Principle Of Altruism Research Articles

Is patriarchy undermined in urbanization? Rural families and housing properties in relocated villages in the urbanizing northwestern China

China’s urbanization has relocated many rural families, but it remains unclear if such changes undermine patriarchy. This study draws on survey and interview data in northwestern China to examine what prevailing principles families draw on in dividing the newly acquired family wealth (1) between parents and children, (2) between elder and younger children, and (3) between sons and daughters. These family decisions are not triggered by life course changes but are induced by a sudden increase in family wealth, which may differ from what usually happens in rural families. Quantitative comparison and qualitative case analysis suggest the accelerated downstream transfers from parents and the mixed desires to prioritize sons’ housing needs, care for each child’s entitlement, compensate less privileged children, and secure parents’ elderly care. The persisting values and rising desires, as reflected by multiple principles of altruism, exchange, entitlement, son preference, and need, contributed to the persisting gender effect and the ambiguous generation and parity effects—parents and elder children did not have apparent advantages in family property structures when rural families were relocated or enclosed into urban areas.

An Analysis of the Reasons Why Altruism Does Not Exist

Altruism has always been a hotly debated philosophical issue. In real life, people often confuse altruism with the act of helping others as such. This paper aims to debunk the existence of altruism in terms of its motivation, the meaning of the principle of altruism, and the possibility of its existence. This article mainly uses a speculative approach based on existing literature research and relevant theories. After demonstration, it comes to the conclusion that altruism does not exist. The motivation of seemingly altruistic behavior can be boiled down to self-interest. The research of this paper has a certain practical significance, and the research results can provide a certain reference for the dissemination of social values and the development of education.

Why Insisting in Being Volunteers? A Practical Case Study Exploring from Both Rational and Emotional Perspectives

This study explored the mechanism on how volunteers as rationalists use rationalism during their cognitive appraisal process when dealing with emotional events in their social helping behavior such as international rescue events. The authors used the triangulation method to include three studies (Study 1 is a qualitative research which explored ways of TCF leader’s inspiring their volunteer workers; Study 2 is a quantitative research on the decision-making process of volunteer individuals involving in international rescue activities; Study 3 is a quantitative research on individuals’ motivation for joining social helping behavior) for validation of Tzu Chi Foundation (TCF), which is a famous non-profit organization worldwide, to prove that volunteers as rationalists rely on the reasonable cognitive appraisal method to substantially evaluate the necessity of social helping behavior, including their emotional responses and arousals. Economic evaluation theory was used to depict volunteers as volunteers as rationalists’ way of cognitive appraisal perspective towards emotional events such as international rescue cases or when participating in activities by non-profit organizations. Accordingly, this study found that volunteers as rationalists adhere to the principles of altruism, egoism, compensation, and reciprocity as part of their cognitive appraisal when responding to emotional situations. The research findings of this study depicted the volunteers’ behavioral intention as volunteers as rationalists in responding to emotional events in the form of NPO helping behaviors and international rescue events. Social helping behaviors often rely on people’s emotional compassion and empathy at the beginning, but social helping behaviors cannot rely solely on emotional support. To create long-term support for non-profit organizations’ action plans, it is still necessary to plan rationally, turning the actions of volunteers into reasonable plans. In this way, even if the volunteers have experienced many difficulties during devotion, hindrance, and stress afterward, they can still keep in a rationalist’ mindset continuously. This paper provided directions for volunteer training for non-profit organizations.

Volunteer health activity as a form of social formation student youth

The article describes the features of volunteer health care as a promising innovative form of social development of student youth.The authors found that the peculiarity of the volunteer movement in Ukraine is the largest group of volunteers working in the social sphere in general and the development of the health environment. In particular, are students, and the number of young people who are constantly or sporadically volunteering is constantly growing.In general, in volunteering, young people are primarily interested in the development of communication, organizational skills and abilities, as well as in the development of leadership qualities of the individual. Very often they become volunteers to form and develop their professional abilities, which will create opportunities in the future to become competitive and highly qualified specialists.Modern student youth influences all social spheres and processes in society only on their principles of altruism and the desire for change. The relevance of volunteering and its popularity among students explain, first of all, the psycho-physiological features characteristic of student age. Studying in a higher education institution coincides with the beginning of the period of maturity, which is characterized by the strengthening of conscious motives for behaviour. Such personality qualities as purposefulness, determination, endurance, persistence, principled news, independence, initiative, ability to control oneself become more stable. In the process of students' participation in the volunteer movement, these qualities have the opportunity to develop and contribute to the further professional development of future professionals, especially in the social sphere.Volunteer health care as a promising innovative form of extracurricular activities (health, correctional and recreational work, etc.) researchers, theorists and practitioners call a key component in the effective formation of health competence of student youth.Prospects for further research in this area are in particular, innovative areas of volunteering aimed at improving the quality of life, deepening solidarity between people, the realization of basic human needs to build a more just society and more.

Fostering benign Tibetan nationalism: Tibetan schooling passions in the Diaspora

ABSTRACTScholarship on the ‘manufacturing of citizenship’ has focused primarily on European and American nationalism. Scholars have noted the scarcity of research on identity construction among children in the Diaspora. This study explores the role of the altruistic principle and the Middle Way approach (a political strategy for the resolution of Sino-Tibetan issues) on the construction of nationalism amongst Tibetan children in Diaspora. The 2004 Basic Education Policy for Tibetans stresses the principle of ‘altruism’ in the identity construction of Tibetan children. Inclusive nationalism is germane in the schooling process. The study presents an interview analysis of four Tibetan Education Ministers about the intersection of altruistic principle, the Middle Way approach, and Tibetan nationalism. Additionally, 34 school children (14 boys and 20 girls) from the 6th, 7th, and 8th grades participated in a drawing activity. The analysis of children’s ‘cultural artifacts of nationalism’ is also included. The study found that neither the Tibetan children nor the Ministers expressed any feeling of hatred or animosity towards Chinese nationals. The willingness and desire to co-exist in harmony with their counterparts were evident. The principle of altruism is deeply entrenched in the Middle Way approach and Tibetan nationalism.

DEVELOPMENT VERSUS DISPLACEMENT DILEMMA IN WEST BENGAL: UNRAVELING A GANDHIAN SOLUTION

The tendency to equate economic growth with industrialization has in the recent past started a violent and bloody movement in the Indian state of West Bengal. The movement that started against forced acquisition of agricultural land for industrialization in Singur gradually spread to other parts of the state of West Bengal including Nandigram. This movement acquired explosive proportions with the intellectuals, civil society and anti-left political parties throwing in their weight behind the displaced peasants who lost their land. Ultimately it became an albatross around the neck of the Left leadership and sunk the political fortunes of the thirty-four year old Left Front government in 2011 state assembly elections. The Singur and Nandigram tragedy are only one among the many agitations that have exploded in various parts of India in recent past. These protest movements have kicked off the development versus displacement debate in India. The killing of protesting peasants in Singur and Nandigram by the trigger happy police not only exposes the political myopia and inhuman indifference of the so-called pro-poor Left Front Government of West Bengal. But it also goes on to show that the political process in India is increasingly getting hijacked by the logic of the market which sees displacement only as an appendix to development. What we need today is to reinvent the principles laid down by Gandhi to usher in a just and equitable economic order. The Gandhian model of economic development is based on the simple yet profound principles of altruism and egalitarianism. This article would focus on the reasons behind the inception of a violent movement in Singur and Nandigram, the fundamental flaws in the development model of the erstwhile Left Front Government of West Bengal, and end by providing a Gandhian solution to the development versus displacement dilemma in the state of West Bengal in India.

FAILURE AS ONE OF THE PERSONALITY SELF-DESTRUCTION FACTORS

FAILURE AS ONE OF THE PERSONALITY SELF-DESTRUCTION FACTORS

APPRAISING THE IMAGE OF FORMAL EDUCATION BY INFORMAL EDUCATORS

Discussion about the need for professionalization has accompanied the development of informal education from its very early stages. Some people believe informal education is staffed by temporary players whose main value derived in part from the fact that their work embodies the principles of altruism, hence they need no professional training. In contrast, others believe that work in this field is complex, hence appropriate training settings should be set up for those working in informal education as well. The aim of this research was to evaluate the perception of formal education by informal education educators. The research methodology is qualitative; it employs a structured interview of the participants and a semiotic analysis of pictures that participants were asked to provide that they felt represented the formal education system. The main findings of the semiotic analysis clearly show that the pictures chosen raise connotations of rigidity, emptiness, loneliness, sadness, insufficiency and boredom. Those images are strongly connected to the debate of recruiting resourceful and capable teachers to formal education systems in the era of accountability. Keywords: formal education, informal education, informal code, semiotics.

Organ Transplantation and the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act: A Fifty-Year Perspective.

Fifty years ago this summer, the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act was adopted by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws and approved by the American Bar Association. The UAGA has provided a sound and stable legal platform on which to base an effective nationwide organ donation system. The cardinal principles of altruism, autonomy, and public trust are still important. At a time when confidence and trust in our government and many private institutions has declined, maintaining trust and confidence in our health care system and its commitment to "first, do no harm" has never been more important. Any policies that override these core ethical principles could cause irreparable damage to the public's faith in our transplant system. While progress has been made to increase organ registration and the number of organs transplanted, much more must be done to realize the potential of life-saving therapy without jeopardizing ethical principles.

The Development of Altruism with Special Reference to Human Relationships: A 10-Stage Theory.

All human relationships involve some form of cost and benefit and altruism forms the foundation upon which human relationships are built. In this paper, a taxonomy of human relationships in terms of altruism was constructed. In the proposed taxonomy, human relationships are categorized into three major groups: primary group, secondary group, and tertiary group. The primary group consists of members that are very closely related to each other either by genetic relatedness (e.g., parents, siblings, and cousins) or social relatedness (e.g., mate and close friends) or both. The secondary group consists of members that are socially related but also less closely related with each other (e.g., people of the same political or religious group, teachers, mentors, acquaintances, neighbors, working colleagues, and strangers). Lastly, the tertiary group consists of members of other species. A 10-stage theory of altruism with special reference to human relationships is proposed. The affective, cognitive, and relationship aspects of each stage are delineated in details. There are two developmental principles of altruism. The first principle states that the development of altruism follows the 10-stage theory and moves from Stage 1: Egoism toward the higher stages of altruism slowly. The second developmental principle states that the taxonomy of human relationships is valid at any stage of altruism development. In other words, people at any stage of altruism are more altruistic toward their kin and mate, and then close friends, extended family members, and so on. They are least altruistic toward enemies and members of non-human species. In summary, the proposed developmental principle of altruism and human relationships is logical and robust. It is formulated based on the major developmental and social psychological theories. The theory has the potential in providing a useful framework for future studies on the development and evolution of human relationships.

Intergenerational Support in the Transition From Work to Retirement

The retirement transition is often characterized by major changes in the lives of individuals. Their children could potentially offer support in this process. Little is known, however, about intergenerational support upon retirement. To what extent are parents supported by their children in the retirement process? And how can differences in the degree of support be explained? Two central theoretical frameworks from the literature on intergenerational relationships—one based on the principle of altruism and the other based on the principle of exchange—are combined with insights from the retirement literature to formulate hypotheses. These were tested by analyzing panel data collected among 697 fully retired individuals in the Netherlands. Information about support from children upon retirement (discussing retirement, and general perceived support) was collected during Wave 3 in 2011. The findings show that only a minority of the studied retirees experience support from their children in the retirement process. As expected based on the altruism principle, retirees without a partner, who have a poor financial situation, and who expected to miss the social status and finances of prior work, are relatively likely to experience support from their children upon retirement. These findings highlight the importance of taking both structural and psychological antecedents into account. Retirees who regularly look after their grandchildren, or who often help their children with practical chores, were found to experience more support as compared to retirees who never provide these types of help, which is in line with hypotheses based on the exchange perspective.

NILAI KERJA PADA ANGGOTA TNI-AD BERDASARKAN TAHAPAN KARIR

The value of work is a person’s belief associated with his/her life achievement. This study aimed to investigate the most value of work that emerged in every career stage. The numbers of respondents were 400 people taken by using random sampling technique. Methods of data analysis used a quantitative descriptive. The results were the dominant work value appeared at each career stages. Based on age category, below 30 years-old, the dominant value of work was comfort, age of 31 years-old up to 44 years-old was principles of altruism, over 45 years- old was the value of status, and at the age above 55 years-old was achievement. In regard to the position level, the dominant work values across the levels namely for Tamtama was comfort, for Bintara was altruism, Bintara Tinggi was achievement and autonomy, and for Perwira was achievement.

Experienced Support from Adult Children in the Retirement Process

The retirement transition is often characterized by major changes in the lives of individuals. Support from their children may assist retirees in coping with these changes. Little is known, however, about intergenerational support upon retirement. To what extent do parents feel they are supported by their children in their retirement process? And how can differences in the degree of perceived support be explained? Two central theoretical frameworks from the literature on intergenerational relationships – one based on the principle of altruism and the other based on the principle of exchange – are combined with insights from the retirement literature to formulate hypotheses. These were tested by analyzing panel data collected among 709 fully retired individuals in the Netherlands. Information about perceived support from children upon retirement was collected during Wave 3 in 2011. The findings show that only a minority of the studied retirees experience support from their children in the retirement process. Retirees who do not have a partner, who have a poor financial situation, who regularly look after their grandchildren, or who often help their children with practical chores, are relatively likely to experience support from their children upon retirement. The number of working hours in preretirement years, involuntary retirement, and subjective health are not associated with the support experienced. This suggests that children are relatively likely to offer support to their parents upon retirement if support is exchanged, and only act on potential indicators of need for support surrounding retirement to a limited extent.

Philosophy of organ donation: Review of ethical facets.

Transplantation ethics is a philosophy that incorporates systematizing, defending and advocating concepts of right and wrong conduct related to organ donation. As the demand for organs increases, it is essential to ensure that new and innovative laws, policies and strategies of increasing organ supply are bioethical and are founded on the principles of altruism and utilitarianism. In the field of organ transplantation, role of altruism and medical ethics values are significant to the welfare of the society. This article reviews several fundamental ethical principles, prevailing organ donation consent laws, incentives and policies related to the field of transplantation. The Ethical and Policy Considerations in Organ Donation after Circulatory Determination of Death outline criteria for death and organ retrieval. Presumed consent laws prevalent mostly in European countries maintain that the default choice of an individual would be to donate organs unless opted otherwise. Explicit consent laws require organ donation to be proactively affirmed with state registries. The Declaration of Istanbul outlines principles against organ trafficking and transplant tourism. World Health Organization's Guiding Principles on Human Cell, Tissue and Organ Transplantation aim at ensuring transparency in organ procurement and allocation. The ethics of financial incentives and non-financial incentives such as incorporation of non-medical criteria in organ priority allocation have also been reviewed in detail.

Professionalism in Physical Therapy: An Oath for Physical Therapists

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThroughout the history of physical therapy, practitioners have been called to uphold high standards and conduct themselves as professionals. The original physical therapists, referred to as reconstruction aides, were taught to follow the orders of and maintain a sense of decorum at all times.1'2 Today, physical therapists are held to high standards of professionalism by consistently demonstrating adherence to core values by aspiring to and wisely applying principles of altruism, excellence, caring, ethics, respect, communication and accountability, and by working together with other professionals to achieve optimal health and wellness in individuals and communities.3(pl9)This emphasis on professionalism is critical, as contemporary health environments present many ethical challenges. Physical therapists may feel pressure from internal and external sources to reduce the quality of care in order to make a profit. The focus on outcomes and evidence-based practice can appear to limit the decision-making of the physical therapist. The American Physical Therapy Associations (APTA) Vision 2020, approved in 2000, listed professionalism as 1 key element for the advancement of the profession, alongside autonomous practice; direct access; adoption of the Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) degree; and a commitment to lifelong learning, integrity, and professional duty.4 One underutilized means to promote professionalism for physical therapists is to publicly mark the transformation from student to professional with the use of an oath, as is common in medical schools.56 The purpose of this paper is to build the case for a similar use of an oath for physical therapists. The case will be developed by reviewing the use of oaths by other professions, by describing the process used to develop a model oath for physical therapists, and by describing how 1 physical therapist program uses the oath as a public rite of passage to the profession.Oaths in Medicine and Other ProfessionsColler and colleagues7 describe 3 transformative moments in the education and development of physicians: medical students become doctors when they graduate from medical school and receive their diploma; they become physicians when they receive their license to practice; and they become members of the profession when they profess an oath. Although the Hippocratic Oath does not regulate the practice of medicine, consumers are more familiar with the Hippocratic Oath and the role it plays in shaping the responsibilities and duties of a physician than they are with state regulations.79 This is due, in part, to the common medical school rite of passage, the public recitation of an oath.The Hippocratic Oath10 is the most wellknown oath in medicine.11 The Hippocratic Oath or variations of the oath are used at commencement ceremonies by a majority of accredited allopathic and osteopathic medical schools across the country.56,8,1112 Modified versions of the oath were developed because of concerns regarding outdated wording in the original Hippocratic Oath. For example, the original oath explicitly states that one should not share the art and science of healing with lay people, which today is counter to the practice of self-responsibility in health service delivery.812 In addition to modifying the oath by including contemporary language, some medical schools choose to adopt and use a school-specific oath that includes unique elements related to their education program6; others use an alternate oath such as the Declaration of Geneva13 or the Prayer of Maimonides.14Other health professions are increasingly adopting an oath as a testament of professionalism. In Australia, psychologists are formulating an oath as an element for their professional identity.15 Pharmacy schools and programs in the United States conduct white coat ceremonies designed to highlight the professions and students' commitment to professionalism. …

Is the Canadian legal framework too restrictive and based on false premises?

Given the increasing shortage of organs in recent years, there has been an abundant empirical and theoretical literature on incentives to improve organ donation [1, 2]. Some of these incentives, such as reimbursement of donor expenses, are uncontroversial whereas others, such as payment for organs, are matters of heated debate. In this issue of the Journal, Caulfield and colleagues provide an in-depth legal analysis of various incentives in the Canadian context [3]. They show us that in Canada, organ donation is based on altruism; organs are viewed as a gift; and the law dictates that organ donation should be “gratuitous” and without any “rewards and benefits” or “valuable consideration”. This means there can be no measures that might encourage or influence organ donation. As the authors demonstrate, this legal framework is restrictive and bans not only the trade of organs, but also most of the monetary and non-monetary incentives currently used in organ donation. In this editorial, I will discuss the relevance of the principle of altruism in organ donation and the contradiction between the legal definition of a gift and gift-exchange theory and show how the current Canadian legal framework is out of sync with the empirical data on incentives. Altruism and organ donation Altruism is a key principle in our current organ donation and transplantation legislation, and is also a matter of scholarly debate in the philosophical, sociological and psychological literature [4–6]. Following are some examples of unanswered questions regarding the nature of altruism: Do motivations make an action altruistic? Is there such a thing as pure altruism? If so, most living organ donors are not altruistic, since they have mixed motivations [7, 8]. Should an altruistic act be directed toward strangers or can it be directed toward loved ones? If this is the case, only anonymous non-directed donation would be altruistic. Finally, can altruistic agents benefit from their gesture? If not, living organ donors who experience increased self-esteem and other psychological benefits cannot be considered altruistic. As shown in a previous study, altruism holds a different meaning for transplant professionals who describe a wide variety of altruistic actions, ranging from acts of common courtesy to heroic actions such as saving lives [9]. Incentives and even the removal of disincentives to organ donation could be considered incompatible with the idea of pure altruism. I concur with other authors who find it problematic for organ donation to be based on this vague and debated concept of altruism [10]. As proposed by Saunders, solidarity might be a better guiding principle [11].

ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﺻﺎﻘﻣﻲﺳﺭﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﻌﺳ ﻥﺎﻣﺰﻟﺍ ﻊﻳﺪﺑ ﺮﻜﻓ ﰲ

Al-Qur’an is guidance for mankind, loaded with content and very comprehensive orientation. According to Said Nursi, though it’s words are limited, but actually the content of the meaning is no limits. The firmament capacity has very broad scope, covering various dimensions of life. In this article, before concluding Nursi’s perspective on maqāsid al-Qur’an , the writer sets forth some mufassir to compare and analyze the views of Nursi began from Fakhruddin al-Razi, al-Ghazali, al-Syatibi, Muhammad Abduh and Ibn Ashur. In the end, Nursi asserts there are at least four fundamental contents of al-Qur›an, that is monotheism, prophethood, resurrection and justice. The more admirable according to Nursi, four of this al-Qur›an contains are often found together in one sura, or together in a single verse (unity of the Qur›an). That is why, these four have a strong influence on al-Qur›an is I’jaz . And of the last four issues, the only one that can be proofed in human life is the justice, which includes not only in religious aspect of the shari’ah , but has a broad spectrum in human real life, begining from economic aspect, social, political, legal and other humanitarianism. In this point, moral values accentuate seemed very strong, as the basis of valuable and meaningful life, because the peak of morality is the principle of altruism, or khidmah to another person or party.

Rewards and incentives for the provision of human tissue for research

The Nuffield Council on Bioethics’ 2011 report, Human Bodies: Donation for Medicine and Research, proposes a system for examining the ethical implications of different types of incentives for the provision...

Rethinking the deserving body: altruism, markets, and political action in health care provision

I seek to understand two dimensions in the evolution and practices of medical institutions in the USA. First, I ask, how and why do medical organizations limit, suspend, or redirect profit-oriented functions to abide by principles of altruism and still survive in a competitive market economy? Reaching out to poor and immigrant populations entails non-economic factors, including the deployment of religious and humanitarian narratives. Conversely, the extent and character of legislative actions supporting philanthropic endeavours is closely related to mobilization at the grassroots level. I investigate the ways in which community organizations bring about changes to support practices that confound, at least to some extent, market expectations and underscore the significance of political action to secure health care services on behalf of low-income populations, including immigrants.

The Ethical Complexities of Online Organ Solicitation via Donor–Patient Websites: Avoiding the “Beauty Contest”

The proliferation of the Internet has spurred the creation of websites dedicated to facilitating living directed organ donations. We argue that such sites potentially devolve into "beauty contests" where patients in need are evaluated on the basis of their personal appearance and biography-variables which should have no relevance to organ allocation. Altruism should be the guiding motivation for all donations, and when it does, there is no place for a beauty contest. The power of the Internet is optimally used when it facilitates Good Samaritan donations-donations to any stranger, rather than handpicked ones. Social networking sites which aim to match potential donors and patients should mask personal identifying information, allowing the ethical principles of altruism and justice to guide organ allocation.