Principal Types Research Articles

New EoR power spectrum limits from MWA Phase II using the delay spectrum method and novel systematic rejection

ABSTRACT We present an analysis of Epoch of Reionization (EoR) data from Phase II of the Murchison Widefield Array using the simpleds delay spectrum pipeline. Prior work analysed the same observations using the fhd/εppsilon imaging pipeline, and so the present analysis represents the first time that both principal types of 21 cm cosmology power spectrum estimation approaches have been applied to the same data set. Our limits on the 21 cm power spectrum amplitude span a range in k space of $|k| \lt 1 \, h_{100}\, {\rm Mpc}^{-1}$ with a lowest measurement of Δ2(k) ≤ 4.58 × 103 mK2 at $k = 0.190\, h_{100}\, \rm {Mpc}^{-1}$ and z = 7.14. In order to achieve these limits, we need to mitigate a previously unidentified common mode systematic in the data set. If not accounted for, this systematic introduces an overall negative bias that can make foreground contaminated measurements appear as stringent, noise-limited constraints on the 21 cm signal amplitude. The identification of this systematic highlights the risk in modelling systematics as positive-definite contributions to the power spectrum and in ‘conservatively’ interpreting all measurements as upper limits.

Technological Developments in Batteries: A Survey of Principal Roles, Types, and Management Needs

This article is a reprint from X. Hu, C. Zou, C. Zhang and Y. Li, "Technological Developments in Batteries: A Survey of Principal Roles, Types, and Management Needs," in IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 20-31, Sept.-Oct. 2017, doi: 10.1109/MPE.2017.2708812. Please access the original article on IEEE Xplore.

A Remark on the Essential Self-adjointness for Klein–Gordon-Type Operators

We discuss a new simplified proof of the essential self-adjointness for formally self-adjoint differential operators of real principal type with the null non-trapping condition, previously proved by Vasy (J Spectr Theory 10: 439–461, 2020) and Nakamura-Taira (Ann Henri Lebesgue 4: 1035–1059, 2021). For simplicity, here we discuss the second-order cases, i.e., Klein–Gordon-type operators only.

Genesis of the Brazin Iron Skarn Deposit, NW Iran: Analysis of formation conditions of calc-silicates and the evolution of fluids responsible for the massive magnetite precipitation

The Brazin iron skarn occurs along the contact zone between Late Cretaceous flysch-type sequences and an Oligocene-Miocene granodiorite. The prograde skarn stage is identified by the formation of garnet and clinopyroxene, whereas the retrograde stage is dominated by epidote, scapolite, calcite, and quartz. Metal minerals include magnetite + pyrite + chalcopyrite ± pyrrhotite. Garnet with andradite-grossularite-almandine solid-solution is ubiquitous throughout the skarn zones. Two principal types of garnet were identified in the skarn zones: (I) weakly-altered euhedral coarse-grained isotropic garnet exhibits minor variation in the overall composition (And25.95–39.41 Grs54.95–62.25 Alm + Sps + Py5.39–13.04); (II) strongly-altered anhedral to subhedral isotropic to anisotropic garnet shows a wide variation in the overall range of composition (And25.91–55.25 Grs41.37–61.15 Alm + Sps + Py1.48–12.85) in which FeOt increases, whereas Al2O3 decreases rimward.Clinopyroxene with a salitic-ferrosalitic composition is homogenous, has low to relatively high Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios, and is poor in TiO2, MnO, and Na2O. It displays a decrease in the diopside content with increasing distance from the causative intrusion, whereas the ferrosalite content is enriched near the marble and hornfels fronts.The fluid system evolves from high temperatures (>580 °C), saline fluids (>53 wt% NaCl equivalent) in the late crystallization stage under lithostatic pressure of ∼750 bar at a depth of ∼3 km. Fluid in the later retrograde stage has lower temperatures (<430 °C) and salinities (<40 wt% NaCl equivalent). Mixing and dilution between the initial hydrothermal and external fluids might cause a decrease in fluid temperature and salinity causing the formation of the magnetite.

Large Isotropic Elastic Deformations: On a Comprehensive Model to Correlate the Theory and Experiments for Incompressible Rubber-Like Materials

A comprehensive model, i.e., a model that: (i) suitably captures the mechanical behaviour of various types of rubber-like materials; (ii) describes the constitutive behaviour of a subject rubber-like specimen under different deformation modes via a single set of model parameter values, and (iii) is parent to many of the existing models of distinct types, is presented in this paper for application to the finite deformation of incompressible isotropic rubber-like materials. The model breaks away from Rivlin’s principal invariants I_{i} and Valanis-Landel’s separable function of principal stretches lambda _{i} representations, and instead adopts a general non-separable functional form W( lambda _{1}, lambda _{2}, lambda _{3} ), subject to the incompressibility constraint. By way of example, the application of the model to extant datasets from four types of rubber-like materials that exhibit discernible mechanical behaviours, namely natural unfilled and filled rubbers, hydrogels and (extremely) soft tissue specimens, will be considered. The favourable correlation between the model predictions and the considered experimental datasets, obtained via simultaneous fitting of the model to the data of various deformations, will be demonstrated. It will be shown that most of the landmark models in the literature including the W( I_{1}, I_{2} ) form Mooney-Rivlin, the Gent-like limiting chain extensibility, the nonaffine tube and the separable principal stretches-based type Ogden models are all a special sub-set of the presented parent model, and are all recovered from this model. An important implication of the non-separable functional form of the model will be conferred, through a specific dataset, where the predictions of the separable functions prove inherently inadequate. The consequences of these improvements for a more accurate modelling of the finite deformation of incompressible isotropic rubber-like materials will also be discussed.

Commercial Deceit: Fraudulent Trade from the Ports of Cilicia and Cyprus to the Mamlūks

ABSTRACT The article aims to examine the deceitful practices employed by traders in the eastern Mediterranean. It investigates three principal types of deception that Italian merchants in the Kingdom of Cilician Armenia and in Cyprus used in order to conceal prohibited products and their routes to Mamlūk ports between 1260 and 1310. The papacy issued several decrees that prohibited Christian merchants from trading in various strategic items, such as timber, iron and slaves, in the harbours of Islamic states. However, despite these bans, Christian merchants continued trading in such items by devising methods to conceal this traffic. Current literature has so far focused on the items that were shipped across the eastern Mediterranean and their destinations; however, there is a gap in knowledge about who these merchants were and the methods they used to circumvent the prohibitions while shipping the goods. This research aims to fill this gap by answering questions about the conditions of the trade and the covert methods used for the transportation of prohibited goods to Mamlūk ports.

Deep Boredom in the Underground

ABSTRACT This article examines the problem of boredom articulated in Fyodor Dostoevsky’s Notes from Underground. Boredom has two principal types: (1) the boredom that results from being unable to commit oneself to any final position; and (2) the boredom that results from complete commitment to a final position, thereby foreclosing consideration of other possibilities for thought and action. Both kinds of boredom prove to be ways of illusion insofar as they imply a freedom that human beings, gripped by the humiliating necessity of nature, likely do not and cannot have. Boredom ends up as a palliative call to action and suffering.

The predictive power of social support's sources and types for school engagement

Social support has been found to play a key role in certain adolescent school behaviours and it is widely accepted that it fosters school engagement. On the contrary, more recent theoretical contributions regarding the principal sources and types of social support during adolescence suggest that this relationship may vary. To respond to this gap in the research the aim of the present study is to determine the predictive power of social support for school engagement (behavioural, emotional and cognitive) in accordance with the source (family, friends, and teachers) and type (emotional, material and informational) of the support provided to determine the most influential ones and to test through a structural model the combined statistical effect of both perspectives. Participants were 323 compulsory secondary school students from the Basque Autonomous Community, aged between 13 and 18 years (M = 14.41, SD = 1.18), being 40% boys and 60% girls. Participants completed two questionnaires, one measuring perceived social support and one measuring school engagement. The results of the present study show that perceived support from all sources and all types of support predict at least one of the three dimensions of school engagement. The results also indicate that support from teachers and emotional support were the source and type of support (respectively) that most strongly predicted school engagement, whose combined effect has been tested using SEM methodology. These findings may be particularly useful for designing future educational intervention programmes that seek to foster school engagement through social support. For example, intervention designs focusing on encouraging certain changes in teachers’ practice to foster a learning experience based on closer relations characterised by trust and recognition are suggested.

Overexpressing NeuroD1 reprograms Müller cells into various types of retinal neurons.

The onset of retinal degenerative disease is often associated with neuronal loss. Therefore, how to regenerate new neurons to restore vision is an important issue. NeuroD1 is a neural transcription factor with the ability to reprogram brain astrocytes into neurons in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that in adult mice, NeuroD1 can reprogram Müller cells, the principal glial cell type in the retina, to become retinal neurons. Most strikingly, ectopic expression of NeuroD1 using two different viral vectors converted Müller cells into different cell types. Specifically, AAV7m8 GFAP681::GFP-ND1 converted Müller cells into inner retinal neurons, including amacrine cells and ganglion cells. In contrast, AAV9 GFAP104::ND1-GFP converted Müller cells into outer retinal neurons such as photoreceptors and horizontal cells, with higher conversion efficiency. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Müller cell conversion induced by AAV9 GFAP104::ND1-GFP displayed clear dose- and time-dependence. These results indicate that Müller cells in adult mice are highly plastic and can be reprogrammed into various subtypes of retinal neurons.

Rich spike patterns from a periodically forced Izhikevich neuron model

Physiological experiments have described the electrophysiological properties of a single neuron, and mathematical models formulating neuronal activity have been proposed to elucidate the mechanism of information processing by the brain. In the present study, we investigated one such model, the Izhikevich neuron model, stimulated by sinusoidal inputs, with the parameter sets of four principal neuron types: regular spiking, fast spiking, intrinsically bursting, and chattering neurons. We adopted three measures: the diversity index, the coefficient of variation, and the local variation, to quantify interspike intervals from different viewpoints. The combined evaluation of these three measures clarified that the positional relationship of the nullclines, which is determined by the amplitude of sinusoidal forcing, plays a crucial role in the intrinsic properties of a periodically forced Izhikevich neuron model. Moreover, we used stroboscopic plots to clarify qualitative differences between attractors. The results also imply that such combined evaluation is applicable to the classification of neurons.

Glia Cell Morphology Analysis Using the Fiji GliaMorph Toolkit.

Glial cells are the support cells of the nervous system. Glial cells typically have elaborate morphologies that facilitate close contacts with neighboring neurons, synapses, and the vasculature. In the retina, Müller glia (MG) are the principal glial cell type that supports neuronal function by providing a myriad of supportive functions via intricate cell morphologies and precise contacts. Thus, complex glial morphology is critical for glial function, but remains challenging to resolve at a sub-cellular level or reproducibly quantify in complex tissues. To address this issue, we developed GliaMorph as a Fiji-based macro toolkit that allows 3D glial cell morphology analysis in the developing and mature retina. As GliaMorph is implemented in a modular fashion, here we present guides to (a) setup of GliaMorph, (b) data understanding in 3D, including z-axis intensity decay and signal-to-noise ratio, (c) pre-processing data to enhance image quality, (d) performing and examining image segmentation, and (e) 3D quantification of MG features, including apicobasal texture analysis. To allow easier application, GliaMorph tools are supported with graphical user interfaces where appropriate, and example data are publicly available to facilitate adoption. Further, GliaMorph can be modified to meet users' morphological analysis needs for other glial or neuronal shapes. Finally, this article provides users with an in-depth understanding of data requirements and the workflow of GliaMorph. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Download and installation of GliaMorph components including example data Basic Protocol 2: Understanding data properties and quality 3D-essential for subsequent analysis and capturing data property issues early Basic Protocol 3: Pre-processing AiryScan microscopy data for analysis Alternate Protocol: Pre-processing confocal microscopy data for analysis Basic Protocol 4: Segmentation of glial cells Basic Protocol 5: 3D quantification of glial cell morphology.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells-based Cell-free Therapy Targeting Neuroinflammation.

Emerging from several decades of extensive research, key genetic elements and biochemical mechanisms implicated in neuroinflammation have been delineated, contributing substantially to our understanding of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). In this minireview, we discuss data predominantly from the past three years, highlighting the pivotal roles and mechanisms of the two principal cell types implicated in neuroinflammation. The review also underscores the extended process of peripheral inflammation that predates symptomatic onset, the critical influence of neuroinflammation, and their dynamic interplay in the pathogenesis of NDDs. Confronting these complex challenges, we introduce compelling evidence supporting the use of mesenchymal stem cell-based cell-free therapy. This therapeutic strategy includes the regulation of microglia and astrocytes, modulation of peripheral nerve cell inflammation, and targeted anti-inflammatory interventions specifically designed for NDDs, while also discussing engineering and safety considerations. This innovative therapeutic approach intricately modulates the immune system across the peripheral and nervous systems, with an emphasis on achieving superior penetration and targeted delivery. The insights offered by this review have significant implications for the better understanding and management of neuroinflammation.

Lapatinib dysregulates HER2 signaling and impairs the viability of human uveal melanoma cells.

Uveal melanoma (UM) is the principal type of intraocular malignancy in adults. Up to 50% of UM patients develop metastatic disease with very poor survival. There are few drugs available to treat the primary or metastatic UM. This study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-cancer effect of lapatinib and corroborate the potential of HER2 inhibition in the treatment of UM. The anti-UM activity of lapatinib was assessed using cell viability, cell death and cell cycle analysis, and its anti-metastatic actions were evaluated using would healing, invasion and colony formation assays. Immunoblotting was used to substantiate the actions of lapatinib on apoptotic and HER2 signaling. The anti-UM activity of lapatinib was further evaluated in a UM xenograft mouse model. Lapatinib decreased the viability of four UM cell lines (IC50: 3.67-6.53 µM). The antiproliferative activity of lapatinib was corroborated in three primary cell lines isolated from UM patient tumors. In UM cell lines, lapatinib promoted apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and strongly inhibited cell migration, invasion and reproductive cell growth. Lapatinib dysregulated HER2-AKT/ERK/PI3K signalling leading to the altered expression of apoptotic factors and cell cycle mediators in UM cell lines. Importantly, lapatinib suppressed tumourigenesis in mice carrying UM cell xenografts. Together the present findings are consistent with the assertion that HER2 is a viable therapeutic target in UM. Lapatinib is active in primary and metastatic UM as a clinically approved HER2 inhibitor. The activity of lapatinib in UM patients could be evaluated in future clinical trials.

Evaluation of SMED Industrial Method to Increase the Crop Yield of Asparagus Based on Control of pH of Soil and Water in the Agricultural Industry of Mexicali Valley

In this scientific study was made an evaluation to analyze the process to make the setup change in the agricultural industries and improve the times of this change to have a better flow process. This investigation was made in an agricultural industry located in the Mexicali Valley, which is part of the Mexicali city that is located in the northwest of the Mexican Republic and is a border zone between Mexico and Unites States of America (USA) and is a commercial region with the California State of the USA. In this scientific study was evaluated the three principal types of variety of asparagus of agricultural machines as cutter, count and of package of agricultural products as asparagus in an agricultural industry located in the Mexicali Valley, which is necessary change the type of structures of each activity (cutter, count and of package), being the setup change, and make as soon as possible this action. Each structure to each type of asparagus evaluated in this investigation, have size and a time to installed, and to know if was installed the correct structure to each asparagus is necessary control by a computer system to avoid any damage to asparagus products and the agricultural machinery. The method used to evaluate the crop yielding of asparagus and with this the productivity and quality indices, was the Single Minute Exchange of Die (SMED) as an industrial engineering method in the agricultural industry. Also, in this scientific study was made an analysis of the occurrence of corrective, preventive and predictive maintenance and obtain data of the size of asparagus, time of cut and package and the weight and quantity of asparagus cropped, cut off and packaged. This data was obtained by electronic sensors, which are coupled to a computer systems and stored the data obtained to be evaluated with statistical methods with graphs and tables. This scientific study was made in 2022. This investigation was made in the Mexicali Valley, which is located in the northwest of the Mexican Republic.

교장공모제와 학교회계 운용 간의 관계 분석

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between the open principal recruitment system and school finance operations. The main results of this study are as follows. First, the open principal recruitment system is being improved with a policy goal in mind. The ratio of schools implementing the open principal recruitment system has been continuously decreasing recently, but this is due to the reduction of the invitation type among the open principal recruitment system types. Second, implementing the open principal recruitment system is positive for unit school finance. In particular, it affects the expansion of education expenses in allocation, where many students are involved. It has been confirmed that implementing the open principal recruitment system affects the overall expansion of allocation and settlement of expenditures. In particular, it has been confirmed that the expenditure for basic educational activities and educational activity support among policy projects is increased. Third, the effect of the open principal recruitment system on school accounting differs according to the school's socioeconomic status. Through this, it was confirmed that the open recruitment principal is operating the school finance in consideration of the characteristics of the school members. In schools implementing the open principal recruitment system, the cost of human resource operation and educational activity support is expanded among policy projects if the school's socioeconomic status is low, whereas the general operating cost of the school is reduced. However, it was found that when the school's socioeconomic status was high, the expenditure on basic educational activities increased.

원장의 리더십 유형이 유아교사의 놀이지원 효능감에 미치는 영향

This study attempted to investigate the mediating effect of early childhood teacher's empowerment in the effect of the principal's leadership type on the play support effectiveness of early childhood teachers. The subjects of this study included a total of 209 early childhood teachers. The collected data were frequency analysis, reliability analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, and path analysis using SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 26.0 programs. As a major result, first, there was a significant positive correlation between the director's leadership, the empowerment of early childhood teachers, and the effectiveness of play support. Second, the director's directive leadership had a direct negative effect on early childhood teachers' sense of play support efficacy. Persuasive leadership had a direct effect on early childhood teachers' play support efficacy and an indirect effect through empowerment. Delegated leadership showed an indirect effect on early childhood teachers' sense of play support efficacy through the mediation of early childhood teachers' empowerment. In other words, the partial mediating effect of empowerment was shown in the effect of the director's persuasive leadership on the early childhood teacher's play support efficacy, and the full mediating effect of empowerment was shown in the effect of the delegated leadership on the early childhood teacher's play support efficacy. In conclusion, these results suggest that in order to increase the play support effectiveness of early childhood teachers, an approach effort is needed to understand that the role of early childhood teacher's empowerment varies for each type of leadership of the principal.

Valorisation of Micro/Nanoencapsulated Bioactive Compounds from Plant Sources for Food Applications Towards Sustainability

The micro- and nanoencapsulation of bioactive compounds has resulted in a large improvement in the food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and agriculture industries. These technologies serve, on one side, to protect, among others, vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids, polyphenols, flavours, antimicrobials, colorants, and antioxidants, and, on the other hand, to control the release and assure the delivery of the bioactive compounds, targeting them to specific cells, tissues, or organs in the human body by improving their absorption/penetration through the gastrointestinal tract. The food industry has been applying nanotechnology in several ways to improve food texture, flavour, taste, nutrient bioavailability, and shelf life using nanostructures. The use of micro- and nanocapsules in food is an actual trend used mainly in the cereal, bakery, dairy, and beverage industries, as well as packaging and coating. The elaboration of bio capsules with high-value compounds from agro-industrial by-products is sustainable for the natural ecosystem and economically interesting from a circular economy perspective. This critical review presents the principal methodologies for performing micro- and nanoencapsulation, classifies them (top-down and/or bottom-up), and discusses the differences and advantages among them; the principal types of encapsulation systems; the natural plant sources, including agro-industrial by-products, of bioactive compounds with interest for the food industry to be encapsulated; the bioavailability of encapsulates; and the main techniques used to analyse micro- and nanocapsules. Research work on the use of encapsulated bioactive compounds, such as lycopene, hydroxytyrosol, and resveratrol, from agro-industrial by-products must be further reinforced, and it plays an important role, as it presents a high potential for the use of their antioxidant and/or antimicrobial activities in food applications and, therefore, in the food industry. The incorporation of these bioactive compounds in food is a challenge and must be evaluated, not only for their nutritional aspect, but also for the chemical safety of the ingredients. The potential use of these products is an available economical alternative towards a circular economy and, as a consequence, sustainability.

Analysis of students difficulties in mathematics problem-solving ability on number pattern material

This research aims to analyze and describe students' difficulties in solving mathematical problem-solving abilities on number pattern material. The research method is qualitative research, with the research subjects being grade eight students in one of the schools in the city of Semarang in the academic year 2022/2023. The research instrument was in the form of a mathematical problem-solving ability test and interviews. The mathematical problem-solving ability test indicator uses the indicators proposed by NCTM, with the stages of problem-solving according to Polya. The results showed that students with the concept difficulty type could only understand the problem. The student with the principal difficulty type could carry out the strategy planning stage. Finally, the students with the conceptual difficulty type have been able to implement the stage of planning strategies in solving mathematical problems.

Keloid Disorder: Genetic Basis, Gene Expression Profiles, and Immunological Modulation of the Fibrotic Processes in the Skin.

Keloid disorder, a group of fibroproliferative skin disorders, is clinically comprised of keloids, hypertrophic scars, keloidalis nuchae, and acne keloidalis. The prototype of these disorders is keloids, which manifest as cutaneous lesions with excessive deposition of collagen following an initiating trauma of varying degrees. The principal cell type responsible for collagen accumulation is the myofibroblast, and its gene expression is modulated by a network of regulatory factors, including cytokines, growth factors, and noncoding RNA species. In addition, keloids harbor a number of inflammatory cells, including macrophages and mast cells, that interact with fibroblastic cells by direct contact or by paracrine actions. Transforming growth factor-β1/Smad signaling regulates the expression of genes encoding extracellular matrix proteins and also controls cell proliferation and apoptosis. A key profibrotic molecule is the fibronectin splice variant cellular fibronectin extracellular domain A (cFN-EDA), which interacts with a number of cell-surface integrins and TLR4, contributing to the modulation of gene expression by lesional fibroblasts. Collectively, these complex cellular interactions result in accumulation of collagen with clinical development and growth of keloid lesions. Understanding of the precise pathomechanistic details of keloid formation will provide targets for pharmacological interference toward treatment of the keloid disorder, a group of currently difficult to treat skin diseases.

Lower defect groups and vertices of simple modules

We compare lower defect groups associated with p-regular classes and vertices of simple modules for a block of a finite group algebra. We show that there exists a bijective correspondence between p-regular conjugacy classes belonging to the block and isomorphism classes of simple modules in the block such that a defect group of each p-regular conjugacy class is contained in a vertex of the corresponding simple module. Moreover, for a block of principal type, we show that a p-regular lower defect group which contains a vertex of simple module is a defect group of the block.