relatively recent decision that addresses constitutional issues related to gender-based violence: the right to abortion, the prohibition of torture, the right to liberty, the right to respect for private and family life, the right to a fair-trial, the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion, and the principle of non-discrimination. The ECtHR found that the State's actions in relation to the applicant P. in this case fell short of the minimum measures required by Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights and that she had been subjected to inhuman and degrading treatment. It also found that the deprivation of liberty by separating her from her parents and placing her in an institution was incompatible with Article 5 § 1 of the ECHR. The ECtHR also found that information concerning the sensitive private life of P. and her mother S. had been disclosed and that this disclosure could not be legally justified, thus concluding that Poland had violated Article 8 of the ECHR, as alleged by the applicants. However, no finding was made as to whether P. and S.'s negative freedom of religion could have been substantially violated in this case. In conclusion, it can be seen that, despite various efforts, the obligations to protect women from violence in family and social life are not adequately fulfilled by law. This is not a problem unique to Poland. In many countries, there is still a gap between traditional values and laws. It is hoped that this ruling will bring about a shift in the perception of gender-based violence.

GROWING MIDWIFERY IN MANITOBA

This si a personal narrative of the story of midwifery in Manitoba and of some recent events leading ot regulation. I have been involved with midwifery in this province for nearly 15 years, first as a consumer advocate, then as a mother who chose midwifery care for the birth of her four children, and later as a member of the Midwifery Implementation Council. This si the first and second of aseries of four papers that wil document some of the events and decisions that shaped the practice and availability of midwifery in Manitoba, with afocus on the efforts made, and the challenges encountered, in keeping the process and results women-centred. Part 1 provides a brief overview and sets the context for the following three papers. Part 2 looks at steps and challenges in including equity and access principles in the regulation process. Parts 3 and 4 wil tel the stories of the education and integration.

Social Justice and Equity as Key Guiding Principles in the Field of the Right to Education

Social justice and equity serve as pivotal principles in the realm of education, fostering equal access to education for all citizens. In China, social justice and equity in education are perceived as fundamental factors contributing to societal development and the enhancement of quality of life for every individual. Hence, the aim of this article is to investigate the principles of social justice and equity with consideration of the Chinese educational system’s characteristics. Employing a qualitative research method, scientific publications pertaining to education in China were analyzed to achieve this goal. The research findings confirm progress in ensuring equal opportunities in Chinese education, yet they also highlight lingering challenges and the measures taken to address them. China’s commitment to advancing social justice is emphasized, alongside the imperative of continued efforts to ensure equal opportunities in education. By addressing persistent challenges and embracing innovative approaches, China can further advance its commitment to ensuring equal educational opportunities for all, thereby contributing to the realization of a more just and prosperous society.

Kontrowersje dotyczące stosowania art. 57 § 2 (art. 47) w zw. z art. 39 Kodeksu pracy względem nauczyciela mianowanego w wieku przedemerytalnym – uwagi de lege lata i de lege ferenda

The Teachers’ Charter Act forms two bases for the employment of a teacher, i.e. employment contract and appointment, but the choice of the appropriate one remains dependent on the possession of a certain degree of professional promotion and the existence of conditions for full-time employment at school for an indefinite period. The termination of the employment relationship with employees of this professional group is also comprehensively regulated in the Teacher’s Charter Act and guarantees a higher level of protection than the regulations of the Labour Code Act. The analyzed issue does not concern the question of protection, but the unjustified differentiation of rights to which teachers-employees employed on different legal bases are entitled, after their reinstatement due to unlawful termination by the employer. According to the case law, the reference in Article 57 § 2 and Article 47 to Article 39 of the Labour Code Act is a reference to the prerequisite of reaching the pre-retirement age together with the basis of employment, which is the employment contract. In the author’s opinion, this remains contrary to the principle of equality expressed in Article 32(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, since from the perspective of compensation for the time of unemployment, the criterion of the basis of the employment relationship is not relevant.

2 - Corruption and Human Rights: Positioning Judicial Activism as an Anticorruption Strategy in Kenya

This article locates the conceptual foundations of corruption and human rights by examining the normative and definitional challenges of these terms. By focusing on socioeconomic rights and the principle of equality in access to public services, the paper demonstrates the implications of corruption for the realisation of human rights. It then examines how the thin and thick conceptions of the rule of law interact with corruption. The article further explores legal corruption and the mechanisms by which graft corrupts the law-making process and compromises the rule of law. At the same time, the paper studies the role of judicial activism in fighting institutionalised and legal corruption in Kenya. In conclusion, it maintains that public interest and human rights considerations should be central to the law-making and interpretation processes. To effectively deal with corruption, activist judges should pursue the ends of justice rather than the law in the case of conflict between the two.

Hijacking freedom: Ron DeSantis and the scourge of fascist politics

This article examines how the concept of freedom has been appropriated by the far right to impose a number of authoritarian policies designed to dismantle the critical functions of public and higher education. It explores, in particular, the ways in which Florida Republican Governor Ron DeSantis has used an appeal to freedom to punish critics, wage a war on trans people, misrepresent the history of slavery, and impose a new version of McCarthyism on higher education. It challenges what it terms neoliberal and fascist notions of freedom by making clear that democracy and capitalism are incompatible, and that any viable notion of freedom must address not only personal and political rights but also economic rights. Freedom from domination must be matched by a freedom to live in a world marked by the principles of justice, equality, and dignity. There is no freedom in the midst of massive inequalities in wealth, power, and education.

Rationality and Justice: Textual investigation based on A Theory of Justice

Rawls put forward the concepts of "the original state" and "the Veil of ignorance" in his book A Theory of Justice, which made an outstanding contribution to the reconstruction of the social contract theory. On this basis, he demonstrated the combination of the two principles of justice, namely the principle of equal liberty, the principle of equal opportunity and difference principle, which had a strong impact on the long-term mainstream utilitarian view of justice. Based on the textual investigation of A Theory of Justice, this paper starts from the reason basis shared by the two, takes the relationship between reason and justice as a clue, analyzes the differences between Rawls and utilitarianism in moral philosophy and methodology, and explains the connotation of Rawls's two principles of justice in detail. On the other hand, Rawls' systematic recognition and adoption of utilitarianism, as well as the utilitarian characteristics presented in the principle of difference, make the relationship between the two show a complex state of opposition and interwoven. In this paper, Rawls's theory of justice will be deeply explored, and the internal logic of Rawls's thought of justice will be analyzed, so as to further clarify the relationship between reason and justice.

ІNCLUSION IN HIGHER EDUCATION: PHILOSOPHICAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT

The article analyses the problem of implementing inclusion in higher education in various developed countries. The author reviews the main international declarative and legal documents that form the basis for the implementation of the principles of inclusion in society in general and in the educational sector in particular. The author traces the connection between changes in public consciousness and activities of higher education institutions in the respective countries with regard to the adoption of the principles of equality and inclusion. It has been found that the implementation of the principles of inclusion in higher education is possible in societies with a high level of community well-being, as evidenced by the higher education systems of highly developed countries that are at the forefront of promoting inclusive university education. That is, inclusive practice in higher education, which is not a compulsory educational level, is developing thanks to social activism and support from government institutions. In fact, the task of the university is to provide a favourable inclusive educational space for a student with special needs. The author draws attention to the fact that promoting an inclusive form of education in a higher education institution should not impair the quality of educational services and limit the level of professional competencies acquired by a person with special needs. The author identifies the key problem of inclusion in higher education - achieving stability in its provision. The author believes that this stability can be achieved through the implementation of the following steps: equal admission of an applicant with special needs; effective training in an inclusive educational space with the acquisition of a full set of professional competencies and the ability to implement the acquired professional elements in professional activities. In the author's opinion, the current progress on the part of Ukrainian society has received a peculiar vector sequence: formation of an understanding of the demand for higher education for people with special needs; search for effective and efficient inclusive formats for organising the educational process in a higher education institution; creation of a unified and universal system of inclusive higher education, which will be integrated into the local educational strategies of a particular higher education institution. This algorithm harmonises the aspirations and wishes of a person with special needs and the capabilities and transformations of the university.

Equity in German Private Law

The German legal system, as in most continental legal systems, is primarily based on statutes. When deciding a case, judges apply the law as written in norms and do not put their own idea of a just and equitable result in place of the solution provided by the legislature. Seen in this light, statutes are “curdled equity”. This leaves little room for deciding a case under the principle of equity, understood as a means to find a resolution of the tension between the abstract-general provisions of the law and the particularities of the case at hand, i.e., the establishment of justice in individual cases. In this article, the relationship between statute and equity will be illustrated for German private law, highlighting the principle (predominance of statutes) and the exemptions (gateways to equity for legislature and courts). Further examples from German insolvency law complete the picture.

Construction of Inheritance Distribution Based on Gender Equality in Thematic Tafsir Studies

Gender equality in inheritance is an issue that is often debated today. One of the controversial verses is verse 11 of surah al-Nisa' which regulates that the men's portion is equal to two women's parts. This study aims to examine the verses of the Qur'an regarding gender equality in inheritance through thematic studies and spark a shift in the concept of inheritance which demands equal parts through the interpretation of the meaning of verse 11 surah al-Nisa'. This research is literature research with descriptive qualitative type through thematic tafsir approach and syar'i approach. This research found that the verses of the Qur'an regarding gender equality in inheritance based on thematic studies produced the theme, namely the verses about men and women being equally entitled to inherit and the share of men and women heirs, as well as the share of men and women. Through thematic studies, the concept of inheritance based on gender equality can be explained more comprehensively. The concept of inheritance in verse 11 of surah al-Nisā' has gradually shifted in meaning from section 2:1 to become an equal part marked by the birth of the concept of bilateral inheritance which fully supports gender equality in inheritance. It's just that it is still possible for disputes to occur so fiqh mawāris becomes a solution. So it is recommended that before dividing the inheritance with the principle of gender equality, it must first be divided based on the provisions of the mawāris fiqh and then an agreement can be made so that the rights of the heirs are considered.

Global consensus statement on simulation-based practice in healthcare

Simulation plays a pivotal role in addressing universal healthcare challenges, reducing education inequities, and improving mortality, morbidity and patient experiences. It enhances healthcare processes and systems, contributing significantly to the development of a safety culture within organizations. It has proven to be cost-effective and successful in enhancing team performance, fostering workforce resilience and improving patient outcomes. Through an international collaborative effort, an iterative consultation process was conducted with 50 societies operating across 67 countries within six continents. This process revealed common healthcare challenges and simulation practices worldwide. The intended audience for this statement includes policymakers, healthcare organization leaders, health education institutions, and simulation practitioners. It aims to establish a consensus on the key priorities for the broad adoption of exemplary simulation practice that benefits patients and healthcare workforces globally. Key recommendations Advocating for the benefits that simulation provides to patients, staff and organizations is crucial, as well as promoting its adoption and integration into daily learning and practice throughout the healthcare spectrum. Low-cost, high-impact simulation methods should be leveraged to expand global accessibility and integrate into system improvement processes as well as undergraduate and postgraduate curricula. Support at institutional and governmental level is essential, necessitating a unified and concerted approach in terms of political, strategic and financial commitment. It is imperative that simulation is used appropriately, employing evidence-based quality assurance approaches that adhere to recognized standards of best practice. These standards include faculty development, evaluation, accrediting, credentialing, and certification. We must endeavor to provide equitable and sustainable access to high-quality, contextually relevant simulation-based learning opportunities, firmly upholding the principles of equity, diversity and inclusion. This should be complemented with a renewed emphasis on research and scholarship in this field. Call for action We urge policymakers and leaders to formally acknowledge and embrace the benefits of simulation in healthcare practice and education. This includes a commitment to sustained support and a mandate for the application of simulation within education, training, and clinical environments. We advocate for healthcare systems and education institutions to commit themselves to the goal of high-quality healthcare and improved patient outcomes. This commitment should encompass the promotion and resource support of simulation-based learning opportunities for individuals and interprofessional teams throughout all stages and levels of a caregiver’s career, in alignment with best practice standards. We call upon simulation practitioners to champion healthcare simulation as an indispensable learning tool, adhere to best practice standards, maintain a commitment to lifelong learning, and persist in their fervent advocacy for patient safety. This statement, the result of an international collaborative effort, aims to establish a consensus on the key priorities for the broad adoption of exemplary simulation practice that benefits patients and healthcare workforces globally.

Принцип равенства всех перед законом как общеправовой принцип в правовых системах России и Армении (сравнительно-правовое исследование)

The article presents a comparative law analysis of the general law constitutional principle of Russia and Armenia: the principle of equality of all before the law. The author reviews the history of statutory consolidation of this principle in the Soviet period of Russian and Armenian history, special aspects of consolidation on the constitutional and industrial levels in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Armenia and the role of the principle of equality of all before the law in the law enforcement practice.

Equity principles: Using social theory for more effective social transformation in agricultural research for development

CONTEXTAgricultural innovations and their applications are increasingly recognized as crucial mechanisms for achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Actors in agricultural research for development (AR4D) frequently use Agricultural Innovation Systems (AIS) frameworks to comprehend the ecosystems within which innovations are developed and scaled. Given the SDGs' emphasis on social outcomes, a reflection on social diversity, power, and the integration of social theory into AIS and AR4D tools is crucial for addressing the nuances of social objectives. OBJECTIVEThis research critically evaluates AIS frameworks and AR4D tools through applying social theory to enhance social outcomes. We offer practical application through the development of “Equity Principles for Social Transformation (EPs).” These EPs are designed to guide AR4D organizations in innovation and scaling efforts that effectively achieve meaningful social outcomes. Through this approach, we aim to enrich the conceptual understanding of equity within AIS and provide practical strategies for implementing these insights, thus empowering AR4D actors to be more effective. METHODSWe start by selecting key social theories to analyze global power imbalances and local social exclusion within AIS frameworks and AR4D tools. Using these theories, we examine three case studies to uncover gaps in their approach to social dimensions. We categorize these gaps through thematic analysis and formulate EPs informed by social theories and a practical understanding of AR4D tools. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSEquity analysis of each case study reveals gaps in understanding social implications within upstream and downstream research efforts. These gaps include insufficient addressing of power dynamics and agency recognition, lack of comprehensive guidance on critical social components, oversight of cultural and institutional norms, exacerbation of social inequities, and the case studies' limitations in flexibility for addressing social inclusion effectively. Additionally, there is a notable lack of clear operational guidelines for applying the frameworks in diverse contexts, including the challenge of translating conceptual levels into local action. Seven EPs were developed: recognize AR4D power dynamics; define goals, anti-goals, and for whom; build global “horizontal” partnerships; acknowledge social differences among innovation users and non-users; innovate and curate innovation appropriately; assess impact and reflect; and develop systems capacity. SIGNIFICANCEThe EPs connect innovation systems with positive social change. They help AR4D professionals consider and evaluate the impact of innovation. The EPs provide an additional framework that enables AR4D practitioners to prioritize user needs from the beginning, challenge biases, and more effectively achieve the social objectives outlined in the SDGs.