Principal Rule Research Articles

Research on a principal components decision algorithm based on information entropy

A principal component decision algorithm based on information entropy is provided in this paper. First we summarize the information entropy theory, provide the concept of objective entropy weight (OEW) and provide a construction method of OEW; we determine a principal component decision rule by weighted normalization processing of a known dataset and in the process establish the principal component decision algorithm on the basis of information entropy and apply it in a comprehensive decision on land quality. The results show that the method provided in our paper is effective and reasonable.

Etyka w ekonomicznych badaniach naukowych

The paper summarizes the author’s experience of conducting economic scientific research. Economic scientific research is understood as both an analysis of economic phenomena and research purchased on the market of research services. The former are not subject to ethical dilemmas. It is a professional approach backed by sound economic theory that is important. The latter, regardless of who purchases research services, pose a risk of ethical dilemmas and conflicts of interest. The area of potential risk is connected to expectations of organizations purchasing research services. In most cases organizations are interested to receive objective assessments or recommendation necessary to take decisions. Ethical conflict appears when the destination of research is lobbing or a company’s image creation. The results of research may be used as an instrument of competition. It is thus vital that a research organization should judge the ethical dimension of undertaken research tasks. Research projects being socially beneficial should be definitely undertaken. In controversial cases, the conviction of the rightfulness in the ethical dimension ought to be decisive. In all cases the principal rule should be aiming at achieving scientifically objective assessments and opinions.

Multiaxial Electromechanical Couple Behavior of Ferroelectric Ceramic PZT53

The multi-axial constitutive behavior of poled and unpoled ferroelectric ceramic PZT53 is measured under different proportional tension-torsion loading and compression-torsion loading until destroy. Deformation is measured using strain gauges. These results are used to map out “Switching” and “destroy” surfaces. The two surfaces are found to be a function of the polarization. Switching surface is similar to Mises and Tresca yield surface. Destroy behavior corresponds to maximal principal normal stress rule. For poled PZT53, the effect of bias electric field on its multiaxial behavior has also been exploited.The results indicated that the “Switching” surface disappear with the increased bias electric. The ultimate goal is to develop an experimentally validated micromechanics based phenomenological constitutive model for ferroelectric materials.

Current and future US Tier 2 vehicles program and catalytic emission control technologies to meet the future Tier 2 standards

The Tier 2 vehicles program, defining a variety of emission standards, concepts and provisions, of the EPA in the United States has been phased in for all light-duty vehicles (LDVs), light-duty trucks (LDTs) and medium-duty passenger vehicles (MDPVs) from model year 2004, and this program will be continued until 2009, depending on the vehicle categories. Ultimately, not only should manufacturers of LDVs, LDTs and MDPVs and their importers in the United States meet the new Tier 2 standards, but all exporters outside the United States, such as Korean car makers, must also certify their vehicles by using this standard program. The principal rule for successfully applying this program to all the LDVs, LDTs and MDPVs is the use of the same Tier 2 standards if these vehicles are included in the same weight rating category, irrespective of fuel and engine types being used. This review provides an indepth discussion of key issues and provisions related to Tier 2 vehicles with engine measure strategies for automotive engineers and related academic researchers who are particularly interested in investigating how manufacturers will develop, certify, produce, and market their Tier 2 vehicles. A detailed mechanism for the phase-in of the Tier 2 standards to different vehicle weight categories will be discussed in this review, and the major difference between the US Tier 2 standards during the phase-in years and the EURO ones will be substantially compared. Great roles in meeting the future Tier 2 emission standards using numerous commercial and emerging catalytic technologies and their challenges to future Tier 2 vehicle applications will be extensively discussed.

Agency Law and Contract Formation

A number of issues in the common law arise when agents make contracts on behalf of principals. Should a principal be bound when his agent makes a contract with some third party on his behalf which the principal would immediately wish to disavow? The tradeoffs resemble those in tort, so the least-cost-avoider principle is useful for deciding when contracts are valid, and may be the underlying logic behind a number of different doctrines in agency law. In particular, an efficiency explanation can be found for the undisclosed principal rule, under which the principal is bound even when the third party is unaware that the agent is acting as an agent.

Determination of Electromagnetic Energy Reflection Characteristics of Cotton Planted Areas During the Growth by Using Satellite Images and a Portable Spectrometer

In determination of cotton planted areas by using satellite images, surface coverage ratio and electromagnetic energy reflection characteristics of the plant constitute are the two most important parameters. In the study, surface covering ratio of cotton was measured every twenty day of its growing period. Using portable spectrometer compatible to LANDSAT 1, 2, 3 and 4 bands, soil and plant reflection values were measured. Considering the surface coverage ratios and reflection characteristics pixel reflection values (mixel) were calculated. Accordingly, surface coverage ratios were determined as 1-4% in April; 4-6 in May; 34% in June; 58% in July and 95% in August. Highest (maximum) reflection values, parallel to the coverage ratio were measured in July 31st and August 20th period. Mixel values and pixels that constituted the test areas in LANDSAT 7 ETM images were correlated and relations were searched. While a considerable negative relation (-0.55) was detected between radiometric measurements and the satellite image captured in May, as a result of correlations of radiometric measurements and July image a very important linear relation (0.97) was determined. It is very important to know the area of cotton fields 0.5-0.6 µm green, 0.6-0.7 µm red and the infrared reflection for Turkey's general agricultural policies due to it s (0.7-1.35 µm close range infrared, 1.35-3.00 µm medium relatively greater economic importance among other range infrared, 3-15 µm further infrared or thermal) . agro-products. Knowing the areas of cotton fields is a Electromagnetic waves of solar photons are reflected, useful data both for calculating the production yield and conducted, spread or absorbed at different wave lengths planning the labor, fertilizer and pesticide expenses. depending on the different cell structures of livin g There are some difficulties in determining the areas of creatures or different molecular structures of non-livin g cotton-fields by using satellite images in areas especially objects. Therefore, resulting from these differences when where the Mediterranean climate is characteristic. the water content of the soil increases a decrease in Diversity of the vegetation depends on the climate. reflection is observed and that causes black areas to Changes in the humidity of soils depending on the season appear on the image. In contrast when the energy is fully and irrigation affect the solar energy reflections in various reflected, the image becomes light-bright. When the ways. Therefore when the reflection values are taken in to organic substances exceed 1% in the soil a decrease in account, while drawing maps of cotton plantations reflection is observed. Reflection characteristics of clays precision ratios are affected negatively. Within this are less than sands. Soils containing iron absorb the light project, soil coverage, solar energy reflection ratios and more than the soils containing calcite and therefore reflect their wavelengths were determined for the cotton, grown less. Plants on the other hand, reflect near infrared in Aegean region, to ease the visual capturing in satellite photons depending on its leaves types, width, cell shape, images. the soil coverage percentage and their stationary position The principal rule of remote sensing (RS) is t o to the surface. Each plant having significant physiological perceive and record the energy either reflected or emitted features, cell shape and different growth period with its by the surface of any object or being that are within the location and intensity in the nature help RS techniqu e range of the sensor. Sensor of LANDSAT 7 ETM show identify them. Identical reflection values of plants can be different wave lengths according to their spectral determined by surface surveys using a portable characteristics and are able to perceive the photons within spectrometer. electromagnetic spectrum are 0.4-0.5 µm blue,

Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology – Choose an exciting venture for the scientific future

The Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology (RB&E) journal was established by devoted reproductive scientists from around the world during the spring of 2002 in response to the gap in electronic publishing in this field among the journals associated with BioMed Central, London, United Kingdom (http://www.biomedcentral.com), and elsewhere. I am proud of being the initiator of the birth of our journal and have had the honor of being elected Editor-in-Chief by board members. Between the time of the birth of the journal and its launching, the RB&E Editorial Board, in cooperation with our publisher, BioMed Central, gradually developed important aspects of the journal's scope and peer review policy, and other rules required for the successful launch of this revolutionary journal. Prior to its launch, the RB&E already had 20 research articles to be published. They were contributed by board members and other scientists, and have passed the two- or three-step process of peer review by three experts in the field. Additional manuscripts are under review/re-review or pending resubmission, and several have been rejected. Yet, such is our principal rule – only good science will be distributed globally. Our peer-review policy is that the reviewer's comments provide constructive criticism with the intent to help the authors improve their manuscript. These are exciting times for revolution in scientific communication through electronic journals. Emerging electronic journals are the basis for the purely electronic distribution of scientific publications in the future. Just imagine no book shelves and mountains of unorganized reprints, no work nights or secretaries required to organize and search for articles of interest. Yet, this will become reality in the very near future for most active scientists. To do science without a web connection is not imaginable nowadays, and most 'top ranked' conventional journals offer web access to recent publications and to less or more distant archives. However, not everyone has the luxury of full access through a University or his/her prepaid subscription, or can afford to pay $35 per electronic reprint. Hence, the traditional journals develop electronic scientific communication through resources from individual subscribers and private and state owned Institutions, page charges from authors, and charges for color illustrations. Altogether, the conventional science publishing industry limits access to scientific contributions to scientists in developed countries while, in many cases, leaving the rest of the world unattended. In launching the new RB&E electronic journal that aspires to join the 'top tier' of reproductive science and reproductive medicine publications, we have chosen an approach that differs noticeably from traditional journals in several ways. The most important journal rules follow:

Monotonicity in Direct Revelation Mechanisms

This paper studies a standard mechanism design problem where the principal's allocation rule is multi-dimensional, and the agent's private information is a one-dimensional continuous variable. Under standard assumptions, that guarantee monotonicity of the allocation rule in one-dimensional mechanisms, it is shown that the optimal allocation will be non-monotonic in a (weakly) generic sense once the principal can use all screening variables. The paper further gives conditions on the model's parameters that guarantee that non-monotonic allocation rules will be optimal. It is shown that either (1) a total surplus function with negative cross-partial derivatives, or (2) a marginal utility (with respect to information) for the agent with positive cross-partial derivatives, can generate optimal non-monotonic allocation rules.

Dual boundary element method for axisymmetric crack analysis

In this paper a dual boundary element formulation is developed and applied to the evaluation of stress intensity factors in, and propagation of, axisymmetric cracks. The displacement and stress boundary integral equations are reviewed and the asymptotic behaviour of their singular and hypersingular kernels is discussed. The modified crack closure integral method is employed to evaluate the stress intensity factors. The combination of the dual formulation with this method requires the adoption of an interpolating function for stresses after the crack tip. Different functions are tested under a conservative criterion for the evaluation of the stress intensity factors. A crack propagation procedure is implemented using the maximum principal stress direction rule. The robustness of the technique is assessed through several examples where results are compared either to analytical ones or to BEM and FEM formulations.

Agency Law and Contract Formation

A number of issues in the common law arise when agents make contracts on behalf of principals. Should a principal be bound when his agent makes a contract with some third party on his behalf which the principal would immediately wish to disavow? The tradeoffs resemble those in tort, so the least-cost-avoider principle is useful for deciding when contracts are valid, and may be the underlying logic behind a number of different doctrines in agency law. In particular, an efficiency explanation can be found for the undisclosed principal rule, under which the principal is bound even when the third party is unaware that the agent is acting as an agent.

Structural Affectivity of Protein Chain Growth by t-RNA System

It is generally accepted that the protein synthesis system involves DNA, m-RNA and t-RNA, each components. And so on, this protein synthesis system are principal rule for living organism call as Central Dogma. Furthermore, it is well known the t-RNA ratio of living organism are obtained of different at each species [2]. Our research has focused on the question of how structural formation of protein is regulated at exactly production into each metabolic pathway [1]. In order to elucidate the regulation mechanism of protein structure, we are proposed the elongation speed of protein chain affective by t-RNA system at enzyme productin of metabolic pathway. In this paper deals with the affectivity of protein structural formation by growth speed of protein chain generated with variant of t-RNA ratio.

Transmitting Genetic Risk Information in Families: Attitudes about Disclosing the Identity of Relatives

Attitudes about disclosing the identities of family members to a physician to ensure diffusion of genetic risk information within affected families were examined in a questionnaire study of Danish patients with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (A1AD), their relatives, and a control group of Danish citizens. The questionnaires were returned by 1,761 (82%) of 2,146 recipients; 1,609 (75%) agreed to participate and completed the questionnaire. Only 2.8% objected to disclosing the identity of children, 9.1% objected to disclosing the identity of parents, and 6.7% objected to disclosing the identity of siblings. When genetic tests are offered to a sister, 75.4% of screened individuals with severe A1AD (phenotype "piZ") and 66.8% of piZ probands thought that the physician should say who is ill. Important reasons for informing a sister at risk were, for 58%, the opportunity to prevent disease and, for 41% of piZ-probands, the opportunity to maintain openness in the family and to avoid uncertainty. Stepwise logistic regression of background variables showed that relatives were those for whom most respondents approved the disclosure of the parents' and siblings' identities to enable the physician to examine them for the presence of A1AD. Women were less prone to disclose the identity of siblings. The results indicate that the genetic counselor should inquire about relatives' identities, to ensure that they are properly informed about the known risk of severe genetic disorder, such as A1AD, for which disability can be prevented by a change of lifestyle or by careful management. Disease prevention is essential, but openness and avoidance of uncertainty in affected families are also important. Our findings imply that fully informing all relatives about the disorder and about who is actually ill should be the principal rule.

A Study of Teacher Loyalty to the Principal: Rule Administration and Hierarchical Influence of the Principal

The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between principal rule administration behavior, hierarchical influence, and teacher loyalty to the principal. An additional intent was to analyze hierarchical influence as a conditioning factor of the principal's rule behavior on teacher loyalty. A significant relationship was found between representative rule behavior of secondary principals and teacher loyalty, and between punishment-centered rule behavior of elementary principals and teacher loyalty. Significant relationships between mock rule and teacher loyalty were not found for either sample. Hierarchical influence was significantly and positively related to teacher loyalty for both samples of principals.

The Measurement of Principal Rule Administration Behavior and its Relationship to Educational Leadership

A report of research on the theoretical development, instrumentation, and subsequent investigations of the rule administration behavior of public school principals is the basis of this article. Findings indicate that principals can reduce conflict and increase leadership perception by utilization of representative rule administration.

The Measurement of Principal Rule Administration Behavior and Its Relationship to Educational Leadership

A report of research on the theoretical development, instrumentation, and subsequent investigations of the rule administration behavior of public school principals is the basis of this article. Findings indicate that principals can reduce conflict and increase leadership perception by utili zation of representative rule administration.

The Principal Office Rule as a Prerequisite to Admission to Practice in a Local Court

The Principal Office Rule as a Prerequisite to Admission to Practice in a Local Court