Action Principle Research Articles

Photon, A New Principle for Justification of Its Structure and Process of Motion

The work relates to the basics of quantum physics and photonics, in particular to the formation of photons in two states: as elementary particles and their electromagnetic radiation. The study of these problems is an urgent and important scientific task, which has not been fully resolved in terms of their structure and principle of action. In modern science, the photon is considered a fundamental elementary particle, which has neither its own structure nor dimensions, but only wave parameters. However, the denial of the material state of the photon contradicts the general conditions for the formation of the material world within the framework of the principles of dualism. Eliminating this shortcoming is the main goal of the work being performed. Its scientific novelty lies in the development of strict physical foundations for explaining the structure, parameters and process of photon motion. Working methods. The work was performed at the level of scientific discoveries for which reliable methods and techniques are not yet known, therefore, it used general methods and principles of scientific research, as well as the author’s method of accessing the initial level of the material world. Results of the work and their discussion. A new structure of the photon is substantiated, which includes not only its wave, but also a material particle. The substant particle of the photon is formed in the form of a regular hexagonal prism from 6 trihedral prisms, which are quarks, 3 of which are real quarks, and the empty space between them are virtual quarks. The transition of energy from real quarks to virtual ones, and then back, leads to virtual rotation of the photon, which ensures its stability, and the absence of losses in this process ensures the “eternity” of its life. A complete revolution of the quarks of the real part of the photon occurs in 6 quantum jumps, during which it moves translationally by the photon wavelength λ. When moving according to the proposed scheme, virtual sinusoids are formed, characteristic of the action of electromagnetic fields, which confirms the correctness of the proposed structure and scheme of photon movement. Conclusion The proposed structure and pattern of photon movement implements the principle of least action, which dominates in the material world. At the same time, there are no contradictions with the real laws of the material world, as well as the need for uncertain physical processes and energies for its implementation, which is the evidence base for the work.

StadtWildTiere – added value and impact of transnational urban wildlife community science projects

We present and exemplify the potential of the long-term community science (= citizen science) project StadtWildTiere (German for ‘urban wildlife’) in a transnational context. StadtWildTiere gathers opportunistic sightings of urban wildlife to raise awareness of, increase knowledge of, and promote biodiversity in urban areas across Central Europe. Transnationally similar methodologies enable direct comparisons concerning occurrence, distribution, and trends of urban wildlife populations and allow for new insights into and potential conservation and management measures of these otherwise unmonitored wildlife populations. We advocate the use and promotion for such community-based science projects, which align with the guiding principles of awareness, knowledge, and action. Such projects should whenever possible connect with similar initiatives in other countries to benefit from comparisons and get a strong impact on a transnational level.

Ambient-space variational calculus for gauge fields on constant-curvature spacetimes

We propose a systematic generating procedure to construct free Lagrangians for massive, massless and partially massless, totally-symmetric tensor fields on AdSd+1 starting from the Becchi–Rouet–Stora–Tyutin (BRST) Lagrangian description of massless fields in the flat ambient space Rd,2. A novelty is that the Lagrangian is described by a d + 1 form on Rd,2 whose pullback to AdSd+1 gives the genuine Lagrangian defined on anti de Sitter spacetime. Our derivation uses the triplet formulation originating from the first-quantized BRST approach, where the action principle is determined by the BRST operator and the inner product of a first-quantised system. In this way we build, in a manifestly so(2, d)-covariant manner, a unifying action principle for the three types of fields mentioned above. In particular, our derivation justifies the form of some actions proposed earlier for massive and massless fields on (anti)-de Sitter. We also give a general setup for ambient Lagrangians in terms of the respective jet-bundles and variational bi-complexes. In particular we introduce a suitable ambient-space Euler–Lagrange differential which allows one to derive the equations of motion ambiently, i.e., without the need to explicitly derive the respective spacetime Lagrangian.

A δ-free approach to quantization of transmission lines connected to lumped circuits

The quantization of systems composed of transmission lines connected to lumped circuits poses significant challenges, arising from the interaction between continuous and discrete degrees of freedom. A widely adopted strategy, based on the pioneering work of Yurke and Denker, entails representing the lumped circuit contributions using Lagrangian densities that incorporate Dirac δ-functions. However, this approach introduces complications, as highlighted in the recent literature, including divergent momentum densities, necessitating the use of regularization techniques. In this work, we introduce a δ-free Lagrangian formulation for a transmission line capacitively coupled to a lumped circuit without the need for a discretization of the transmission line or mode expansions. This is achieved by explicitly enforcing boundary conditions at the line ends in the principle of least action. In this framework, the quantization and the derivation of the Heisenberg equations of the network are straightforward. We obtain a reduced model for the lumped circuit in the quantum Langevin form, which is valid for any coupling strength between the line and the lumped circuit. We apply our approach to an analytically solvable network consisting of a semi-infinite transmission line capacitively coupled to an LC circuit and study the behavior of the network as the coupling strength varies.

Unimodular Plebański gravity

We present new action principles for unimodular gravity, defined in the chiral Plebański formulation based on (complex) two-forms and a complex SO(3) connection. In these theories, just as in their analogues in the metric formulation, the cosmological constant does not take a prescribed value but is an integration constant whose value can differ between different (classical) solutions. We discuss some subtleties when identifying Lorentzian solutions in the generally complex theory, and show how these theories can be reduced to a ‘pure connection’ form similar to Krasnov’s pure connection formalism for general relativity.

Обоснование информационно-интеллектуальной поддержки принципов действия технических систем

Information and intelligent systems are a combination of knowledge, methods and technologies aimed at supporting specialists and engineers in the design, operation and optimization of technical systems. The task of searching for acceptable principles of operation of technical systems is achieved by searching for optimal solutions, analyzing their characteristics and identifying the most preferable options from the point of view of the assigned tasks. When searching for optimal solutions, various options for operating principles should be considered. A rational choice of the fundamental principles of the functioning of a technical system ensures the efficiency and quality of management decisions made. The purpose of this work is to substantiate the information-intellectual system of multivariate analysis, which provides the search for technical solutions. A logging road is considered as the object of study. The features of the organization of work during the construction of logging roads have been studied, and the choice of research method has been justified. An information-intellectual system is described that generates for further development acceptable principles of action in technical solutions in accordance with the formulated task. A description of the information-intelligent system for searching technical solutions is presented. The set of solutions is described in the form of an AND/OR tree, which allows you to efficiently store and select feasible solutions using graph methods.

On the use of PID control to improve the stability of the quad-rotor UAV

The recent development of drones has aroused great concern at home and abroad. For civil industry and agricultural plant protection industry, it can provide safer and more stable flight and improve production efficiency. For the exploration industry, the application of UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) will reduce unnecessary casualties. In places where damage is serious, UAV will bring accurate on-site information and data more quickly. It can make drones to replace people in high-risk operations, scientific and technological agricultural development and survey more stable and safe; For the military industry, it can be applied to different combat environments to increase its stability. In recent years, although UAV combat and reconnaissance are not the mainstream combat methods, UAV has become or an indispensable part. Improving the stability of UAV will also increase the military combat capability, so UAV has good development prospects and economic benefits. Nowadays, PID (Proportion Integration Differentiation) control plays an indispensable role in quad-rotor UAV. How to use different types of PID control combined with existing intelligent technology to improve the stability of quad-rotor UAV is a hot issue in recent years. This paper summarizes the previous research results in this field, briefly describes the motion mechanism of four-rotor UAV, wind disturbance resistance mechanism, the action principle and contract between traditional PID control and fuzzy PID control, as well as the effect of intelligent algorithm on PID control addition, and puts forward suggestions for PID control algorithm of the future UAV.

Vortex dynamics: A variational approach using the principle of least action

Vortex dynamics: A variational approach using the principle of least action

Design principles for artificial intelligence-augmented decision making: An action design research study

ABSTRACT Artificial intelligence (AI) applications have proliferated, garnering significant interest among information systems (IS) scholars. AI-powered analytics, promising effective and low-cost decision augmentation, has become a ubiquitous aspect of contemporary organisations. Unlike traditional decision support systems (DSS) designed to support decisionmakers with fixed decision rules and models that often generate stable outcomes and rely on human agentic primacy, AI systems learn, adapt, and act autonomously, demanding recognition of IS agency within AI-augmented decision making (AIADM) systems. Given this fundamental shift in DSS; its influence on autonomy, responsibility, and accountability in decision making within organisations; the increasing regulatory and ethical concerns about AI use; and the corresponding risks of stochastic outputs, the extrapolation of prescriptive design knowledge from conventional DSS to AIADM is problematic. Hence, novel design principles incorporating contextual idiosyncrasies and practice-based domain knowledge are needed to overcome unprecedented challenges when adopting AIADM. To this end, we conduct an action design research (ADR) study within an e-commerce company specialising in producing and selling clothing. We develop an AIADM system to support marketing, consumer engagement, and product design decisions. Our work contributes to theory and practice with a set of actionable design principles to guide AIADM system design and deployment.

Consistent first-order action functional for gauge theories

A novel first-order action principle has been proposed as the possible foundation for a more fundamental theory of general relativity and the Standard Model. It is shown in this article that the proposal consistently incorporates gravity and matter fields, and guides one to a new and robust path toward unification of fundamental interactions. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Slow-roll inflation in f(R,T,RabTab) gravity

In the framework of [Formula: see text] gravity theory, the slow-roll approximation of the cosmic inflation is investigated, where T is the trace of the energy–momentum tensor [Formula: see text], R and [Formula: see text] are the Ricci scalar and tensor, respectively. After obtaining the equations of motion of the gravitational field from the action principle in the spatially flat FLRW metric, the fundamental equations of this theory are received by introducing the inflation scalar field as the matter and taking into account only the minimum curvature-inflation coupling term. Remarkably, after taking the slow-roll approximation, the identical equations as in [Formula: see text] gravity with a [Formula: see text] mixing term are derived. We study several potentials of interest in different domains. We perform analytical analyzes under various approximate conditions, and present numerical results and their comparison with existing observational data at the same time. In the appendix, we analyze the behavior of the inflation scalar field under perturbation while ignoring the effect of metric perturbations. This research complements the slow-roll inflation in the modified theory of gravity.

Disability discrimination in emergencies: The return of Taurek?

John Taurek famously advocates an unpopular view in ethics: when deciding whom to rescue, the numbers don’t count. We should instead give everyone the same chance of surviving by choosing at random. Surprisingly little engagement has taken place between the detailed and rich literature on whether the numbers count in rescue cases, and the practical question of whether certain facts about patients are eligible for consideration in real-world prioritisation, e.g., in emergency triage during a pandemic. I suggest that a position close to Taurek’s maps on to real-world arguments by groups representing disabled individuals. Whereas Taurek is focused on equalising survival chances, some disability rights activists and scholars appear to argue in favour of equalising selection chances. I construct an argument in favour of this position by appealing to the idea of “opacity respect”. I then consider the implications of this approach for broader principles of affirmative action in healthcare.

Clinical research imperatives: principles and priorities from the perspective of Allied Health executives and managers.

Objective It is widely understood that a key means of improving health systems and patient outcomes is through research - accessing, understanding, generating and applying research evidence-based practice. To promote more targeted and strategic research in Allied Health practice, this study sought to establish the principles, areas and priorities for clinical research as perceived by Allied Health leaders in the South Australian public health system. Methods The study used a mixed-methods design (full, sequential and equal model). Participants were recruited from theSouth Australian Department of Health and Wellbeing employment lists for Allied Health senior leaders. Consenting participants attended face-to-face focus groups; after an overview presentation, they discussed the principles for Allied Health research, followed by areas and priorities for research. Summaries of the responses were themed descriptively and circulated electronically so participants could confirm the research areas and ascribe priority ratings, clinical populations and services. Results A total of 28 people attended the stakeholder forum (5 online); 20 responded to the second-round electronic summary. Nine principles of research action were agreed. Fourteen research areas were identified and prioritised. There was a relatively consistent prioritisation of measuring Allied Health value, Allied Health workforce, hospital avoidance and closing the gap for Aboriginal health outcomes - whether the individuals were thinking about their own service or the state as a whole. Conclusions Allied Health leadership identified key principles and priorities for research to improve service delivery and patient outcomes. These priorities should generate further discussion and interest for novice and experienced researchers and leaders and can be used to inform granting and project plans.

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We develop a superspace formulation for N\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \\mathcal{N} $$\\end{document} = 3 conformal supergravity in four spacetime dimensions as a gauge theory of the superconformal group SU(2, 2|3). Upon imposing certain covariant constraints, the algebra of conformally covariant derivatives ∇A=∇a∇αi∇iα⋅\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ {\ abla}_A=\\left({\ abla}_a,{\ abla}_{\\alpha}^i,{\ abla}_i^{\\overset{\\cdot }{\\alpha }}\\right) $$\\end{document} is shown to be determined in terms of a single primary chiral spinor superfield, the super-Weyl spinor Wα of dimension +1/2 and its conjugate. Associated with Wα is its primary descendant Bij of dimension +2, the super-Bach tensor, which determines the equation of motion for conformal supergravity. As an application of this construction, we present two different but equivalent action principles for N\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \\mathcal{N} $$\\end{document} = 3 conformal supergravity. We describe the model for linearised N\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \\mathcal{N} $$\\end{document} = 3 conformal supergravity in an arbitrary conformally flat background and demonstrate that it possesses U(1) duality invariance. Additionally, upon degauging certain local symmetries, our superspace geometry is shown to reduce to the U(3) superspace constructed by Howe more than four decades ago. Further degauging proves to lead to a new superspace formalism, called SU(3) superspace, which can also be used to describe N\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \\mathcal{N} $$\\end{document} = 3 conformal supergravity. Our conformal superspace setting opens up the possibility to formulate the dynamics of the off-shell N\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \\mathcal{N} $$\\end{document} = 3 super Yang-Mills theory coupled to conformal supergravity.

Constitutional Rights and Obligations of Citizens Towards the Environment Under the Conditions of Sustainable Development

Abstract The aim of this article is to determine the status of citizen’s rights to ‘a clean environment’ and their obligations towards the environment under sustainable development conditions, considering international and domestic regulations. It analyses three interlinked aspects: human rights to a clean environment, obligations of citizens and public authorities towards the environment, and environmental protection in accordance with the principle of sustainable development. Human rights to ‘a clean environment’ are enshrined in the Constitution, drawing on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Rio de Janeiro ‘Environment and Development’ Declaration. These rights are implemented by public authorities through ensuring ecological safety and the use and protection of environmental resources, adhering to the sustainable development principle. In addition every citizen has obligations towards the environment, because he should take care of environmental resources and use them in accordance with the principles of environmental protection law. The analysis of legal doctrine and legislation highlights a clear relationship between the necessity for public authorities to ensure constitutional rights to a ‘clean environment’ and their obligations towards the environment through the protection of environmental resources in line with the sustainable development principle. This entails balancing the human right to a ‘clean environment’ against the environmental right to the continuity and sustainability of resources (natural balance), while also ensuring economic growth. An example of these principles in action is Agenda 2030, currently being implemented in Poland and other EU Member States.

Gravity: Where Quantum Physics and Classical Physics finally merge

In this 3rd paper of a triptych on quantum theory regarding gravity, quantum, and classical physics are merged seamlessly-however with conclusions deviating from classical physics regarding singularities, space-curvature, and graviton. Mathematically, singularities (Schwarzschild, Droste) vanish by proper definition of the gravity source and field descriptions acquiring full validity at the Planck scale. Space(-time) curvature is shown to be geodesic-trajectory curvature by (energy) objects in the field of (a) gravity source(s). The gravity field is found to be a scalar field in which the trajectories are defined only by the principle of least action (LaGrange, Feynman) by compensation of accelerations due to different physical causal sources of acceleration. The graviton is argued to be a massive Higgs-type scalar boson with ubiquitous presence since the creation of quantum and clustered mass in the universe: the influence of a settled gravity field on mass (in) entering this field, therefore, is instantaneous, i.e., unlike a vector boson description. Gravity waves, occurring in mergers/transitions of mass, are defined by changes in time of the gravity field (at max. c m/s) in space and only become observable when substantial mass/energy is involved due to the weakness and spatial decay of gravity fields. All mathematics (e.g. integral transformations, vector space, etc) and related operators in the paper are part of the Abelian group for validity at the Planck scale. Results thus constitute the description of gravity on all scales.‎‎

Multidomain modeling of acoustical transducers and arrays using electrical network theory

Modeling of piezoceramic acoustic transducers involves the transformation of energy in the electrical, mechanical, acoustical radiation domains. By using generalized coordinates and Lagrangian mechanics, in which principle of least action is applied in each domain, the electrical, piezoelectric, mechanical and sound radiation problems can be solved separately and then combined in a multi-contour equivalent electro-mechanical circuit with each mechanical vibrational resonant modes representing separate degrees of freedom in the coupled electrical circuit. This energy approach involves the calculation of the potential and kinetic energies of each practical mode of vibration, which can be determined analytically, experimentally, or by finite-element-analysis. This is an alternative to the use of Newtonian mechanics which requires an accurate description of the real boundary conditions in the device and is common in many FEA modeling approaches. The availability of software (e.g., Matlab, Python, LTSpice, etc.) to model electrical circuits (networks in the case of multi-resonant devices) makes for a powerful and efficient modeling approach. The historical emergence of this approach stems from adapting the Rayleigh-Ritz method for mechanical and electrical domains with the advent of piezoelectric and magnetostrictive bodies. Several example of piezoceramic transducers are presented.

Characterization of students with high intellectual capacity: the approach in the Portuguese school context and importance of teacher training for their educational inclusion.

This paper takes a terminological approach to the concept of high intellectual abilities, highlighting the distinctive aspects of the way it is addressed in the Portuguese educational context. It outlines the existing conceptual differentiation in the field of higher abilities, emphasizing how the main characteristics are described and including the strengths and weaknesses of current teaching and learning processes in Portugal. As we will show, educational work with these students in Portuguese schools is characterized by unequal regulation compared to other educational needs, by an imbalance of educational processes aimed at these gifted students, and by clear underdiagnosis that sometimes leads to them being ignored in the classroom, with the consequent harm that this can cause to their overall development and to their academic and professional careers. The paper emphasizes the importance of teacher training in Portugal as an aspect that could be key to reversing, as far as possible, this gap in educational processes-which currently include educational inclusion for all their students as part of the key action principles in the Portuguese educational system.

Strategies for Designing and Growing Business-to-Business Platforms A Study of Six Cases Across Industrial Sectors in GermanyThis study offers an actionable management framework—specialization over generalization, adaptation over disruption, and quality over quantity—that practitioners can apply to build B2B platforms.

Overview: Can business-to-business (B2B) platforms copy the proven strategy playbooks from the consumer sector? Yes and no. In B2B, platforms apply specific strategies to overcome growth-limiting circumstances, like heterogeneity among ex-ante relationships between a limited number of potential users. This means that they weigh up the interests of individual user groups and allow for greater diversity of interactions. Based on an extensive study of six German B2B platforms, we identified three strategic initiatives that extend the consumer-oriented (X2C) playbook: embracing intermediaries, building trust, and embedding across multiple sides. We provide three actionable principles practitioners can apply to build B2B platforms.

A Contemporary Pentecostal Theodicy of a Just God on a Killing Spree

The portrayal of God in the Old Testament differs from that in the New Testament, suggesting an evolving perception and understanding over time. This has led to confusion and a dualistic view of God among individuals throughout history. Particularly perplexing is the divine sanction for the complete annihilation of the Canaanite population, seemingly contradicting God’s just nature. This study investigates the command to exterminate men, women, children, and infants belonging to the Canaanite nations and seeks to reconcile the notion of a just God sanctioning such perceived cruelty and bias. Analyzing the moral, religious, and theological complexities surrounding this issue, the study aims to shed light on the hypothetical inconsistency in God’s attitude. Ultimately, the study asserts that God’s sanctioned killings were justifiable actions driven by His foreknowledge and intended for the salvation of humanity as a whole. However, the study emphasizes that this divine approach does not justify or endorse any contemporary acts of religious extremism, as such violence serves no salvific purpose in God’s current plan for humanity. Grounded in the principles of action, consequence, and responsibility, the Pentecostal theodicy explored in this qualitative investigation, based on literature review and textual analysis, provides insights into the academic question of why a just God would command the total obliteration of the Canaanites. Through this analysis, this study contributes to the advancement of knowledge on the topic. Keywords: Pentecostal Theodicy, Justice, Canaanites, Violence, Extremism, and Biblical text.