Principal Instrument Research Articles

Expropriation of real estate - key tool in achieving sustainable cities and communities

This article presents an analysis of the issues related to the emergence of the need for expropriation of real estate as a principal instrument for the creation of sustainable cities and communities. Therefore, following the analysis, it can be concluded that with the signing of the Association Agreement with the European Union by the Republic of Moldova, it is necessary to develop the country according to European standards. Consequently, an important component of the Sustainable Development Objective is the development of infrastructure. The development of infrastructure inevitably entails the expropriation of real estate for the construction of technical and public utilities, as well as road networks. The quality of road infrastructure, the quality of water supply, and the quality of electricity supply at the international level were subjected to analysis. Given that all infrastructure development projects are financed with foreign funds, an analysis was conducted of the volume of investments allocated by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and their distribution. In order to gain insight into the current state of affairs in Moldova, an investigation was conducted into the provision of technical building infrastructure elements by the country's development regions. It was found that, at this time, investments are required for infrastructure development, as a significant proportion of localities lack the necessary water supply and sewerage networks, as well as natural gas (see Table 1). It thus follows that the principal instrument for achieving these objectives is the expropriation of real estate for public utility.

Gender equity and women’s health: a comparative analysis on governmental strategies in Central America

Gender inequalities manifest when one gender intentionally exercises or obtains some form of advantage through internalized social means, which are typically oppressive and disparate. In the field of health, gender inequalities provide a rationale for the observed disparities in women's health outcomes and the greater difficulties they face in achieving comprehensive development. The present study sought to undertake a descriptive analysis of strategies designed to combat gender inequalities and promote women's health in Continental Central America. This entailed a documentary analysis of official documents published by national and regional organizations with a specialization in gender equality and women's health. The analysis revealed that all countries have a national action plan to combat gender inequalities and promote fairer and more inclusive societies in all spheres of human life. From a regional perspective, the countries have had the Regional Gender Equality and Equity Policy of the Central American Integration Scheme since 2013. This is the principal instrument used to advance the well-being of women in the region. With respect to health promotion, documents such as a technical report and a regional policy have been identified, which delineate the pathways that Central American countries should pursue to achieve optimal well-being for their female populations.

Gender equity and women’s health: a comparative analysis on governmental strategies in Central America

Gender inequalities manifest when one gender intentionally exercises or obtains some form of advantage through internalized social means, which are typically oppressive and disparate. In the field of health, gender inequalities provide a rationale for the observed disparities in women's health outcomes and the greater difficulties they face in achieving comprehensive development. The present study sought to undertake a descriptive analysis of strategies designed to combat gender inequalities and promote women's health in Continental Central America. This entailed a documentary analysis of official documents published by national and regional organizations with a specialization in gender equality and women's health. The analysis revealed that all countries have a national action plan to combat gender inequalities and promote fairer and more inclusive societies in all spheres of human life. From a regional perspective, the countries have had the Regional Gender Equality and Equity Policy of the Central American Integration Scheme since 2013. This is the principal instrument used to advance the well-being of women in the region. With respect to health promotion, documents such as a technical report and a regional policy have been identified, which delineate the pathways that Central American countries should pursue to achieve optimal well-being for their female populations.

The Role of Strategic Auditing in Enhancing Strategic Performance: An Empirical Study of the Opinions of Employees at the General Company for Iraqi Ports

The objective of the research is to ascertain the significance of strategic auditing and evaluate its influence on enhancing strategic performance at the General Company for Iraqi Ports. In order to accomplish this, the researcher utilized a descriptive-analytical methodology, constructing a concept++ual framework that encompasses research variables and creating multiple primary hypotheses. The researcher employed a questionnaire as the principal instrument for data acquisition, disseminating a total of 200 forms. The SPSS software was used to analyze and determine the link between variables. The investigation yielded numerous significant findings, which are as follows: The study revealed a statistically significant correlation between the dimensions of strategic auditing and strategic performance indicators within the company under investigation. Additionally, a noteworthy correlation was observed between the dimensions of strategic auditing and strategic performance indicators. Based on the aforementioned findings, a series of recommendations that align with these conclusions have been put forth, accompanied by a clear delineation of the mechanisms required for their effective implementation.

“Minus 1” and energy costs constants: Empirical evidence, theory and policy implications

This paper demonstrates an apparent long-term constancy of economy-wide energy expenditures relative to income – an inter-decadally-constrained sustainable (“Bashmakov-Newbery”) range of 4.2 ± 0.8 % relative to Gross Output, and 7.2 ± 1.5 % relative to GDP, based on data from industrialised countries. Initial evidence suggests the range to be narrower when external trade effects are accounted for. Statistically equivalent to a very-long-term price-to-energy-intensity elasticity of -1 (“Minus 1”), this indicates long-period economic dynamics including induced innovation and structural change, and we probe theories and policy implications. Either higher energy prices are fully offset by reduced energy intensity, or they later decline to match energy intensity improvements. Complementary theoretical approaches help to explain the observations but challenge the conventional economic logic that high environmental pricing should be the principal instrument to drive transformation. Rather, energy efficiency, innovation, deployment, structural change and pricing co-evolve, suggesting need for a diversity of complementary policy strategies implemented over extended periods of time.

The Gambia at Crossroads: Presidential Pardon a Constitutional Fiat

The Constitution of the Republic of The Gambia, 1997 is promulgated with the original intent to be a living constitution with clauses that permit amendments. While a constitution is a legal and political document agreed upon by stakeholders as the principal instrument in governing the affairs of a state, it is a liability in the context of its dependency on what the people want it to ‘do’ and therefore, convictions based on cogent evidence need to be made from a different squint. Politization of the living nature of a constitution joint with partisan politics and the resolute nature of the political class in securing their ‘throne’ in democracy expresses the ideology and praxis of presidential pardon as a bait to attract masses to their camps. This research proposes for revisitation of Section 82 of the Constitution in the aftermath of the proclivity of the government to enforce it, notwithstanding the crimes inmates were convicted of. In this research, doctrinal legal research is used and finally concludes that Section 82 is not a constitutional fiat and thus, its application must be guided principally by constitutional ethos and mores in guaranteeing justice through respect and protection of the rights of the people.

Evaluasi Tingkat Keberhasilan Aplikasi Tije Menggunakan Metode Pieces Framework

The TIJE application is a digital platform that has been specifically developed to provide smartphone users convenient online access to Transjakarta information. In order to use the platform, individuals must first establish an internet connection and then download the TIJE application. In order to evaluate user satisfaction with the TIJE application, it is essential to identify any faults or problems that may be associated with its utilization. One such way for assessment is the use of the PIECES framework. The study utilizes a quantitative research technique, using a survey administered via Google Forms as the principal instrument for data gathering. The data that has been gathered is then subjected to analysis using the statistical software package SPSS version 26. The assessment of user satisfaction with the TIJE application may be conducted with the PIECES approach. This approach assesses user satisfaction across many areas. The findings suggest that participants assigned a rating of 4.04 to Performance, 4.23 to Information and Data, 4.25 to Economy, 4.51 to Control and Security, 4.55 to Efficiency, and 4.59 to Service. The ratings achieved for the TIJE application vary from 4.2 to 5, indicating a notable degree of customer satisfaction.

Applicability of Physical Education Learning Sports and Health (PJOK) Primary School in the Independent Curriculum

In this research, the evaluation model used is the Discrepancy model. The subjects of this research were school principals, PJOK teachers and students at four schools in Kapanewon Ngaglik. Data collection techniques use questionnaires and interviews. The sample in this study included 4 school principals, 6 PJOK teachers and 4 students. The data analysis technique in this research is quantitative and qualitative descriptive analysis. The research instrument was validated through expert judgment. Content validity is proven by the V-Aiken Index coefficient with a result of 0.88 so it can be said to be valid. Meanwhile, the Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha reliability estimate is 0.904 (more than 0.07), so it is reliable and calculated with the help of SPSS. The results of the research show that the evaluation of the implementation of elementary school physical education, sports and health learning in the independent curriculum in four schools in Kapanewon Ngaglik is in the "Good" category. The results of the principal instrument analysis with a mean of 78.00, the assessment results with a percentage of 50% in the "Good" category are there (2 school principals), the "fair" category with a percentage of 25% are there (1 school principal) and the "poor" category. with a percentage of 25% there (1 principal). Then the results of the PJOK teacher instrument analysis with a mean of 58.00, assessment results with a percentage of 50% in the "good" category are (3 teachers), in the "fair" category with a percentage of 17% there are (1 teacher), and the "sufficient" category ” with a percentage of 33% there (2 teachers)

The Age of the Smartphone: An Analysis of Social Predictors of Children’s Age of Access and Potential Consequences Over Time

Smartphones are the principal instrument for internet access among adolescents and pre-adolescents in many industrialized countries. However, research on the long-term correlates of age at first access to these devices concerning life outcomes is scarce. This study contributes to the literature by collecting data from 3,247 Italian students in grade 10. Through OLS and logistic regressions, we investigate socio-demographics’ role in predicting the age of first smartphone access and the associations between the age of access and selected life outcomes. The moderating effect of socio-demographics on such relationships is also investigated through multiple-interaction models. Results suggest that females and students from less-educated families are more likely to receive smartphones earlier. Early smartphone access is negatively associated with adolescents’ well-functioning. Finally, deferring access reduces the gender gap in language proficiency, digital skills and life satisfaction.

Conflict Management Strategies and Organisational Performance: A Study of Federal Roads Maintenance Agency in Abuja, Nigeria

Many organizations in Nigeria are currently grappling with task, relationship, and process related conflict. This ongoing struggle is consuming valuable organizational time and resources. If not effectively managed, these conflicts have the potential to escalate, resulting in significant human and financial costs. This study, therefore, centres on evaluating how conflict management strategies influence organizational performance, using the Federal Roads Maintenance Agency (FERMA) as a case study. The objectives of this study are to determine the relationship between conflict management strategies—specifically, avoidance strategy, collaboration strategy, compromising strategy, and accommodation strategy—and organizational performance. The study reviewed relevant theoretical and empirical literature, drawing its theoretical framework from contingency theory. The research design employed a survey research technique, with a close-ended questionnaire serving as the principal instrument for data collection. Utilizing Taro Yamane's formula, the established sample size for this study included 235 staff members of FERMA. Hypotheses were tested using regression analysis as the selected statistical method. The study found a significant positive relationship between organizational performance and all the examined conflict management strategies, namely avoidance strategy, collaboration strategy, accommodation strategy, and compromising strategy. In light of the study's results, it is recommended that managers consider employing the identified conflict management techniques due to their demonstrated effectiveness in effectively handling conflicts within organizational settings.

The attribution of causality, perception of responsibility, and preferred generic means of life distribution

The attribution of causality, a central concept in human cognition theory, is the principal instrument for investigating functional links between events and phenomena. Although the links between causality and moral responsibility are commonly recognized, the scope of studies analysing the practical implications of causality attribution is minimal. This study examines the effect of causality perception on the desired distribution of the generic means of life by utilising thought experiment data collection methodology and non-parametric statistical analysis. The results indicate that: (i) causality perception affects the desired distribution, and (ii) individuals show no tendency to modify their perception of causality.

Industrial Investments and Indicators of Van in the Planned Development Period (1960-1980)

Following the coup d'état on May 27, 1960, in Turkey, the subsequent regime devised a strategy to 
 facilitate socioeconomic progress, known as the planned development model, which had already been 
 implemented globally. In this respect, the State Planning Organization (SPO) was established to plan and execute the four five-year development plans prepared during 1960–1980. Basic principles such as import substitution, industrialization, socioeconomic development, and the elimination of inter-regional development disparities were included in the plans. The SPO sought to identify underdeveloped areas using socioeconomic-level determination research to address interregional inequality. These areas, including Van, were designated as Priority Development Areas (PDAs) and provided additional public support. In this period, there was a notable emphasis on industrialization to attain expeditious economic growth, thereby establishing it as the principal instrument. Significant industrial investments were undertaken by the public and private sectors, exerting a decisive influence on the spatial distribution of development. Public support was critical to socioeconomic development in cities like Van, where the private sector needed strengthening. This study employs quantitative data from the research mentioned earlier by SPO to analyze Van in terms of provincial public industrial investments and relevant indicators.

Youth Gang Names in Palu City

During the 1990s, Palu City witnessed a notable social phenomenon characterized by the emergence of various youth gangs. These gangs adopted diverse names, incorporating elements such as the Kaili language, foreign languages, and acronyms. The primary aim of this research is to scrutinize the nomenclature of youth gangs in Palu City through the analytical lens of anthropological linguistics. The data collection methodology employed in this study featured the researcher as the principal instrument, involving the recording and observation of youth gang names in Palu City. The analytical approach applied in this research encompassed a systematic and objective content analysis. The outcomes of the study unveiled linguistic phenomena, including (1) the utilization of the Kaili language, (2) the incorporation of foreign languages, (3) the adoption of acronyms, and (4) instances of language resistance evident in the naming practices of youth gangs in Palu City.

The languages we speak and the empires we embrace: addressing decolonization through the gaze of the empire

Abstract In this article I make a case for differentiating the process of decolonization in education from the process of dismantling the values of the empire and their continuing, subliminal role in our thought and practice (the gaze of the empire). I argue that ignoring the empire within (particularly the word ‘empire’ itself) is what sustains the colonial gaze and what constitutes decolonization’s greatest obstacle. I employ a poststructuralist, Foucauldian framework, which helps me explore notions of power and knowledge through language and the gaze. To illuminate discussions, I make use of some of the historical context necessary to understand the spirit and the tragedy of empire, with its language as principal instrument, as well as some of the literary aspects (Magical Realism and poetry) that have been used to gaze at the colonized and redeem the conqueror.

Subject of Main Instruments (Violin) Madya Level Course In Music Study Program, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Soprano violin is part of a stringed instrument. Today, the violin is one of the most popular musical instruments in the community. Many people learn this violin instrument in studios, music courses, schools and other educational institutions. Therefore, the need for the availability of this violin instrument is quite a lot. This also has an impact on the needs of teachers/tutors, the need for books/tools to support the ability to play the violin, and so on. Music Study Program, Faculty of Languages ​​and Arts, Universitas Negeri Surabaya is one of the educational institutions where many students choose the violin major specialization. This research is a class action research at the intermediate level elective principal instrument subject using the case study method through direct observation of the level of difficulty and suitability of the material, so that it can produce a book output. This book is a guide in learning the violin musical instrument which is equipped with techniques, scales, etudes, and repertoire for students of the Music Study Program, Faculty of Languages ​​and Arts, Universitas Negeri Surabaya who are taking the subject matter of violin at the intermediate level.

Utilizing of Codeswitching in English Language Classrooms in Sudanese Schools: Teachers’ Perspectives

This paper aims to examine the Sudanese teachers’ Viewpoint on using code-switching (CS) in Sudanese English language classrooms. The researchers have applied an analytical and descriptive approach. A questionnaire for teachers of the English language has been employed as the principal instrument for gathering the data related to the research paper. Then, qualitative and quantitative instruments are used. The researchers find out that most teachers have positive attitudes regarding the usage of code-switching. Considering these results, the investigators propose that the teachers employ it as a technique in English language classes since they have encouraging attitudes regarding the usage of code-switching in English language lessons.

Effectiveness of Mobile Phones as Learning Aid among Senior High School Students

Mobile phone usage by students is beneficial and found to have a great impact on students learning. This study assessed the effectiveness of mobile phones as a learning aid among senior high school students. The assessment is based on the dimensions using Gavriel Salomon’s symbol system theory. The study used the descriptive method of research, respondents are randomly selected using the cluster sampling technique. The principal instrument used is the survey questionnaire and a face-to-face survey is conducted. The survey used the 5-point Likert scale. For inferential statistics, the independent t-test is employed to compare the means based on gender. Results yield that there is no significant difference in the scores for males and females in the dimensions such as content, connectivity, and cognitive abilities. There is a significant difference in the dimensions such as convenience and digital literacy. There is no significant difference in the scores for males and females for the overall assessment of the effectiveness of mobile phones as learning aid across dimensions. Gender has no moderating effect. Implications for future research on capability infrastructures both for teachers and students across levels addressing gaps in institutionalizing online education portals/ applications for Filipino learners.

Impact of restructuring resources and services and their utilization in IIT Roorkee library, India

PurposeThis paper examines the impact of restructuring on the usage of resources and services in the Indian Institute of Technology library, Roorkee. Library users were approached to know their preferences between an electronic and traditional resources and services. Additionally, the study focused to know the extent of change in users' awareness, dependency, usage, frequency and satisfaction from library resources and services after restructuring these due to the availability of abundance of e-resources.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopted survey-based research design, for which a questionnaire was used as the principal instrument for data collection. This questionnaire was distributed to the library users when they physically visited the library. Notably, all the questionnaires distributed were returned, yielding thereby a cent percent response rate. One questionnaire was administrative on the librarian for getting the data regarding the changes made in the subscription of e-resources and services. The collected data were further analyzed with appropriate statistical techniques of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) as chi-square test, mean and standard deviation.FindingsThe results showed that the use of both restructured resources and services had increased, and was found to be helpful for users. Also, the users' dependency on library had increased, showing thereby an upward trend for usage in the future. However, although the users’ awareness, usage and frequency of e-resources and ICT-based services have positively changed, and partially been satisfied, the study suggests that further revision is needed for further strengthening e-resources and services as per user's needs satisfaction.Practical implicationsThis study would create interest in rethinking library resources and services among librarians that tend to respond positively to user satisfaction and library functions; it also provides a strategic position of a library per se for its users in the future. Importantly, the assessment of the usage of restructuring resources and services, vis-a-vis their impact on users, may also serve as a key tool, which possibly could be applied to both public libraries and other types of higher education libraries.Originality/valueMany libraries find it difficult to balance between electronic and printed materials, especially in the fields of science and technology, due to the preferences of the users. Thus far, there have not been too many studies that have looked to assess restructuring of library resources and services, vis-a-vis their impact on library users. Therefore, the results of this study would provide a clear understanding to the library profession as to how users use e-resources and services in the digital age, and how much they are actually influenced by these.

Of Ants and Men

Of Ants and Men

THE GLOBALISATION OF AFRICAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS: A CASE OF THE ADEUDEU OF TESO COMMUNITY IN KENYA

There are various insights into the discourse of musical culture from a global context. Some of these insights include the impact of globalisation on the music industry and African music-making at large. African musical instruments continue to be cultural artifacts and productions of immaterial culture and music. African instruments have not remained static but have responded to intercultural reciprocity. This study stems from an ambit that has discussed African traditional musical instruments such as the Mbira, Kora, Djembe, and Endara of West and South Africa but needs to pay more attention to those from East Africa and Kenya in particular. This paper is a case study of the Adeudeu (a chordophone), a principal instrument of the Teso community in Western Kenya and a symbol of their cultural identity. The purpose is to highlight the extent to which traditional musical performances have been appropriated and retained in the contemporary setting creating their popular music. The study engaged eight musical groups drawn from each of Teso district’s divisions, selected through purposive and snowball sampling. Qualitative data analysis was used. The paper analyses music performed on the traditional Adeudeu vis a vis that performed on the contemporary Adeudeu to elucidate similarities and differences in music making. The argument is that a change in one element of the musical ensemble has ramifications on the music producing a different ‘musical colour’. The paper culminates in highlighting changes that have taken place on the instrument and the overall musical rendition of the Teso.