Public Secondary School Principals Research Articles

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES OF SCHOOL PRINCIPALS’ IN CENTRAL LUZON ,PHILIPPINES

In general, the study was conducted to determine conflict management strategies controlling for socio-demographic characteristics can predict the performance of school principals of public secondary high schools in Region III. A total of 77 respondents participated in this study. The survey questionnaire was utilized in gathering the data needed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, percentage, mean and standard deviation. The age of the respondents ranged from 38 to 64 with a mean of 51.30 years old and a standard deviation of 6.46 years. Findings revealed that the majority of the school principals were female, married, Ph.D. degree holders who had less than 13 years of experience as the school principal, had been serving their school for five years or less, were holding Principal IV positions, were receiving a monthly salary of Php 65,319.00 – Php 73,157.00 (55.84 %) and had passed the National Qualifying Examination for School Heads (NQESH). The overall mean for the conflict management strategies was (x=3.65), described as fairly often. Among the strategies, integrating got the highest pooled mean with x=4.04, described as fairly often, followed by obliging with a pooled mean of x=3.92, dominating with x=3.65, and compromising with a pooled mean of x=3.61, described as fairly often. Avoiding got the lowest pooled mean with x=3.53, described as fairly often.

TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP STYLES OF SCHOOL PRINCIPALS IN CENTRAL LUZON ,PHILIPPINES

In general, the study was conducted to determine if transformational leadership of school principals of public secondary high schools in Region III. A total of 77 respondents participated in this study. The study covered all secondary public school principals. The survey questionnaire was utilized in gathering the data needed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, percentage, mean and standard deviation. The age of the respondents ranged from 38 to 64 with a mean of 51.30 years old and a standard deviation of 6.46 years. Findings revealed that majority of the school principals were female, married, Ph.D. degree holders had less than 13 years of experience as a school principal, had been serving their school for five years or less, were holding Principal IV positions, were receiving a monthly salary of Php 65,319.00 – Php 73,157.00 (55.84 %) and had passed the National Qualifying Examination for School Heads (NQESH). From among the transformational leadership styles, the highest pooled mean was attained in inspirational motivation with a mean of x =4.41, described as frequently if not always (F), followed by idealized behavior and individualized consideration with a pooled mean of x = 4.26 (F) and x = 4.23 (F), respectively. The lowest pooled mean was obtained in idealized attribute with x = 4.06, school principals practiced it frequently if not always. The overall mean obtained was x =4.24, described as frequently if not always.

Identifying the administrative challenges encountered by the principals in low-performing public secondary schools of Faisalabad District, Pakistan

According to the current situation, the most controversial issues emerging in developing countries are the excellence and quality of the national education. Several escalating challenges, especially those related to the secondary school administration, are inevitably responsible for poor administrative and academic performance. In addressing those challenges, school administrators are expected to take full accountability for the implementation of educational policies into practice efficiently. The key objective of the study is to explore the prospective challenges principals are encountering in low-performing public secondary schools. To fulfil the research purpose, a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire was developed. A sample of 122 secondary school principals in Faisalabad District was selected by taking advantage of purposive sampling technique. As a result, a total of 24 challenges were collectively validated through questionnaire survey. Frequency analysis approach was initially applied to figure out the most critical challenges. Accordingly, 7 challenges were found statistically significant with a frequency ≥50% for each factor. Additionally, school-type-based (rural vs. urban) analysis was performed by applying Chi-Square test. Furthermore, a taxonomy was developed to classify the identified challenges into nine basic knowledge-areas of school administration. The results revealed ‘Governance and Relationships” is the most significant knowledge-area attribute for school improvement.

EEFECTS OF LEADERSHIP STYLES AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES TO SCHOOL PERFORMANCE

In general, the study was conducted to determine the effects of leadership styles and conflict management strategies on the school performance of school principals of public secondary high schools in Region III. A total of 77 respondents participated in this study. The survey questionnaire was utilized in gathering the data needed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The age of the respondents ranged from 38 to 64 with a mean of 51.30 years old and a standard deviation of 6.46 years. Findings revealed that the majority of the school principals were female, married, Ph.D. degree holders who had less than 13 years of experience as a school principal, had been serving their school for five years or less, were holding Principal IV positions, were receiving a monthly salary of Php 65,319.00 – Php 73,157.00 (55.84 %) and had passed the National Qualifying Examination for School Heads (NQESH). With regard to school performance, results showed that the majority (72.73%) of the school principals had an outstanding OPCRF rating, Performance-Based Bonus scores higher than 90 %, and under lower average National Assessment Test (NAT) rating. The socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents were significantly related to the performance of school principals in terms of OPCRF rating, PBB Score, and NAT results. Transformational leadership styles such as idealized behavior (IB), inspirational motivation (IM), idealized attributes (IA), and individualized consideration (IC) were correlated to the school performance in terms of OPCRF rating, PBB score, and NAT results while conflict management strategies such as obliging, avoiding, integrating, dominating and compromising were correlated also to the school performance in terms of OPCRF rating, PBB score, and NAT results. Idealized attributes were found influential predictors of NAT performance while dominating strategy was found to be an influential predictor of OPCRF performance.

Perceived Contribution of Internally Generated Revenue to Public Secondary School Funding in Ondo State, Nigeria (2010‒2015)

The underfunding of schools in Nigeria has led to poor quality of education at a period when globalisation demands much from the education system in terms of training a skilled workforce. In Ondo State, the government has encouraged public secondary schools to generate funds internally in order to complement the insufficient grants it provides. The aim is to facilitate the proper functioning of schools. Nevertheless, education stakeholders have not ceased to complain about a shortage of funds. There is therefore the need to assess the various sources and trends of internally generated revenue (IGR) and the contribution thereof to the funding of education and school development in Ondo State. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design. The study population consisted of 304 principals of public secondary schools in Ondo State. The sample of this study included 60 principals who were selected from the total number by means of a simple random sampling technique. They were divided into groups of twenty (20) for each of the three (3) senatorial districts in Ondo State. The research instrument was a self-designed questionnaire. The data obtained were analysed using frequency counts, simple percentages and other appropriate statistical techniques. The result showed that there were many sources of IGR for public secondary schools in Ondo State as most of the schools have more than one major channel of IGR apart from tuition fees and PTA, examination and sports levies which are common to all sampled schools. Also, the trends in the contribution of IGR to secondary schools in Ondo State are annual. It was recommended that school administrators should include other means of generating money so as not to overburden parents, especially during the economic downturn.

Principals' quality management skills as determinants of goal attainment in secondary schools in Ahiazu Mbaise local government area, Imo state

Globally, education is regarded as an instrument per-excellence for the development of any nation. Nigeria, like other developing countries, needs to combat unemployment, poverty, social ineptitude, scientific and technological backwardness. The paper examined quality management skills adopted by school principals to enhance attainment of secondary education goals in Ahiazu Mbaise Local Government Area of Imo State. Two hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. Survey research design was adopted for the study. The 26 principals of public secondary schools in Ahiazu Mbaise LGA constituted the sample for the study using the census approach. An instrument titled: Principals' Quality Management Skills as Determinants of Goal Attainment Questionnaire (PQMSDGAQ) with a reliability coefficients 0.89 was used for data collection. Data was collected and analyzed through the Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis. The results showed a significant relationship between effective 'instructional supervision, teachers’ performance evaluation and secondary school goal attainment. It was therefore recommended that principals should constantly carry out routine, and periodic instructional supervision and teachers’ performance evaluation to fast track secondary school goal attainment.

Relationship between Principals’ Democratic Leadership Style and Students’ Conformity to Rules in Public Secondary Schools in Nakuru County, Kenya.

This study sought to examine the relationship between principals' democratic leadership style and students' conformity to regulations in public secondary schools in Nakuru County, Kenya. The study was anchored on the Social Control theory by Hirschi (1969). The study adopted a correlational research design. The target population was 338 principals, 338 deputy principals, 3426 teachers and 116,374 students in 338 public secondary schools in Nakuru County, Kenya. 100 schools were selected using stratified random sampling. Purposive sampling was used to select 100 Principals, while proportionate and simple random sampling was used to select 346 teachers and 383 students. Ten per cent of the Deputy Principals were selected. Questionnaires were used to collect data form Principals, teachers, and students, while interviews were used to collect data from Deputy Principals. Test-retest reliability revealed a coefficient of 0.70, indicating that the instruments were reliable. The findings revealed a statistically significant between principals use of democratic leadership style and students’ conformity to school rules (r=0.334; p< 0.05. It was concluded that the democratic leadership style, when used by principals in public secondary schools in Nakuru County, Kenya, enhances students' conformity to school rules. The findings will help school principals to fully embrace democratic leadership style to enhance students’ conformity to school rules. The study also recommends that the administration develops a process for handling students’ non-conformity issues in a calm, consistent and supportive manner. The study also recommends, principals should involve all stakeholders, for instance, teachers, students and parents in developing school rules and policies that affect students.

Evaluating Practices Related to Delegation of Authority and the Relationship between Delegation and Decision-Making among Secondary Schools Principals in Jeddah: تقييم ممارسات تفويض السلطة وعلاقتها باتخاذ القرار لدى مديرات المدارس الثانوية بمدينة جدة

The research aimed at discovering the relationship between the delegation of authority and decision-making among the Secondary Schools Principals in Jeddah from the point of view of female assistant principals, through identifying the degree of delegation of authority and identifying the degree of decision-making. The researcher used the descriptive survey method. The researcher used the questionnaire as a study tool, . The questionnaire was distributed to a sample of (112) female assistant principals, or approximately 80% of the study community, which was randomly chosen. The study used the SPSS statistical analysis program to analyze the study data, and the study reached some results, the most notable of which was that: The degree of delegation of authority among school principals has obtained a total average (3.14 out of 5) j with a degree (medium), and at the sub-aspects level; the administrative aspects got an average of (3.20) followed by the delegation in the educational aspects with an average of (3.02) and finally the technical with an average of (3.20) While the degree of decision-making obtained an overall average (2.94 out of 5) and at the level of fields, the field of planning obtained an average (3.0) and the field of implementation got an average of (3.24) and both with a degree (average) while the field of evaluation got an average (2.58), i.e. (Weak). There is a strong positive correlation between the degree of delegation of authority and the degree of decision-making among principals of secondary schools in schools south of Jeddah, which amounted to (0.673). And that there is a positive and positive correlation between the degree of delegation of authority and the degree of decision-making among the principals of public secondary schools, and this is supported by the value of the correlation coefficient, where it reached (0.673). Based on the results of the research, the researcher recommended the most important of them: The study concluded some recommendations, the most important of which were: - Training courses shall be held for high school female principals in Jeddah to train them on the delegation, its foundations, its components, and its importance. - Providing female principals with financial and moral incentives to motivate them to make delegation of their authorities, which creates a second tire in the chain of command in the school.

The Effective Communication between Public Secondary School Principals and Teachers in Jarash and its Relationship with the Degree to Which Teachers Carry out the Required Duties from their Perspective

The present study aimed to explore the extent of carrying out effective communication between public secondary school principals and teachers in Jarash. It also aimed to explore the relationship between such communication and the degree to which teachers carry out the required duties from their perspective. The sample consists from 162 female and male teachers. Those teachers were selected through using the stratified random sampling method. They were selected from the public secondary schools in Jarash during the academic year (2014/2015). To meet the study’s goals, two instruments were developed. The first instrument is a questionnaire that aims at measuring the extent of carrying out effectiveness of the communication between public secondary school principals and teachers. It sheds a light on the following areas: (meetings, interviews, phone calls and reports). The second instrument is a questionnaire that aims at measuring the degree to which teachers carry out the required duties. The researcher adopted the correlative survey-based approach. It was found that the dominant pattern of communication between public secondary school principals and teachers in Jarash is the effective communication. It was found that the degree to which teachers carry out the required duties is high. It was found that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between the the effective communication between public secondary school principals and teachers and the degree to which teachers carry out the required duties. It was found that the extent of carrying out effective communication between public secondary school principals and teachers in Jarash is high. The reports area is ranked first. The meetings area is ranked last. It was found that the degree to which teachers carry out the required duties is high. Keywords: T eachers’ performance ¸ effective communication, teachers’ duties, public secondary schools DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-20-15 Publication date: July 31 st 2020

Teachers’ Disposition and Teaching Space Organisation in Public Secondary Schools, Delta State Nigeria

This study examined teachers’ disposition and teaching space organisation in public secondary schools, Delta State Nigeria. The study adopted correlational survey of ex-post-facto research design. The targeted population entailed 452 principals in public secondary schools, from which a sample of 226 were drawn using stratified sampling technique. Instrument titled Teachers’ Disposition and Teaching Space Organisation Questionnaire (TDTSOQ) which was self-constructed was adopted in soliciting information from respondents. Face and content validity were embraced in validating the self-constructed instrument and it was subjected to a split-half reliability test using 30 principals not involved in the main study, a co-efficient of 0.77 was obtained. The data gathered were carefully converted to mean score and standard deviation to answer research questions raised at 2.50 benchmark while Pearson Product Moment Correlation Statistics was applied to test hypothesis formulated at .05 level of significance. Finding shows that teachers’ disposition is related to teaching space organisation in public secondary schools, Delta State. It was recommended among others that school principals particularly in Delta State public school should constantly organise training within the school with special interest on teaching space organisation. Keywords: Teachers’ Disposition, Teaching Space Organisation, Public Secondary Schools, Delta State. DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-21-10 Publication date: July 31 st 2020

Analyses of Life Skills Development Practices in Secondary Schools of Islamabad

The study was designed to make analysis for developing Life Skills practices in the secondary schools of Islamabad. It was descriptive survey study. All 1039 SSTs, all 146 principals of public secondary schools working under FDE at Islamabad were population of the study. Five hundred and seventy (570) SSTs; one hundred and forty (140) principals were selected by using stratified random sampling technique. A questionnaire having 36 items were developed by the researcher on five point Likert scale. Mean, Standard Deviation, and t-test, were applied to analyze the data. There was moderate level of practice of skill development in secondary schools. Male teachers were better performing in developing communication skills and critical thinking while female teachers were better for developing problem solving skills. Development of strategy and proper training of teachers and principals, by the government, for life base skill education was recommended.

ANALYSIS OF PRINCIPALS’ MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE QUALITY ASSURANCE IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ANAMBRA STATE

The persistent decline in the quality of education in Nigeria in general and in Anambra state in particular gives serious cause for concern. Something has to be done about it and urgently too. This prompted the study to analyze principals’ management activities for sustainable quality assurance in secondary schools in Anambra state. Two research questions guided the study and two hypotheses were tested. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population of the study comprised all the 257 public secondary school principals in Anambra State. No sampling was done due to the relatively small size of the population of the study. A 21-item questionnaire titled ‘‘Analysis of Principals’ Management Activities for Sustainable Quality Assurance Questionnaire (APMASQAQ)’’ was the instrument for data collection. The instrument was subjected to face validation by three experts from Faculty of Education, NnamdiAzikiwe University. Cronbach alpha method was used to ascertain the reliability of the instrument. The overall coefficient of 0.84 was obtained. Mean was used to answer the research questions, while Z-test was used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study, among others revealed that principals’ students’ academic performance monitoring activities for sustainable quality assurance in secondary schools in Anambra state was low. It also revealed that there was no significant difference in the mean ratings of male and female principals on the extent of their engagement in management activities for sustainable quality assurance in secondary schools in Anambra State. Based on the findings it was recommended among others that principals should encourage the teachers to take the continuous assessment exercise very serious and also make provisions for learners with special learning needs to bring about all inclusive learning.

The Extent of Practicing Ethical Leadership by Public Secondary School Principals in Amman

The present study aimed to identify the extent of practicing ethical leadership by public secondary school principals in Amman from the teachers’ perspective. A descriptive analytical approach was adopted. Through the random sampling method, the researcher selected a sample consisting from 80 teachers. Those teachers were selected from 10 public secondary schools located in Amman, Jordan. Questionnaire forms were distributed to those teachers by hand. All the forms were retrieved. However, three forms included missing data. Thus, 77 forms were analyzed statistically. SPSS program was used. It was found that the extent of practicing ethical leadership by public secondary school principals in Amman is high from the teachers’ perspective. It was found that those principals are honest and deal kindly with others. It was found that those principals keep their promises and support teachers. However, they do not engage the teachers in the decision making process. The researcher recommend developing a code of ethics by the Jordanian Ministry of Education for regulating the conduct of the administrative staff at schools Keywords : Leadership, ethical leadership, public secondary schools, principals DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-15-07 Publication date: May 31 st 2020

Influence of Principals’ Instructional Supervision Practices on Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Makueni County, Kenya

KCSE Performance in Public secondary schools in Makueni County, Kenya has consistently declined between 2014 and 2018. Although no empirical studies have explained the cause of the decline, Principals’ instructional supervision practices may have contributed to the trend necessitating the need for an investigation. This study investigated Influence of Principals’ Instructional Supervision Practices on Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Makueni County, Kenya. The objective of the study was to establish the influence of principals’ instructional supervision practices on KCSE performance in public secondary schools in Makueni County, Kenya. The hypothesis for the study was that there is no statistically significant relationship between principals’ instructional supervision practices and students’ performance in KCSE in public secondary schools in Makueni County, Kenya. The study employed mixed methods research design. The rationale for using the method is that it combines both qualitative and quantitative data within a single study hence complementing each other by integrating their strengths. The target population was all principals and teachers of public secondary schools in Makueni County. The study employed stratified sampling technique for schools, equal allocation sampling technique for both principals and teachers for quantitative phase while maximal variation sampling was used for qualitative phase. Means, percentage and frequencies were used to determine the distribution of variables under study among the respondents and represented in tables and figures. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to test the relationship between principals’ instructional supervision practices and KCSE performance in public secondary schools in Makueni County. The results for quantitative phase indicated that the coefficient of correlation (r) for the objective was 0.6 at significance level of 0.04. Principals interviewed attested that they embraced instructional supervision practices. The study concluded that principals of public secondary schools in Makueni County, Kenya applied effective instructional supervision practices that positively influenced KCSE performance and that principals’ instructional supervision practices influence students’ KCSE performance in public secondary schools in Makueni County . The study recommends that principals be trained on specific instructional supervision strategies to enhance their effectiveness in instructional leadership. Keywords: Supervision, Instructional supervision, principals’ instructional supervision practices, Supervision practices DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-15-14 Publication date: May 31 st 2020

Application of Qualitative Management Techniques in Administrative and Academic Decision Making at Higher Secondary Level in Punjab

The purpose of the present research was to study the application of qualitative management techniques in administrative and academic decision making at higher secondary level in Punjab. The present study was a kind of exploratory and descriptive research. By using stratified random sampling technique, (197) principals of public higher secondary schools were selected as a sample. A self developed questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analyzed by performing independent sample t-test. The findings of the study showed that there was no significant difference between over all male and female Principals extent of the use of qualitative decision making techniques in planning, directing and as well as in administrative and academic decision making process. However, there found to be difference between over all male and female Principals extent of the use of qualitative decision making techniques in organizing process. Training may be launched to improve the use of decision making techniques.

MANAGEMENT SUPPORT PRACTICES TO PROMOTE TEACHERS’ INSTRUCTIONAL IMPROVEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN SECONDARY EDUCATION

This study ascertained the principals’ management support practices to promote teachers’ instructional improvement for sustainable development in secondary education in Anambra State. Two specific purposes were formulated and two research questions guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The study was conducted in the six education zones in Anambra Statenamely:Aguata,Awka,Nnewi,Ogidi,Onitsha and Otuocha.The study population comprised 257 principals in public secondary schools in the six education of the State. No sampling was used due to the manageable size of the population. The instrument used for data collection is a structured 15 items researchers’ developed instrument titled; Principals’ Management Support Practices to Promote Teachers’ Instructional Improvement Questionnaire (PMSPTIIQ). The face validation of the instrument was established by three research experts. The Cronbach alpha was used to determine the reliability of the instrument. Coefficient value of 0.84 was obtained. Data were analyzed using mean and standard deviation. The findings of the study revealed among others that secondary school principals in Anambra State do not engage in instructional supervision practices of observing classroom instruction to ensure curriculum coverage, monitoring teachers’ compliance to school schedules, meeting regularly with teachers to discuss instructional challenges and providing feedback to teachers after class observation. The study also found out that secondary school principals’ do not engage in adequate motivational practices to promote teachers’ instructional improvement for sustainable development in secondary education in Anambra State. Based on the findings, it was recommended that school administrators’ should always engage in instructional supervision practices by observing classroom instruction to ensure curriculum coverage, monitoring teachers’ compliance to school schedules, meeting regularly with teachers to discuss instructional challenges and providing feedback to teachers after class observation among others. Conclusion was drawn. KEYWORDS: principals’, management support practices, instructional improvement, sustainable development

Study of Quality Assurance in Examination Conduction and Administrative Effectiveness of Principals in Public and Private Secondary Schools in Niger State, Nigeria

The research was on a study of Quality Assurance in Examination Conduction and Administrative Effectiveness of Principals in Public and Private Secondary Schools in Niger State, Nigeria. To successfully accomplish the aim of the study, two research questions and hypotheses were raised and the descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The study utilized a population of twenty eight thousand, nine hundred and thirty eight (28,938) principals and teachers in all the public and private schools in Niger state, Nigeria. Simple random sampling technique was used to select principals and 731 teachers who were used to study the principals. Data was collected using ‘Measures of Quality Assurance and Administrative Effectiveness (MQAAEQ)’, which was validated by experts in the subject area. The instrument was pilot tested with 43 principals using inter-rater reliability and the coefficient which was found to be 0.76 – 0.89. Data collected were analysed using mean and Standard Deviation, one-sample t-test and One-way ANOVA) Also, the Fisher’s Least Significance Difference Test (LSD) was employed to determine the direction of mean differences. Findings revealed that there is a statistical significant influence of standard in examination conduct and adherence of students’ admission goals in terms of effective teaching, effective principal teachers’ relationship and effective supervision of instruction. It was recommended among others that the government should support principals to adhere to standard in examination conduct by availability and adequacy of facilities to enhance quality in examination conduct.

Relationship Between Job Autonomy and Job Stress Among Public Secondary School Principals in Punjab, Pakistan

School principals play a dynamic role in schools’ administrative processes where independent decision-making is inevitable. The present study investigates the level of job autonomy as experienced by public secondary school principals of Punjab, Pakistan. The study further determines the relationship between job autonomy and job stress among school principals. The study uses a survey research design where two scales i.e., Job Autonomy Scale by Breaugh (1985) and Organizational Stress Index by Shrivastava and Singh (1984) were used to measure job autonomy and job stress respectively. The study comprises the sample of 145 public secondary school principals, working in a district of Punjab, Pakistan. The research questions are addressed by conducting descriptive as well as inferential statistics. The study identifies a positive and moderate relationship between job autonomy and job stress among secondary school principals. It is found that school principals perceive themselves more autonomous in method autonomy and scheduling autonomy while less autonomous in criteria autonomy. The results exhibit that school principals suffered from greater stress because of low self-esteem. The current study suggests that school principals should be provided with middle-level job autonomy to mitigate their job stress.

Heart-Centered Management Training Program for Public Secondary School Principals in the Island of Panay, Philippines

This study investigated the relationship among the levels of emotional intelligence, conflict management styles, and transformational leadership skills of 201 public secondary school principals in the Island of Panay. The primary purpose of the study was to develop a "Heart-Centered Management Training Program" to improve the performance of school principals through enhanced use of emotional intelligence, conflict management styles, and transformational leadership skills. It determined the significant differences and relationship among these variables when the respondents were classified regarding their educational attainment, geographical location, Result – Based Performance Management System (RPMS) rating, professionalism, religion, and sexual orientation. Significant differences were observed in their level of emotional intelligence, conflict management styles, and transformational leadership skills when they were grouped according to RPMS rating, professionalism, religion, and sexual orientation, respectively. There were significant relationships between emotional intelligence and conflict management style; emotional intelligence and transformational leadership skills; and conflict management styles and transformational leadership skills. These findings were the bases of the "Heart-Centered Management Training Program."

Analysing the Extent of ICT Implementation and Use in the Administration of School Records in Kajiado County, Kenya

The purpose of this study was to analyse the extent of ICT implementation and use in the administration of school records in Kajiado County, Kenya. Descriptive survey design was used. The target population was 61 public secondary schools’ principals, 1220 teachers, 610 students, 25 ICT teachers, 6 Sub-county Directors of Education and 1 County Director of Education in Kajiado County. The sample size for this study was 18 principals, 366 teachers, 8 ICT teachers, 183 students, 2 Sub-county Directors of Education and 1 County Director of Education. This study used questionnaires administered to Principals, teachers and ICT coordinators, observation schedules and interview schedule administered to the students, Sub-county Directors of Education and the County Director of Education as tools for data collection. The pilot test was done in schools with similar characteristics to those sampled through random sampling. All the respondents were seven principals of public secondary schools. Validity was determined by pre-testing of data collection tools while reliability through test-retest method. Cronbach alpha was used to test the internal reliability of the measurement instrument. Drop and pick methodology was adopted for data collection. The findings showed that use and implementation ICT in school administration in Kajiado County was very low. The study concluded that most schools in Kajiado County had not embraced ICT in various areas of administration. Therefore, the study recommends that proper technology should be put in place by purchasing of the required ICT facilities in schools to enhance management of schools using the current technology.