Principle Of Authority Research Articles

Mining and quantitative evaluation of COVID-19 policy tools in China.

Policy quantitative analysis can effectively evaluate the government's response to COVID-19 emergency management effect, and provide reference for the government to formulate follow-up policies. The content mining method is used to explore the 301 COVID-19 policies issued by the Central government of China since the outbreak of the epidemic in a multi-dimensional manner and comprehensively analyze the characteristics of epidemic prevention policies. Then, based on policy evaluation theory and data fusion theory, a COVID-19 policy evaluation model based on PMC-AE is established to evaluate quantitatively eight representative COVID-19 policy texts. The results show that: Firstly, China's COVID-19 policies are mainly aimed at providing economic support to enterprises and individuals affected by the epidemic, issued by 49 departments, and include 32.7 percent supply-level and 28.5 percent demand-level, and 25.8 percent environment-level. In addition, strategy-level policies accounted for at least 13 percent. Secondly, according to the principle of openness, authority, relevance and normative principle, eight COVID-19 policies are evaluated by PMC-AE model. Four policies are level Ⅰ policies, three policies are level Ⅱ policies and one policy is level Ⅲ policies. The reason for its low score is mainly affected by four indexes: policy evaluation, incentive measures, policy emphasis and policy receptor. To sum up, China has taken both non-structural and structural measures to prevent and control the epidemic. The introduction of specific epidemic prevention and control policy has realized complex intervention in the whole process of epidemic prevention and control.

How to Improve the Performance of Email Marketing Campaigns? A Field Experiment Using the Authority Principle to Improve Email Performance

Abstract In marketing, authority figures are often used to convince the audience: think of the doctor in the white coat or the professor recommending a product. Some of these techniques can be translated to the world of email marketing, which sparked our interest to see if recipients are more eager to open an email when it is send by the CEO of a company. For this project, we collaborated with a digital marketing company and run two randomized field experiments: examining if a small change in the email design – adding CEO to the sender line – has an effect on performance. Our results indicate that organizations can use authority figures to improve the performance of their email campaigns. However, there might be important differences between target groups, suggesting that specific audiences are more easily seduced by job titles than others.

The third-person effects and susceptibility to persuasion principles in advertisement

This investigation has several main objectives: 1) to determine whether the third-person effect (TRE) (Gunther & Thorson 1992;Youn, Faber, & Shah, 2000) can be achieved through advertising messages; 2) to identify which strategies for persuasive social influence from P. Cialdini (Cialdini, 2001-2021) help to enhance the third-person effect (TRE) among advertising consumers; 3) to find some causal relationships between susceptibility to persuasion on Kaptein’s scale (Kaptein et al., 2012) or STPS and TRE among consumers of advertising. The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that consumers aged 46 to 65 believed that positive the third-person effect (TRE) statements exert their influence on other age groups. When measuring the negative influence of the third-person effect (TRE), it was found that young adults aged 18 to 25 were most likely to assume that this influence was successful among other consumers, i.e. they overestimated the effects on others but not on themselves. Through regression analyses, it is found that persuasive strategies such as scarcity and social proof achieve their influence among youths, and scarcity and authority principles - among females and among other consumers (but not on themselves) when several negative strategies are combined. The research findings can serve social psychologists, behavioural psychologists, and those who protect the interests of business organizations.

Specifics of legal regulation of state authorities and local government bodies’ participation in civil proceedings

Purpose. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive analysis of the provisions of the legislation of Ukraine, which regulates the position of public authorities and local government bodies in civil proceedings, identification of shortcomings and disagreements, development of proposals aimed at improving the legal regulation of legal personality institution of authorities and persons to whom the law has granted the right to apply to the court in the interests of other persons and optimization of the court procedure with their participation. Methodology. The methodology includes a comprehensive analysis of the national legislation of Ukraine and individual international acts in sphere of regulating of public authorities and local government bodies’ participation in civil proceedings, generalization of scientific and theoretical arsenal, which made it possible to identify problems and formulate conclusions and proposals aimed at their elimination. Such methods of scientific knowledge were used: terminological, logical-semantic, systemic-structural, functional and others. Results. In the research process the meaning of concepts “public authorities” and “local government bodies” as potential participants in the judicial process in civil cases was revealed. Taking into account the content of constitutional provisions, provisions of the Laws of Ukraine "On Local State Administrations", "On Local Self-Government in Ukraine" and other acts, as well as European and world values in the field of human rights protection, it is proved that functions of state authorities, local government bodies, and methods of their implementation are determined by many factors, among which is the constitutional provision according to which a person, it`s life and health, honor and dignity, inviolability and security are recognized as the highest social value in Ukraine. Human rights and freedoms and their guarantees determine the content and direction of the state's activities, the establishment and provision of human rights and freedoms is the main duty of the state (Article 3 of the Constitution of Ukraine). These are the fundamental principles of state authorities and local government bodie`s activity, including in civil proceedings. In contrast to the participants with a private interests, the position of state authorities and local government bodies in civil proceedings is limited by the Constitution and laws of Ukraine. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used in legislative and law enforcement activities in consideration and resolution of civil cases, initiated by state authorities or local government bodies, or in the case of their involvement in the process in order to provide an opinion at the request of court or due to the law.

The framework and features of language policies in global constitutional texts.

Language policy, which is directly concerned with language practice, language ideology and language management, has become increasingly important in real social life. Explicit language policies in different fields, such as texts in law, education, and the public, have been explored for many years. However, the global comparative research on language policies in various constitutional texts (CT) is quite limited. In response, the present study aimed to investigate the framework and features of language policies in global CT through a combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis. Results showed that: 1) there were seven parts of the CT dealing with language policies, such as Preamble, General principle, The state, Fundamental rights and Duties of citizen, State authority, National objectives, and Supplementary; 2) there existed significant differences in the frequency of language policies in seven parts of the CT. Among them, language policies appeared most frequently in the part of Fundamental rights and duties of citizen; 3) the geographical location where the Constitution was enacted affected the distribution of language policies across parts. Overall, our findings suggested that the language policy in CT was influenced not only by constitutional principles, but also by the national language environment.

Judiciary and Civil Society in Provision of Constitutional Rule of Law in the Russian Federation

The existing demand for ensuring constitutional legal order as an indicator of the embodiment of law and legality in the regulation of social relations, the role of the judiciary and civil society institutions in achieving the supremacy of the Constitution as the most important condition for the formation of a constitutional state testify to the relevance of the chosen topic of research. The article is aimed at developing conceptual positions on the relationship of various public institutions (state and non-state) in the framework of ensuring justice as the most important guarantee of the rights and freedoms of citizens, their associations, a fundamental condition for ensuring and maintaining constitutional legal order. The study of the role of the judiciary in its dialectical relationship with the institutions of civil society, in the formation and maintenance of the constitutional legal order was used as the main approach for the research of the selected problems. The application of systemic and structural-functional methods of research provided an opportunity to consider the issues of constitutional legal order as a holistic phenomenon, which is in direct dependence on the associated systems of the judiciary and civil society. The analysis of the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the current legislation of Russia, domestic and foreign scientific publications on judicial power and its interaction with institutions of civil society made it possible to receive the scientific information on the nature of influence of these constitutional and legal institutes on maintenance of the constitutional legal order. There is a need to increase the level of constitutionalization of legal regulation of public relations in the specified sphere, aimed to guarantee the effective realization of the principle of people's authority. The results and conclusions presented in the article can be used for the purposes of improvement legal and regulatory framework for social relations in the spheres of relations between the judiciary and civil society in their aim to achieve and maintain constitutional legal order. The obtained scientific information can be used in the educational process, as well as a basis for further theoretical research in the field of problems of Russian constitutionalism.

“Religious-Zionism”: Signifier without Signified? Or—Is Religious-Zionism Still Alive?

In the public discourse and the research literature, the signifier “religious-Zionism” is usually viewed as denoting a specific group located midway between secular and ultra-Orthodox Jews. This location does not turn religious-Zionism into a residual category including whoever is not part of the two others. Quite the contrary. Religious-Zionism used to be a group with unique characteristics, including values and a normative fullness of its own. I argue in this article that, at present, the category “religious-Zionism” no longer signifies a specific group due to a series of centrifugal processes affecting it. Its ethos, myth, textual web, and authority principle have collapsed and the signifier reflects no more than a political and rabbinic discourse attempting to control the breakdown.

“Yong, and the unworthiest of thousands”: Youth and Subjectivity in Shakespeare and Speght

This article explores youthful subjectivity in both dramatic and non-dramatic verse, considering representations of female youth in Shakespeare’s late romance Pericles alongside the work of poet and polemicist Rachel Speght. The complex, unstable category of youth contributes both to Shakespeare’s rendering of his fourteen-year-old female character in his play and to Speght’s portrayal of herself in her poetry. Shakespeare’s Marina narrates her own tale and reconstitutes narratives spun about her, creating space for youthful self-fashioning. Nineteen-year-old Speght undertakes a similar project of self-making in her prose treatises and particularly in her two published poems, “A Dreame” and Mortalities Memorandum. This article compares self-fashioning in the work of a young female writer to the construction of the young female self by a contemporary male writer, suggesting that youthful subjectivity inheres for both girls in principles of authorship and narrative authority.

The European Union and the re‐establishment of democratic authority

AbstractThe European Union is blighted by a style of governance, EU police, which holds that the Union better balances different interests and values than other arenas but which is, in practice, distorted by anti‐redistribution and status quo biases. To combat it, this article proposes a principle of European democratic authority that would found EU legal authority and condition domestic legal authority. This principle holds that, to warrant authority, measures should satisfy the values, goods and processes associated with liberal social democracies and the particular democratic commitments Union membership requires: democratic imagination, political belonging and mutual betterment. This principle would be institutionalised by two further principles. Justified disobedience would set out the conditions when EU laws without European democratic authority could be disobeyed. Democratic regard would require all domestic actors to be guided by the European democratic authority principle and to disregard domestic obligations that had failed to address it.

Resources of Intellectual Legitimacy in Italian Cosmological Affairs: Cremonini and Bellarmine’s Authority Conflict (c.1616)

AbstractThis essay deals with two seventeenth-century intellectuals, the Aristotelian philosopher at Padua, Cesare Cremonini, and the Jesuit controversist, Robert Bellarmine. In the years of the cosmological affair of 1616, both defended their cosmological conceptions by relying on the principle of authority. However, they embraced different sources of legitimation in matters of natural philosophy. While the Padua professor stick to (what he considered to be) the letter of Aristotle, basically a secular interpretation of his world conception, Cardinal and Inquisitor Bellarmine understood the cosmos against a theological background. In particular, Bellarmine subordinated natural philosophy to exegesis and the authority of the Scriptures, and this allowed him to depart from Aristotle to some extent (for instance on the fluidity and possibly the corruptibility of the heavens). Yet, the two thinkers also shared the criticism of the major astronomical novelty of their time, namely the planetary system of Copernicus and his followers. But their objections rested on different worldviews and authorities (Aristotle and the Scriptures, respectively). Cremonini also supported a vision of celestial animation which was received with much preoccupation by religious authorities as they feared that his views might revive forms of astral worshipping. This essay discusses the manner in which Cremonini and Bellarmine received geocentrism and cosmology in very different, even opposite, manners, especially concerning the relation between natural philosophy and theology, and the reconcilability of cosmology with the Scriptures.

Is it Reasonable to Demand Reasons in Pediatric Decision-Making?

In 1989, Allen Buchanan and Dan Brock published their groundbreaking work on surrogate decision-making entitled: Deciding for Others: The Ethics of Surrogate Decision Making in which they developed a decision making framework that could apply to adults and children. 1 Buchanan A.E. Brock D.W. Deciding for others: the ethics of surrogate decision making. Cambridge University Press, New York1990 Crossref Google Scholar It entailed 4 principles: (1) underlying ethical values, (2) authority principle, (3) guidance principle, and (4) intervention principle. Whereas the underlying ethical values in adult decision-making are self-determination and well-being, in pediatrics they placed greater priority on well-being followed by self-determination and then added a third value—parental interests—because they understood that parents are not fiduciaries who always act in their child’s best interest, but must balance the child’s needs and interests with the needs and interests of other family members (including themselves). 2 Ross L.F. Children, families and health care decision making. Oxford University Press, Oxford UK1996 Google Scholar In fact, for each principle, Buchanan and Brock distinguished how the framework applied for adults vs pediatrics. Whereas adults could choose who would speak for them (authority principle), parents were presumed the decision-makers for their children. Surrogate decision-makers for adults were supposed to act (guidance principle) following the patient’s preferences (living will or advance directive) when available. If not, the surrogate was supposed to act according to the principle of substituted judgment, as if the surrogate were to walk in the other person’s shoes. If those preferences were not known, they were to make a best interest determination. In contrast, in pediatrics, the only guidance principle was to act in the child’s best interest, although Buchanan and Brock quickly stated that this was only “a regulative ideal.” The only principle in which Buchanan and Brock did not distinguish between adults and minors was when the state should intervene. They limited the intervention principle to 3 types of cases: (1) conditions that disqualify the family, (2) certain classes of cases deserving special scrutiny, and (3) decisions outside the range of medically sound alternatives. 1 Buchanan A.E. Brock D.W. Deciding for others: the ethics of surrogate decision making. Cambridge University Press, New York1990 Crossref Google Scholar

Cosmology, ancestors and mortuary monuments: Principles of political authority in the Rapayán and Tantamayo region of the upper Marañón in the central Andes of Peru during the Late Intermediate Period (1000-1450 CE)

This paper addresses the cosmological foundations of political authority in the Rapayán-Tantamayo region of the highlands of Peru during the Late Intermediate Period (1000–1450 CE). The people of this region organized their residential settlements around large and elaborate multi-storied tombs where mummified founding ancestors dwelled. The evidence presented reveals that selected families at each settlement built their houses at the foot of these above-ground tombs. By doing so, they controlled the access to the communities’ founding ancestors who were thought to hold cosmological vitalizing energy necessary for the reproduction of the collectivity. Using ethnohistorical analogy, I argue that the heads of such households, through privileged interactions with potent deceased, acted as intermediaries between the life-giving force of primordial ancestors and the well-being of their community. The manifestations of political authority built around the relationship of specific individuals with powerful ancestors represent one of the main contributions of this investigation as the relational agency among these protagonists has proven difficult to identify in the archaeological record elsewhere in the Andean highlands. The results of our investigation therefore contrast with interpretations emphasizing the collective agency of “ancestors” in the legitimization processes of depersonalized cooperate political authority.

수사와 기소 분리론의 비판적 검토

Investigation should not have any meaning on its own, apart from the prosecuting authority’s decision. This is because these judgments can not be properly made unless the legal and normative viewpoints of the prosecuting authority are applied. There is no purpose of investigation itself, and there should not be because there is no reasonable grounds in terms of protecting constitutional rights and human rights that the independence of the investigative authority should be guaranteed. Therefore, if the purpose of the investigation is to evaluate the possibility of proving guilt and to decide whether to initiate a prosecution, and the validity of the decision is ultimately evaluated by the court's decision or judgment through the trial process. the authority and responsibility of the investigation should belong to the prosecuting authority according to the principle of purposiveness and the principle of professionalism. If the organizational structure and authority are set so that the incentives and decision-making of the members in the organization are contradictory to each other in the areas with the same purpose and function, serious disharmony and burden will occur within the system. Whether the legal nature of the investigation of a specific case is judicial or administrative depends on the philosophical and institutional perspectives with which how important and realistically achievable the culture of the relevant legal system regards the fairness of the investigation procedure. The ideal investigative agency for which our Constitution and the Criminal Procedure Act aims should only discover the actual truth and implement judicial justice, while maintaining objectivity and neutrality in criminal procedures. Investigation should not be used to achieve administrative purposes, but are aimed only at finding the truth and the judicial justice. To achieve this, the investigation should not be part of the administration, but should be part of a judicial or quasi-judicial power independent of the administration in our criminal legal system. If real-world prosecutors fail to realize quasi-judicial independence in spite of these legal ideals and institutions for achieving them, a device that can guarantee independence and objectivity of them should be developed in order to properly implement this ideals. The investigative authority should not be monopolized by administrative agencies that are bound by the principles of administrative authority and purposiveness. Most of the existing problems raised with respect to the prosecutor's concentration of power should have been addressed with the standpoint of strengthening the independence and neutrality of the prosecution service and refraining from unnecessary direct investigations, thereby solidifying their identity as a quasi-judicial institution. In addition, it should have been approached by strengthening the objective measures of checks and independent inspection procedure in the decision-making process of the prosecution service regarding investigations and prosecutions. Separating investigation and prosecution and weakening the prosecuting authority's command and control against the investigation agencies should not have been considered in the first place. The system as a whole has made it easier for front-line investigative agencies to abuse their investigative powers with this new approaches. This accumulates burdens on the criminal system that can not be sustainable in the mid- to long-term and could disrupt our criminal justice system which maintains the fundamental characteristics of the continental inquisitorial system so that the prosecution guarantees the completeness of the investigation in an objective and neutral position,

Authority and Servant Leadership: Effective Tool for Service in the Church & Society in Africa

Authority is likening to a driving agent, which is divine or human. By experimental and analytical method, we explore the magisterial interpretation by evaluating modern trends on the application of authority. Research examines the Christian teachings from the Bible and Sacred Tradition. Jesus Christ had taught the principle of pragmatic authority based on Servant Leadership at the washing of His Disciples’ feet. The quest for a Servant Leader: to feed the poor, to protect orphans, to fight for justice in Africa; is value-style of leadership in the 21st century world.

Governmental Persuasion Strategies on Social Media during COVID-19: A Comparative Study of the US and China

This study compared persuasive strategies of the governments of the U.S. and China during a public health crisis using social media messages. Collecting data with R and Python from two national public health sectors' official accounts on Twitter (N = 1,630) and Sina Weibo (N = 3,554), the researcher investigated how the organizations' messages reflected Cialdini's seven principles of persuasion and whether other emergent messaging patterns occurred. According to the different phases that the two countries had gone through during the pandemic, the researcher also conducted a pooled times series analysis to investigate the relationship between the frequency of daily posts and the number of daily COVID-19 positive new cases in the two countries. The study found that the principle of authority was the most often used rule by the two countries, and a combination of directive and non-directive messages was detected. The research discussed the effectiveness of Cialdini's principles in an online context and provided recommendations regarding timely responses towards the development of the disease on social media, which may also help build up the organizations' credibility in public health crises.

Authority and Servant Leadership: Effective Tool For Service in The Church & Society in Africa

Authority is likening to a driving agent, which is divine or human. By experimental and analytical method, we explore the magisterial interpretation by evaluating modern trends on the application of authority. Research examines the Christian teachings from the Bible and Sacred Tradition. Jesus Christ had taught the principle of pragmatic authority based on Servant Leadership at the washing of His Disciples’ feet. The quest for a Servant Leader: to feed the poor, to protect orphans, to fight for justice in Africa; is value-style of leadership in the 21st century world.

European populism and the return of ‘illiberal sovereignty’: a case-study of Hungary

Abstract European populist leaders and movements often extol the virtues of sovereignty, but how exactly are they using this term? Scholars have typically relied on conventional understandings of the concept—Westphalian, popular and national sovereignty—to interpret populist discourses, but some have noted that these categories seem inadequate. This article asks whether much older, long overlooked, versions of sovereignty might help to explain the sovereignty discourse of European populists. These older variants include extralegal sovereignty (a leader's power to act outside the constraints of formal rules) and organic sovereignty (the power of a political community understood as a single ‘organism’). Both are inherently illiberal: extralegalism rejects constitutionalism, while organicism is inimical to political pluralism. An examination of the public speeches and statements of one prominent European populist leader, Prime Minister Victor Orbán of Hungary, reveals that he has, indeed, invoked these illiberal versions of sovereignty. By retrieving these older concepts, populists gain a powerful rhetorical tool to advance illiberal principles of political authority.

In retrospect – my life in food

In retrospect – my life in food

Principles of functioning of the Pension Fund of Ukraine as a vector of its activity

Legislation provides that the activities of ministries and other central executive authorities are based on principles of the rule of law, ensuring compliance for human and citizen rights and freedoms, continuity, legality, ensuring the unity of public policy, openness and transparency, accountability. As a result, most researches focuses on the study and characterization of these principles of central executive authorities as a whole, than on the individual bodies as independent state institutions.
 In this case, the principles underlying on organization and functioning are becoming important for ensuring the effective function of any state authority, its subordination to the interests of society. It's about the basic ideas and requirements which define both its structure, distinctive features of management activities, and the order of relations with the recipients of services provided by this state authority.
 One of the fundamental bases of administrative and legal support of the Pension Fund of Ukraine is the principles of its activities. This is due to the fact that any state institution has its origins. It's about their formation and development, about what lies in the main. By using the concept of "principles" is possible to reveal the primary basis or the primary source of activity of the Pension Fund of Ukraine.
 This article is devoted to the study of the basic principles of the Pension Fund of Ukraine as a central executive authority in the field of pensions provision. At the same time, the growing number of lawsuits involving the Pension Fund of Ukraine indicates the need to highlight the characteristics of the principles of such authority.
 Therefore, the article provides a comparative analysis of the existing definitions of the concept of "principles", considers the essence and classification of the principles of the Pension Fund of Ukraine. Investigated the verification of principles in the field of law and public administration. Also, established the need for systematic action of the principles of functioning of the Pension Fund of Ukraine as a state institution that ensures the effective exercise of power.

Euthanasie bij dementie middels een voorafgaande wilsverklaring: een reflectie vanuit België en Nederland

Advance directives for euthanasia in dementia: a reflection from Belgium and the Netherlands Concerning the current law on euthanasia in Belgium, it is often suggested to enable euthanasia in patients suffering from (severe) dementia by means of an advance directive, largely triggered by the authority principle of the person who initially requested it. The current manuscript reflects on this proposed law extension: it mainly wants to stress the complexity of the issue. It is concluded that advance directives for euthanasia in dementia are not easy to implement in an optimized dementia care pathway.