Principal Types Research Articles

Personal watercraft (PWC) injury hazards – analyses, technical advancements, and continuing safety challenges

ABSTRACTPWCs are sporty recreational boats that can hold a pilot and up to 2 additional passengers. These vessels have powerful engines driving an internal impeller that forces water through a steerable jet nozzle. This pressurized water provides thrust used for both propulsion and steering. Three-person PWCs can have 200 hp engines, and can speed across the water at 60-70 mph. PWCs are popular throughout the country and around the world. But, since the 1970’s, there has been a history of serious injuries and fatalities involving PWC operators, passengers, and bystanders. Many such incidents have been of two principal types – a.) steering-related collisions, and b.) body cavity water intrusion injuries to passengers who fell off the back of an accelerating PWC, and suffered body orifice damages caused by exposure to the pressurized water jet. PWC manufacturers tried to address both these types of hazards via precautionary instructions and warnings alone, but casualty rates remained high. Recently, engineering changes were introduced that have enhanced PWC steering, and have resulted in improved craft safety. However, no engineering changes have addressed the pressurized water intrusion type injuries. Total reliance on warnings, and deficient aspects of those warnings, continue to negatively impact PWC safety.

Ammonia oxidizers in river sediments of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and their adaptations to high-elevation conditions

Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) as well as complete ammonia oxidizers (comammox) aerobically catalyze ammonia oxidation which plays essential roles in riverine nitrogen cycle. However, performances of these ammonia oxidizers in high-elevation river sediments have rarely been documented. This study investigated the abundance, community, and activity of ammonia oxidizers in five high-elevation rivers of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). Comammox were dominant ammonia oxidizers in 23% of studied samples and the clade B was principal comammox type. amoA gene abundances of AOA and AOB in these high-elevation rivers were comparable to those in low-elevation rivers. However, in contrast to most studied low-elevation rivers, AOB amoA gene abundance outnumbered AOA in 92% samples, which might be caused by the lower temperature and more intense solar radiation of the QTP. Potential nitrification rates (PNRs) ranged from 0.02 to 2.95 nmol-N h−1 g−1 dry sediment. Ammonia concentration was the limiting factor to PNRs at some sites, and when ammonia was not limiting, the PNR: ammonia ratio was greater at higher temperatures. There was no apparent variation in ammonia oxidizer community compositions along the elevation gradient due to the high elevation (2687 to 4223 m) of our entire study area. However, compared with low-elevation rivers, the lower temperature, huge diurnal temperature change, and lower nutrient conditions in the QTP rivers shaped distinctive communities for ammonia oxidizers; the unique community characteristics were significantly correlated to PNRs. These results suggest that ammonia oxidizers in the five high-elevation rivers have adapted to high-elevation conditions; more research should be conducted to study their adaptation mechanisms and their roles in riverine nitrogen cycle.

Phosphatidylserine recognition and Rac1 activation are required for M\xfcller glia proliferation, gliosis and phagocytosis after retinal injury

Müller glia, the principal glial cell type in the retina, have the potential to reenter the cell cycle after retinal injury. In mammals, proliferation of Müller glia is followed by gliosis, but not regeneration of neurons. Retinal injury is also accompanied by phagocytic removal of degenerated cells. We here investigated the possibility that proliferation and gliosis of Müller glia and phagocytosis of degenerated cells may be regulated by the same molecular pathways. After N-methyl-N–nitrosourea-induced retinal injury, degenerated photoreceptors were eliminated prior to the infiltration of microglia/macrophages into the outer nuclear layer, almost in parallel with cell cycle reentry of Müller glia. Inhibition of microglia/macrophage activation with minocycline did not affect the photoreceptor clearance. Accumulation of lysosomes and rhodopsin-positive photoreceptor debris within the cytoplasm of Müller glia indicated that Müller glia phagocytosed most photoreceptor debris. Pharmacological inhibition of phosphatidylserine and Rac1, key regulators of the phagocytic pathway, prevented cell cycle reentry, migration, upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein, and phagocytic activity of Müller glia. These data provide evidence that phosphatidylserine and Rac1 may contribute to the crosstalk between different signaling pathways activated in Müller glia after injury.

Structural Conservation and Diversity of PilZ-Related Domains.

The widespread bacterial second messenger cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) regulates a variety of processes, including protein secretion, motility, cell development, and biofilm formation. c-di-GMP-dependent responses are often mediated by its binding to the cytoplasmic receptors that contain the PilZ domain. Here, we present comparative structural and sequence analysis of various PilZ-related domains and describe three principal types of them: (i) the canonical PilZ domain, whose structure includes a six-stranded beta-barrel and a C-terminal alpha helix, (ii) an atypical PilZ domain that contains two extra alpha helices and forms stable tetramers, and (iii) divergent PilZ-related domains, which include the eponymous PilZ protein and PilZN (YcgR_N) and PilZNR (YcgR_2) domains. We refine the second c-di-GMP binding motif of PilZ as [D/N]hSXXG and show that the hydrophobic residue h of this motif interacts with a cluster of conserved hydrophobic residues, helping maintain the PilZ domain fold. We describe several novel PilZN-type domains that are fused to the canonical PilZ domains in specific taxa, such as spirochetes, actinobacteria, aquificae, cellulose-degrading clostridia, and deltaproteobacteria. We propose that the evolution of the three major groups of PilZ domains included (i) fusion of pilZ with other genes, which produced Alg44, cellulose synthase, and other multidomain proteins; (ii) insertion of an ∼200-bp fragment, which resulted in the formation of tetramer-forming PilZ proteins; and (iii) tandem duplication of pilZ genes, which led to the formation of PilZ dimers and YcgR-like proteins.IMPORTANCE c-di-GMP is a ubiquitous bacterial second messenger that regulates motility, biofilm formation, and virulence of many bacterial pathogens. The PilZ domain is a widespread c-di-GMP receptor that binds c-di-GMP through its RXXXR and [D/N]hSXXG motifs; some PilZ domains lack these motifs and are unable to bind c-di-GMP. We used structural and sequence analysis to assess the diversity of PilZ-related domains and define their common features. We show that the hydrophobic residue h in the second position of the second motif is highly conserved; it may serve as a readout for c-di-GMP binding. We describe three principal classes of PilZ-related domains, canonical, tetramer-forming, and divergent PilZ domains, and propose the evolutionary pathways that led to the emergence of these PilZ types.

Latest Trends in Temperature Sensing by Molecular Probes

AbstractIn this Review, we summarize the work in the last ten years on the development of fluorescent molecular probes with possible applications in microscopic thermometry. We discuss four principal types of temperature‐dependent photoluminescence features: 1) Emission intensity; 2) Ratio of emission intensities; 3) Emission peak shift; and 4) Emission lifetime. We compare the advantages, limitations, and challenges of the different probes using these types of sensing mechanisms. By focusing on molecular probes, rather than nanoparticles or polymers, the mechanisms of temperature dependence are discussed thoroughly, with the most common including twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT), aggregation‐induced emission (AIE), and mechanically induced change in emission (MICE). With many different confounding variables associated with each experimental method and mechanism of temperature‐dependent photoluminescence, lanthanide and transition metal complexes seem to be promising candidates for future microscopic thermometry applications.

Article Withdrawal by ASERS Publishing - Fraudulent double submission and legal limitations - Economic and Ecological Fundamentals for the Establishment of the Metallurgical Complex in Siberia in the 18th Century

Economic and political fundamentals for the development of mining and metallurgical production in Siberia in the 18th century are discussed in this paper. The principal type of ownership of large enterprises at that time was serf manufactory, the development of which took place in the conditions of absolutism based on forced labor. Based on a comprehensive set of archive documents, the authors have studied the problem of the transfer under the authority of the Imperial Cabinet of the private Kolyvano-Voskresensk enterprises owned by Demidov, which were established in the 1720s in the south area of Western Siberia. The status change of industrial enterprises is discussed in the context of accidental events (the death of Akinfiy Demidov and the controversy of his heirs) and the consistent processes of development of silver smelting production in the country.The quick development of the metallurgical industry in Russia in the 18th century was caused by a number of domestic and external factors. The Crown extensively attracted private sector capital for the search and development of ore deposits, especially in remote Uralian and Siberian areas. In the 1720s-1740s, the Kolyvano-Voskresensk industrial-territorial complex privately owned by Akinfiy Demidov was established in the south area of Western Siberia.
 In the middle of the 1740s, the events happened, as a result of which the possessory belonging of the enterprises was changed and these enterprises were transferred under the control and management of the governmental institution – that is, the Imperial Cabinet. Thus, the Kolyvano-Voskresensk plants became the basis of the Cabinet production unit which existed in the 18h-19th centuries.

Extracellular Vesicles From Hepatocytes Are Therapeutic for Toxin-Mediated Fibrosis and Gene Expression in the Liver.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized membrane-limited organelles that are liberated from their producer cells, traverse the intercellular space, and may interact with other cells resulting in the uptake of the EV molecular payload by the recipient cells which may become functionally reprogramed as a result. Previous in vitro studies showed that EVs purified from normal mouse AML12 hepatocytes (“EVNorm”) attenuate the pro-fibrogenic activities of activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), a principal fibrosis-producing cell type in the liver. In a 10-day CCl4 injury model, liver fibrogenesis, expression of hepatic cellular communication network factor 2 [CCN2, also known as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)] or alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) was dose-dependently blocked during concurrent administration of EVNorm. Hepatic inflammation and expression of inflammatory cytokines were also reduced by EVNorm. In a 5-week CCl4 fibrosis model in mice, interstitial collagen deposition and mRNA and/or protein for collagen 1a1, αSMA or CCN2 were suppressed following administration of EVNorm over the last 2 weeks. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed that EVNorm therapy of mice receiving CCl4 for 5 weeks resulted in significant differences [false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05] in expression of 233 CCl4-regulated hepatic genes and these were principally associated with fibrosis, cell cycle, cell division, signal transduction, extracellular matrix (ECM), heat shock, cytochromes, drug detoxification, adaptive immunity, and membrane trafficking. Selected gene candidates from these groups were verified by qRT-PCR as targets of EVNorm in CCl4-injured livers. Additionally, EVNorm administration resulted in reduced activation of p53, a predicted upstream regulator of 40% of the genes for which expression was altered by EVNorm following CCl4 liver injury. In vitro, EVs from human HepG2 hepatocytes suppressed fibrogenic gene expression in activated mouse HSC and reversed the reduced viability or proliferation of HepG2 cells or AML12 cells exposed to CCl4. Similarly, EVs produced by primary human hepatocytes (PHH) protected PHH or human LX2 HSC from CCl4-mediated changes in cell number or gene expression in vitro. These findings show that EVs from human or mouse hepatocytes regulate toxin-associated gene expression leading to therapeutic outcomes including suppression of fibrogenesis, hepatocyte damage, and/or inflammation.

Epidermal growth factor promotes intestinal secretory cell differentiation in weaning piglets via Wnt/β-catenin signalling

Small intestinal epithelium homeostasis involves four principal cell types: enterocytes, goblet, enteroendocrine and Paneth cells. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been shown to affect enterocyte differentiation. This study determined the effect of dietary EGF on goblet, enteroendocrine and Paneth cell differentiation in piglet small intestine and potential mechanisms. Forty-two weaned piglets were used in a 2 × 3 factorial design; the major factors were time post-weaning (days 7 and 14) and dietary treatment (0, 200 or 400 µg/kg EGF supplementation). The numbers of goblet and enteroendocrine cells were generally greater with the increase in time post-weaning. Moreover, the supplementation of 200 µg/kg EGF increased (P < 0.01) the number of goblet and enteroendocrine cells in villus and crypt of the piglet small intestine as compared with the control. Dietary supplementation with 200 µg/kg EGF enhanced (P < 0.05) abundances of differentiation-related genes atonal homologue 1, mucin 2 and intestinal trefoil factor 3 messenger RNA (mRNA) as compared with the control. Piglets fed 200 or 400 µg/kg EGF diet had increased (P < 0.05) abundances of growth factor-independent 1, SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor and pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 mRNA, but decreased the abundance (P < 0.01) of E74 like ETS transcription factor 3 mRNA as compared with the control. Animals receiving 400 µg/kg EGF diets had enhanced (P < 0.05) abundances of neurogenin3 and SRY-box containing gene 9 mRNA as compared with the control. The mRNA abundance and protein expression of lysozyme, a marker of Paneth cell, were also increased (P < 0.05) in those animals. As compared with the control, dietary supplementation with 200 µg/kg EGF increased the abundance of EGF receptor mRNA and the ratio of non-phospho(p)-β-catenin/β-catenin (P < 0.05) in villus epithelial cells at days 7 and 14. This ratio in crypt epithelial cells was higher (P < 0.05) on the both 200 and 400 µg/kg EGF groups during the same period. Our results demonstrated that dietary EGF stimulated goblet, enteroendocrine and Paneth cell differentiation in piglets during the post-weaning period, partly through EGFR and Wnt/β-catenin signalling.

Low Salt Soft Cheese; Compositional Quality and Incidence of Aerobic Spore Forming Bacteria

ABSTRACT Soft white cheese is the principal type of cheese available to all in huge quantities in Egyptian markets .Consumption of low salt soft cheese increased through the last decades due to the adverse effects of salt .The aim of this study was to evaluate compositional quality and incidence of aerobic spore forming bacteria of low salt soft cheese .A total of fifty four samples of Egyptian low salt soft cheese were collected randomly during the period between June and December 2019 from different localities in Alexandria and El Behera Governorates.the respective mean values of pH were(5.83±0.52,5.40±0.70);acidity%(0.53±0.31,0.67±0.35);moisture%(57.95±3.54,56.76±4.91);Fat/DM%(23.72±5.76,25.45±12.99) and salt% (1.80±0.49,1.78±0.62) for Alexandria and El-Behera Governerates, respectively and comparison of these results with Egyptian standard .While mean values of incidence of aerobic spore formers were 8.63×102 ±7.87×102 , 5.71×102±4.10×102 respectively for samples from Alexandria and El-Behera Governerates. There was no significant difference between chemical composition of low salt soft cheese samples from both Governerates, but significant variation of results of aerobic spore formers count in examined soft cheese samples existed between Alexandria and El Behera Governorates. All suggested measures should be taken to improve the quality of low salt soft cheese .

Payments Crises and Consequences

Banking-system shutdowns during contractions scar economies. Four times in the last forty years, governors suspended payments from state-insured depository institutions. Suspensions of payments in Nebraska (1983), Ohio (1985), and Maryland (1985), which were short and occurred during expansions, had little measurable impact on macroeconomic aggregates. Rhode Island’s payments crisis (1991), which was prolonged and occurred during a recession, lengthened and deepened the downturn. Unemployment increased. Output declined, possibly permanently relative to what might have been. We document these effects using a novel Bayesian method for synthetic control that characterizes the principal types of uncertainty in this form of analysis. Our findings suggest policies that ensurebanks continue to process payments during contractions – including the bailouts of financial institutions in 2008 and the unprecedented support of the financial system during the COVID crisis – have substantial value.

Review on Chromatography Principal Types and it's Application

Chromatography is a method of separation. Chromatography is a major biophysical technology to isolate, identify and purify the components of a qualitative and quantitative blend study. The compound is dissolved during the oil moving process. That carries it through a system that holds another material named stationary phase. a Separation depends on the relative bility of the component Adsorbing and/or partitioning entre phase mobile and phase stationary. And the procedure is categorized in different types depending on the theory of separation, process geometry, chromatography mode. For stationary bed-based separation technique including column, thin layer and chromatography on paper. Chromatography of affinity often uses a metal affinity of the biomolecules. A major qualitative and quantitative technique is the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It is used for pharmaceutical and biologic sample estimation. Quality control of product components is the most flexible, easiest, efficient and quickest chromatography technique.

International Law and Legal Regimes of Foreign Direct Investment in Selected African Countries

International Law and Legal Regimes of Foreign Direct Investment in Selected African Countries

Best Practices of Spatial Development: Possibility of Using Them in the Municipal Districts of Russia

Introduction. Adoption of the national strategy of spatial development in Russia has made it especially relevant to develop a scientifically grounded toolkit for managing spatial economic development at the municipal level. The objective of the study is to investigate the foreign best practices of spatial development and to assess their applicability when controlling the spatial economic development of the municipal districts of the Russian Federation, which are the principal type of municipalities in rural areas. Materials and Methods. The research was based on the comparative method, within the framework of which the best practices of foreign municipalities similar in some respects to the municipal districts of the Russian Federation were systematized. Empirical and theoretical studies, reports and guidance materials of international organizations, associations and foundations of the local level, as well as official websites of municipalities were used as materials for this research. Results. The systematized review of the best practices from the UK, Sweden, Germany, Italy and Slovenia has demonstrated that Russia’s municipal districts can use the following practices for their economic and spatial development: sharefarming, informal spatial planning, flexible transport solutions. Municipal districts can also involve digital technologies for conducting population surveys and collecting data about the municipality, design facilities that increase the attractiveness of the territory, as well use spatial planning to create decentralized concentration in suburbanized areas. The identified practices can be adopted to readjust the directions of the economic and spatial development of municipal districts, taking into account the level and trends of changes in such parameters of the economic space as saturation, coherence and physical basis. Discussion and Conclusion. The development of a municipality does not necessarily have to be aimed at increasing economic and other indicators through attracting investment and wealthy population, as well as through providing other incentives. The alternative objectives of spatial development can be: to maintain the current indicators and the territorial identity of the municipality, as well as to reduce its negative impact on the environmental situation. The results of the study can be used in the practical activities of regional and municipal authorities when developing and implementing strategic planning documents, as well as for further theoretical conceptualization of the process of economic and spatial development of municipalities.

Structural analysis of ancient Chinese wooden locks

Humans all around the world have used locks for thousands of years. Wooden locks were the earliest locks in ancient China and were firmly fixed to the door. There are two principal types: bolt locks and pin tumbler locks. The original bolt lock was made with a thick bolt and the door. It could only be opened from the inside of the door. Improved continuously, a large number of wooden locks with different structures were invented. This work presents a systematic analysis of the structures of ancient Chinese wooden locks. The characteristics and the representations of wooden locks are described. There are totally 10 types of wooden locks that are presented as examples to demonstrate the operation processes. According to the insertion position of the key, Chinese wooden locks can be divided into seven types: no entry, bolt entry, case side entry, case bottom entry, case top entry, case front entry, and multiple entries. Ancient Chinese wooden locks come in various types with different ingenious designs, fully demonstrating the work of the highly skilled artisans in ancient Chinese society.

Impacts of Climate and Land-Use Changes on the Hydrological Processes in the Amur River Basin

Under the joint effects resulted from different changes of climate and land-use regimes, spatial-temporal variations of hydrological processes took place in certain principles. Identifying the impact of changes in individual land-use types/climatic factors on hydrological processes is significant for water management and sustainability of watersheds. In this study, seven simulation scenarios were developed using the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model to distinguish the impacts of climate and land-use changes on the hydrological processes in the Amur River Basin (ARB) for four periods of 1980–1990, 1991–1999, 2000–2006, and 2007–2013, respectively. Based on the multi-period simulation scenario data, partial least squares regression and ridge regression analyses were performed to further evaluate the effects of changes in individual land-use types/climatic factors on hydrologic components. The results suggested that summer precipitation and summer average temperature were the dominant climatic factors, and crops and wetlands were the principal land-use types contributing to the hydrological responses. In addition, the drastic changes in crop and wetland areas and a clear decline in summer precipitation between the periods of 1991–1999 and 2000–2006 may account for the highest-intensity impacts of climate and land-use changes on the runoff at the outlet (−31.38% and 16.17%, respectively) during the four periods.

Kind inference for datatypes

In recent years, languages like Haskell have seen a dramatic surge of new features that significantly extends the expressive power of their type systems. With these features, the challenge of kind inference for datatype declarations has presented itself and become a worthy research problem on its own. This paper studies kind inference for datatypes. Inspired by previous research on type-inference, we offer declarative specifications for what datatype declarations should be accepted, both for Haskell98 and for a more advanced system we call PolyKinds, based on the extensions in modern Haskell, including a limited form of dependent types. We believe these formulations to be novel and without precedent, even for Haskell98. These specifications are complemented with implementable algorithmic versions. We study soundness, completeness and the existence of principal kinds in these systems, proving the properties where they hold. This work can serve as a guide both to language designers who wish to formalize their datatype declarations and also to implementors keen to have principled inference of principal types.

Geochemical and environmental health threat evaluation of heavy metals in groundwater of Asad Abad, Hamedan, Iran

Geochemical, heavy metals (HMs) distribution, and environmental health treat due to cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) had been studied within the groundwater of Asad Abad, Hamedan, Iran. The order and average percentage (meq l−1) of cations and anions has been: Ca2+ (49.3) > Mg2+ (32.3) > Na+ (17.9) > K+ (0.5) and $${\text{HCO}}_{3}^{ - }$$ (62.7) > Cl− (28.0) > > SO42− (6.2) > $${\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - }$$ (3.1). The principal water types were: Ca-HCO3, Mg-HCO3, and Na-HCO3. In contrast to the background concentration (3.4 mg l−1) and threshold (13 mg l−1) of $${\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - }$$, 45 and 40 percentage of water samples confirmed higher concentrations, respectively. The mean concentration (μg l−1) of Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn has been 117.2, 29.3, 136.0, 91.9, 48.4 and 5.8, respectively, and as a consequence, the order of HMs was Fe > Cd > Ni > Pb > Cu > Zn. Heavy metals which include Cd, Pb and Ni (37%) of water samples exceeded permissible levels, while Cu, Fe (96.5%) and Zn had been observed to be inside permissible limits. Contamination factor calculated for all HMs confirmed that contamination in water samples varies mostly from low to mild contamination. Based on sum of the percentage of each HM in class 2, 3 and 4 (moderate, considerable and very high degree of contamination, respectively), the contribution of every HM in contamination degree turned into calculate and the order was: Pb (100%) > Zn (93%) > Cu (71%) > Fe (64%) > Cd (53%) > Ni (43%). The outcomes indicated that Cd posed a capability non-carcinogenic health risk to consumers in all sampling sites.

Mutation in the mouse histone gene Hist2h3c1 leads to degeneration of the lens vesicle and severe microphthalmia

AbstractDuring an ENU (N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea) mutagenesis screen, we observed a dominant small‐eye mutant mouse with viable homozygotes (gene symbol Aey69). We determined linkage to mouse chromosome 3 between the markers D3Mit188 and D3Mit11; sequencing demonstrated a 358A‐&gt;C mutation (Ile120Leu) in the Hist2h3c1 gene and a 71T‐&gt;C (Val24Ala) mutation in the Gja8 gene. Analysis of eye development in the homozygous mutants documented an altered lens development starting from the lens vesicle stage including decreasing expression of crystallins and of lens‐specific transcription factors PITX3 and FOXE3. In contrast, we observed an early expression of retinal progenitor cells characterized by BRN3 and OTX2. These changes in the retina happen in parallel with apoptotic processes in the lens vesicle. The excessive retinal hyperproliferation is characterized by an increased level of Ki67. At postnatal stages, all principal retinal cell types are present, when the overgrowing retina fills the entire bulbus. Morpholino‐mediated knock‐down of the hist2h3ca1 gene in zebrafish leads to a specific perturbation of lens development. When injected into zebrafish zygotes, only the mutant mouse mRNA leads to severe malformations (cyclopia to microphthalmia). The wild‐type Hist2h3c1 mRNA can rescue the morpholino‐induced defects corroborating its specific function in lens development. The data highlight the importance of Hist2h3c1 (encoding a canonical H3.2 variant) in the formation of lens and retina.

Hydrochemical Characteristics and Quality Assessment of Stream Water in Parts of Gadag, Koppal and Ballery Districts of Karnataka, India

Seventeen water samples were collected from various streams in parts of Gadag, Koppal and Ballery districts of Karnataka and analyzed for major ions and heavy metals to determine the processes controlling surface water chemistry and suitability of water for drinking, livestock uses and irrigation purposes. The water samples are moderately alkaline to alkaline in nature and soft to moderately hard. The order of cations is Na>Ca>Mg>K, of anions is HCO3>Cl>SO4>CO3>NO3 and heavy metals Sr>Fe>V>Ba>Zn>Ni>Mn>As>Cu>Cr>Pb>Co. According to Gibbs diagram, the water samples fall in the dominant rock-water interaction area, suggesting chemical weathering of the rock forming minerals as the main process contributing ions to the surface water. Scatter plots of Ca + Mg vs HCO3 + SO4 and Ca/Na vs HCO3/Na clearly indicate the silicate weathering playing a dominant role on water chemistry. The evolution of surface water into Ca-Na-HCO3 and Ca-HCO3 water types is due to easy dissolution of silicate minerals and less time for water-rock interaction. Surface water samples are characterized by Na-Ca-HCO3-Cl the principal water type of schoeller’s plot, which can be related to the weathering of the silicate rocks along with some anthropogenic input. The physical parameters, major ions and heavy metals are within the permissible limits of WHO and BIS standards except for two samples, suggesting the water as suitable for domestic and livestock uses. The stream water is suitable for irrigation as per the quality parameters and plots including EC, sodium percent, sodium adsorption ratio, Wilcox and USDA classification diagrams.

Drug‐related deaths: practical responses to a growing problem

This review discusses the reasons behind the ever‐growing number of drug‐related deaths (DRDs) due to misuse in the UK, the principal types of drug involved, and practical ways in which prescribers can support patients to help reduce the risks.