Primordial Value Research Articles

Geochemistry of NW-SE trending Palaeoproterozoic mafic dyke intrusions in the Bundelkhand Craton, India and subcontinental lithospheric mantle processes

NW-SE trending mafic dykes in the Bundelkhand Craton of the Indian shield manifest Palaeoproterozoic igneous activity. These dykes are Fe-rich tholeiitic basalts with compositions varying from near primary melts to more evolved magmas (Mg#: 0.64–0.35) and show enrichment of large-ion lithophile and light rare earth elements relative to primordial mantle values. Despite very subtle variations of elemental abundances and similar structural trend, at least two groups are identified, mainly based on incompatible element ratios and rare earth element patterns. Group 1 samples are characterized by relatively low Ti/Y (av. 222 ± 22) and Ti/Nb (av. 609 ± 108), high Zr/TiO2 (av. 117 ± 15), more light to heavy rare earth element fractionation (La/Yb)CN: 2.7–5.1) and mild negative Eu anomaly (Eu* = 0.77 ± 0.10). Group 2 samples possess high Ti/Y (av. 334 ± 46) and Ti/Nb (av. 1349 ± 198), low Zr/TiO2 (av. 70 ± 7) and minor light to heavy rare earth element fractionation ((La/Yb)CN: 1.5–2.7) without any Eu anomaly (Eu* = 0.97 ± 0.04). Both groups show relative depletions in Nb, Sr and P while the Group 1 also shows Ti depletion. A third group is apparent but is less certain. Group 2 dykes constitute the 1.98 Ga Jhansi swarm, whilst the Group 1 and unclassified samples are likely to be of older age (~2.18–2.20 Ga and ~2.37 Ga) based on available U-Pb ages and palaeomagnetic considerations. Despite the compositions indicate different batches of magma, the dykes have near similar petrogenetic evolutionary pattern as if the entire population constitutes a single clan. Samples of both groups (a) do not indicate significant crustal contamination (b) derived from two different batches of magmas formed by ~10–12% fractional melting of mantle near the spinel-garnet transition zone and (c) evolved through initial fractionation of olivine and thereafter clinopyroxene and plagioclase became important fractionation phases. The more primitive compositions of both groups indicate mantle potential temperatures of ~1550–1600 °C suggesting thermal anomaly. The dyke magmas inherited variably enriched compositions as a result of interaction of upwelling mantle melts with metasomatised subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Low H2O-CO2-rich silicate melts/fluids are likely the dominant metasomatic agents to develop the Indian subcontinental lithosphere in the Archaean (c. 3.0 Ga).

Silica‐rich objects in the Acfer 182 CH chondrite: A new view

AbstractFive silica‐rich objects (SRO) from Acfer 182 were studied. They have cryptocrystalline textures characterized by micro‐emulsion and amoeboid patterns that point toward the coexistence of pyroxene‐ and silica‐normative liquids that were quenched. Both objects have variable contents of refractory lithophile elements. Their positive Yb versus La correlation around primordial values suggests a cosmochemical process (e.g., a gas/liquid condensation) as responsible for SRO formation. The bulk trace element abundances of amoeboid‐ and emulsion‐type SRO as well as their fractionation do not support an origin through high temperature processes. Conversely, their formation might have taken place while cooling of the nebular gas in two different chondrule‐forming regions characterized by having different evolution paths. Cooling of these dust‐enriched regions might lead to the condensation of pyroxene‐rich liquids first, followed by formation of Mg‐rich and SiO2‐rich liquids, provided irradiation and annealing were active in these regions. Irradiation could be the process involved both in the formation of cristobalite (with annealing ~1200 K) and in triggering a spinoidal decomposition causing unmixing of the enstatite liquid into two coexisting phases, such as Mg‐rich and SiO2‐rich liquids, the precursors of the SRO in Acfer 182. Formation of emulsion‐ and amoeboid‐type objects may be the result of exposing those chondrule‐forming regions to different degrees of radiation.

The GALAH survey: a new constraint on cosmological lithium and Galactic lithium evolution from warm dwarf stars

ABSTRACT Lithium depletion and enrichment in the cosmos is not yet well understood. To help tighten constraints on stellar and Galactic evolution models, we present the largest high-resolution analysis of Li abundances A(Li) to date, with results for over $100\, 000$ GALAH (Galactic Archeology with HERMES) field stars spanning effective temperatures $5900\, \mathrm{K} \lesssim T_{\mathrm{eff}}\lesssim 7000\, \mathrm{K}$ and metallicities −3 ≲ [Fe/H] ≲ +0.5. We separated these stars into two groups, on the warm and cool sides of the so-called Li dip, a localized region of the Kiel diagram wherein lithium is severely depleted. We discovered that stars in these two groups show similar trends in the A(Li)–[Fe/H] plane, but with a roughly constant offset in A(Li) of $0.4\, \mathrm{dex}$, the warm group having higher Li abundances. At $\rm [Fe/H]\gtrsim -0.5$, a significant increase in Li abundance with increasing metallicity is evident in both groups, signalling the onset of significant Galactic production. At lower metallicity, stars in the cool group sit on the Spite plateau, showing a reduced lithium of around $0.4\, \mathrm{dex}$ relative to the primordial value predicted from big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN). However, stars in the warm group between [Fe/H] = −1.0 and −0.5 form an elevated plateau that is largely consistent with the BBN prediction. This may indicate that these stars in fact preserve the primordial Li produced in the early Universe.

Moravia l’africano delle Storie della preistoria

In 1976 Alberto Moravia, then sixty-nine years old, won the Andersen Prize for the Mustafà, la volpe del Sahara, his first children’s tale. Then followed the stories about others humanized animals, first published in the “Corriere della Sera” and in the various editions of selected stories, and later collected in the volume Stories of Prehistory (1982), which brought Moravia the Viareggio Prize in 1983. Apart from the deep affection that Moravia felt for animals and nature in general, that form of narrative has its roots in the numerous African journeys he undertook since 1962. For Moravia, the Black Continent, “the most beautiful thing that exists in the world”, was an artistic discovery and an “antidote to the highly refined, sophisticated and mechanical civilization”. Africa, a place “still amid prehistory and history”, was for him – as in some respects it was for Pasolini – the depository of primordial values in the process of disappearing, due to the imminent industrialization. In the Stories of Prehistory Moravia speaks of those universal values, always opposed to the vices, and views them through curiosity that is usually inaccessible to adults. His children’s tales – always funny, sometimes hilariously merciless – occupies a separate position within the oeuvre of the Roman writer and gained him many fans. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of those aspects of Moravia’s work which have not been reflected yet and are still very relevant today.

Unification of inflation with dark energy in f(R) gravity and axion dark matter

In this work we introduce an effective model of $f(R)$ gravity containing a non-minimal coupling to the axion scalar field. The axion field is described by the misalignment model, in which the primordial $U(1)$ Peccei-Quinn symmetry is broken during inflation and the $f(R)$ gravity is described by the $R^2$ model, and in addition, the non-minimal coupling has the form $\sim h(\phi)R^{\gamma}$, with $0<\gamma<0.75$. By appropriately constraining the non-minimal coupling at early times, the axion field remains frozen in its primordial vacuum expectation value, and the $R^2$ gravity dominates the inflationary era. As the Universe expands, when $H$ equals the axion mass $m_a$ and for cosmic times for which $m_a\gg H$, the axion field oscillates. By assuming a slowly varying evolution of the axion field, the axion energy density scales as $\rho_a\sim a^{-3}$, where $a$ is the scale factor, regardless of the background Hubble rate, thus behaving as cold dark matter. At late times, the axion still evolves as $\rho_a\sim a^{-3}$, however the Hubble rate of the expansion and thus the dynamical evolution of the Universe is controlled by terms containing the higher derivatives of $\sim R^{\gamma}$, which are related to the non-minimal coupling, and as we demonstrate, the resulting solution of the Friedman equation at late times is an approximate de Sitter evolution. The late-time de Sitter Hubble rate scales as $H\sim \Lambda^{1/2}$, where $\Lambda$ is an integration constant of the theory, which has its allowed values very close to the current value of the cosmological constant. Finally, the theory has a prediction for the existence of a pre-inflationary primordial stiff era, in which the energy density of the axion scales as $\rho_a\sim a^{-6}$.

Bulk trace elements of Mg-rich cryptocrystalline and ferrous radiating pyroxene chondrules from Acfer 182: Their evolution paths

A trace element study of Mg-rich cryptocrystalline (CC) and ferrous radiating pyroxene (RP) chondrules, covering from the ultra-refractory Zr to the volatile K, was performed to better understand the processes involved in chondrule formation and their subsequent evolution. The shape, textures and bulk chemical compositions (CC and RP) of the studied chondrules indicate that they once must have been hypersthene-olivine normative liquids that were quenched. Their chondritic Ca/Al ratio and the positive Yb vs. La correlation around primordial values point to a cosmochemical process as responsible of chondrules formation. Based on their REE patterns, and regardless of their mineralogy, chondrules are divided in two populations: Fractioned-REE (F-REE) and Unfractionated-REE (U-REE). Both populations show different evolution paths, while cooling of the nebula gas and give new hints about chondrule-forming reservoirs.

On the primordial specific frequency of globular clusters in dwarf and giant elliptical galaxies

Globular clusters (GC) are important objects for tracing the early evolution of a galaxy. We study the relation between the properties of globular cluster systems - as quantified by the GC specific frequency (SN) - and the properties of their host galaxies. In order to understand the origin of the relation between the GC specific frequency (SN) and galaxy mass, we devise a theoretical model for the specific frequency (SN,th). GC erosion is considered to be an important aspect for shaping this relation, since observations show that galaxies with low densities have a higher SN, while high density galaxies have a small SN. We construct a model based on the hypothesis that star-formation is clustered and depends on the minimum embedded star cluster mass (Mecl,min), the slope of the power-law embedded cluster mass function (beta) and the relation between the star formation rate (SFR) and the maximum star cluster mass (Mecl,max). We find an agreement between the primordial value of the specific frequency (SNi) and our model for beta between 1.5 and 2.5 with Mecl,min <10^4 Msun.

Possibility of chromospheric back-radiation influencing the lithium line formation in Spite plateau stars

Context.Spectroscopically determined lithium abundances of metal-poor turn-off dwarfs are known to be nearly constant (Spite plateau), but manifestly lower than the primordial value expected from the standard cosmological model. However, abundance determination by using conventional model atmospheres may not necessarily be correct since the existence of high-temperature chromosphere even in very old stars has been confirmed.Aims.The aim of this study is to examine how the extra UV flux possibly irradiated from the chromosphere could affect the formation of the Li I6708 line, and whether or not its influence might lead to a solution of the Li abundance discrepancy.Methods.A simple model chromosphere of a uniform thin gray slab emitting only thermal radiation is assumed, characterized by optical thickness and temperature. By taking into account this incident radiation in the surface boundary condition, non-local thermodynamical equilibrium calculations for neutral Li atoms are carried out in order to see how the equivalent widths and the resulting abundances are affected by these parameters.Results.If the parameters are appropriately chosen, the strength of the Li I6708 line can be reduced by a factor of ~2–3 due to overionization caused by enhanced UV radiation, leading to an apparent lowering of the abundance by ~0.3–0.5 dex, which is consistent with the discrepancy in question. Moreover, the observed slight metallicity-dependent trend of the plateau can also be reproduced as a result of the change in atmospheric transparency.Conclusions.Superficial underestimation of Li abundances due to considerable overionization caused by chromospheric radiation may be regarded as a ponderable interpretation for the cosmological Li problem. The touchstone to verify this model would be to check the existence of significantly enhanced UV radiation in these Spite plateau stars, which should be detected if this scenario is valid, although very few such UV spectrophotometric observations have been done to date.

Hydrogen isotopes in high 3He/4He submarine basalts: Primordial vs. recycled water and the veil of mantle enrichment

The hydrogen isotope value (δD) of water indigenous to the mantle is masked by the early degassing and recycling of surface water through Earth's history. High 3He/4He ratios in some ocean island basalts, however, provide a clear geochemical signature of deep, primordial mantle that has been isolated within the Earth's interior from melting, degassing, and convective mixing with the upper mantle. Hydrogen isotopes were measured in high 3He/4He submarine basalt glasses from the Southeast Indian Ridge (SEIR) at the Amsterdam–St. Paul (ASP) Plateau (δD = −51 to −90‰, 3He/4He = 7.6 to 14.1 RA) and in submarine glasses from Loihi seamount south of the island of Hawaii (δD = −70 to −90‰, 3He/4He = 22.5 to 27.8 RA). These results highlight two contrasting patterns of δD for high 3He/4He lavas: one trend toward high δD of approximately −50‰, and another converging at δD = −75‰. These same patterns are evident in a global compilation of previously reported δD and 3He/4He results. We suggest that the high δD values result from water recycled during subduction that is carried into the source region of mantle plumes at the core–mantle boundary where it is mixed with primordial mantle, resulting in high δD and moderately high 3He/4He. Conversely, lower δD values of −75‰, in basalts from Loihi seamount and also trace element depleted mid-ocean ridge basalts, imply a primordial Earth hydrogen isotopic value of −75‰ or lower. δD values down to −100‰ also occur in the most trace element-depleted mid-ocean ridge basalts, typically in association with 87Sr/86Sr ratios near 0.703. These lower δD values may be a result of multi-stage melting history of the upper mantle where minor D/H fractionation could be associated with hydrogen retention in nominally anhydrous residual minerals. Collectively, the predominance of δD around −75‰ in the majority of mid-ocean ridge basalts and in high 3He/4He Loihi basalts is consistent with an origin of water on Earth that was dominated by accretion of chondritic material.

Stavovi nastavnika o logorovanju kao obliku vannastavnih aktivnosti

The modern way of life, with its technical and technological advances, is increasingly alienating man from the real primordial value of nature and its laws. Spending time in nature has many positive effects in terms of health and hygiene, psycho-social well-being, sports and recreation, and education. The aim of this research was to determine the attitudes of teachers towards summer camps as a form of extra-curricular activities. The research included 62 primary school teachers from four primary schools on the territory of Belgrade. Non-experimental research was the applied method, and a survey designated for this purpose was the research technique. Based on the obtained results, we can conclude that a significant number of the respondents have organized some form of outdoor activity, but only 1% of the respondents have organized camping for their pupils. As many as 87% of teachers view camping as an activity that can greatly influence pupils' physical and mental development, which is the practical value of this work. The results indicate the need for a systematic, organized stay in the nature as an extracurricular activity.

Proteção integral e a política pública de Educação para a salvaguarda da própria imagem na sociedade da informação

O autor trata dos direitos fundamentais de crianças e de adolescentes na Sociedade da Informação, vinculados à possibilidade de construção concreta e eficaz de políticas públicas voltadas à educação e à salvaguarda da própria imagem deles e por eles no ensino básico e no ensino médio. O problema de pesquisa pode ser redigido da seguinte forma: a partir do constitucionalismo contemporâneo e tendo a proteção integral de crianças e adolescentes como princípio, é possível construir políticas públicas no âmbito educacional de ensino básico e médio de educação para a salvaguarda da própria imagem na Sociedade da Informação? A pesquisa admite duas hipóteses como resposta ao problema investigado: (a) a partir do constitucionalismo contemporâneo e tendo a proteção integral de crianças e adolescentes como princípio, não é possível construir políticas públicas no âmbito educacional de ensino básico e médio de Educação para a salvaguarda da própria imagem na Sociedade da Informação; (b) a partir do constitucionalismo contemporâneo e tendo a proteção integral de crianças e adolescentes como princípio, é possível construir políticas públicas no âmbito educacional de ensino básico e médio de educação para a salvaguarda da própria imagem na Sociedade da Informação. No que tem a ver com a metodologia, o método escolhido é o dedutivo. Serão analisadas as premissas estabelecidas com o fito de se chegar a uma conclusão, em um processo de raciocínio lógico. Desta forma, partindo-se do constitucionalismo contemporâneo e, nele, da dignidade da pessoa humana como valor primordial, visitando-se a teoria da proteção integral de crianças e adolescentes e passando-se pelo direito/dever de educação, desaguará a pesquisa aqui proposta na possibilidade de construção de políticas públicas para a proteção da própria imagem de crianças e de adolescentes na Sociedade da Informação.Palavras-chave: deveres de proteção, direito à educação, direitos das crianças e dos adolescentes, direitos de imagem, sociedade da Informação.

Informalitas Dalam Formalitas: Sebuah Kajian Budaya Organisasi Perusahaan Keluarga

This article intends to identify and to describe the unique structure and the managing style that owns primordial characteristics, that is giving significance to kinship, religion, and local Bugis cultural values, which made up the cultural system of PT. Hadji Kalla family business. Theoritically, this research was inspired from Weberian perspective on the ideal types of bureaucracy, that observes organizations (in this case is the family business) as one of the socio-cultural phenomena which is neutral and value-free, that is place aside its subjective aspects. The research was conducted in two locations, the head office and one of the branch offices using qualitative approach that relies on participant observation, in-depth interviews, and literature studies. The results of the research shows that the family business of PT. Hadji Kalla that has advanced into national level still prioritizes kinship, ethnicity, and religious aspects in the daily activities of the company. The value even take parts in providing the company’s colour to the urban societies in various districts where the company stands. This means that although the society has undergone transformations, it doesn’t mean that the primordial value, and the elements that exist outside of businesses (such as kinship, big men, religion, cultural values, and interest) do not influence the activities that are held in formal organizations. Therefore, the interventions of subjective aspects will always appear, followed with the application of the modern management system that is implemented by PT. Hadji Kalla company.

Evolution of the UV upturn in cluster galaxies: Abell 1689

We have measured the strength of the UV upturn for red sequence galaxies in the Abell~1689 cluster at $z=0.18$, reaching to or below the $L^*$ level and therefore probing the general evolution of the upturn phenomenon. We find that the range of UV upturn strengths in the population as a whole has not declined over the past 2.2 Gyrs. This is consistent with a model where hot horizontal branch stars, produced by a Helium-enriched population, provide the required UV flux. Based on local counterparts, this interpretation of the result implies Helium abundances of at least 1.5 times the primordial value for this HB population, along with high formation and assembly redshifts for the galaxies and at least a subset of their stellar populations.

On the deuterium abundance and the importance of stellar mass loss in the interstellar and intergalactic medium

We quantify the gas-phase abundance of deuterium and fractional contribution of stellar mass loss to the gas in cosmological zoom-in simulations from the Feedback In Realistic Environments project. At low metallicity, our simulations confirm that the deuterium abundance is very close to the primordial value. The chemical evolution of the deuterium abundance that we derive here agrees quantitatively with analytical chemical evolution models. We furthermore find that the relation between the deuterium and oxygen abundance exhibits very little scatter. We compare our simulations to existing high-redshift observations in order to determine a primordial deuterium fraction of 2.549 +/- 0.033 x 10^-5 and stress that future observations at higher metallicity can also be used to constrain this value. At fixed metallicity, the deuterium fraction decreases slightly with decreasing redshift, due to the increased importance of mass loss from intermediate-mass stars. We find that the evolution of the average deuterium fraction in a galaxy correlates with its star formation history. Our simulations are consistent with observations of the Milky Way's interstellar medium: the deuterium fraction at the solar circle is 85-92 per cent of the primordial deuterium fraction. We use our simulations to make predictions for future observations. In particular, the deuterium abundance is lower at smaller galactocentric radii and in higher mass galaxies, showing that stellar mass loss is more important for fuelling star formation in these regimes (and can even dominate). Gas accreting onto galaxies has a deuterium fraction above that of the galaxies' interstellar medium, but below the primordial fraction, because it is a mix of gas accreting from the intergalactic medium and gas previously ejected or stripped from galaxies.

Study of diffuse H II regions potentially forming part of the gas streams around Sgr A*

We present a study of diffuse extended ionised gas toward three clouds located in the Galactic Centre (GC). One line of sight (LOS) is toward the 20 km s$^{-1}$ cloud (LOS$-$0.11) in the Sgr A region, another LOS is toward the 50 km s$^{-1}$ cloud (LOS$-$0.02), also in Sgr A, while the third is toward the Sgr B2 cloud (LOS+0.693). The emission from the ionised gas is detected from H$n\alpha$ and H$m\beta$ radio recombination lines (RRLs). He$n\alpha$ and He$m\beta$ RRL emission is detected with the same $n$ and $m$ as those from the hydrogen RRLs only toward LOS+0.693. RRLs probe gas with positive and negative velocities toward the two Sgr A sources. The H$m\beta$ to H$n\alpha$ ratios reveal that the ionised gas is emitted under local thermodynamic equilibrium conditions in these regions. We find a He to H mass fraction of 0.29$\pm$0.01 consistent with the typical GC value, supporting the idea that massive stars have increased the He abundance compared to its primordial value. Physical properties are derived for the studied sources. We propose that the negative velocity component of both Sgr A sources is part of gas streams considered previously to model the GC cloud kinematics. Associated massive stars with what are presumably the closest HII regions to LOS$-$0.11 (positive velocity gas), LOS$-$0.02 and LOS+0.693 could be the main sources of UV photons ionising the gas. The negative velocity components of both Sgr A sources might be ionised by the same massive stars, but only if they are in the same gas stream.

Study of the 2H(p,γ)3He reaction in the BBN energy range at LUNA

Using Big Bang Nucleosynthesis with the recent cosmological parameters obtained by the Planck collaboration, a primordial deuterium abundance value D/H = (2.65 ± 0.07) × 10−5 is obtained. This one is a little bit in tension with astronomical observations on metal- poor damped Lyman alpha systems where D/H = (2.53 ± 0.04) × 105. In order to reduce the BBN calculation uncertainty, a measurement of the 2H(p,γ)3He cross section in the energy range 10-300 keV with a 3% accuracy is thus desirable. Thanks to the low background of the underground Gran Sasso Laboratories, and to the experience accumulated in more than twenty years of scientific activity, LUNA (Laboratory for Underground Nuclear Astrophysics) planned to measure the 2H(p,γ)3He fusion cross section at the BBN energy range in 2015-2016. A feasibility test of the measurement has been recently performed at LUNA. In this paper, the results obtained will be shown. Possible cosmological outcomes from the future LUNA data will be also discussed.

On the Deuterium-to-hydrogen Ratio of the Interstellar Medium

Abstract Observational studies show that the global deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio in the local interstellar medium (ISM) is about 90% of the primordial ratio predicted by Big Bang nucleosynthesis. The high implies that only a small fraction of interstellar gas has been processed through stars, which destroy any deuterium they are born with. Using analytic arguments for one-zone chemical evolution models that include accretion and outflow, I show that the deuterium abundance is tightly coupled to the abundance of core collapse supernova (CCSN) elements, such as oxygen. These models predict that the ratio of the ISM deuterium abundance to the primordial abundance is , where r is the recycling fraction, is the ISM oxygen mass fraction, and is the population-averaged CCSN yield of oxygen. Using values r = 0.4 and appropriate to a Kroupa initial mass function and recent CCSN yield calculations, solar oxygen abundance corresponds to , consistent with the observations. This approximation is accurate for a wide range of parameter values, and physical arguments and numerical tests suggest that it should remain accurate for more complex chemical evolution models. The good agreement with the upper range of observed values supports the long-standing suggestion that sightline-to-sightline variations of deuterium are a consequence of dust depletion, rather than a low global enhanced by localized accretion of primordial composition gas. This agreement limits deviations from conventional yield and recycling values, including models in which most high-mass stars collapse to form black holes without expelling their oxygen in supernovae, and it implies that Galactic outflows eject ISM hydrogen as efficiently as they eject CCSN metals.

O papel da afetividade na relação professor e aluno e sua implicações na aprendizagem

The present work had as general objective to verify if the relations between teacher and student in the daily life of the classroom influence in the process of teaching and learning. We seek to elencar, theoretical and methodological reflections on the actions and means used by schools in the work with the theme of affectivity, teaching and learning and the teacher's attitude regarding the valuation of affectivity in their practice and experience in the classroom. The theoretical framework was based on the studies and reflections of authors who bring reflections about the affective question, being this primordial in the construction of human relations, as well as discussions of the relationships that take place within the school environment and influence the construction of the identity, autonomy and learning of the Students. However, working effectively with such a deep theme enabled us to perceive that affectivity is directly linked to teaching and learning. Despite the difficulties encountered regarding the coexistence between individuals and their differences, it is possible to develop a school education based on effective affective actions, promoting autonomy and the overall development of students. Today, it is necessary to deepen and work on the affective question, since the primordial values have been left aside in human relations. Based on this premise, a bibliographical research was carried out in which sources such as: books, periodicals, abstracts, articles, monographs, dissertations and theses were used.

Механізми консервації російського моноцентризму: історико-політологічний нарис

У статті розглядаються історично сформовані методи консервації російського моноцентризму. Відзначається, що Російська «держава» набуває моноцентричний персоніфікований характер у період хрещення Русі і татаро-монгольського ярма, який зберігається протягом століть. Виявлено основні механізми консервації російського моноцентризму: а) сакралізація суверена (як персони, так і його владного статусу), б) консервація доклассової структури суспільства, в) фрагментація елітних груп і створення альтернативних їм у функціональному плані політичних акторів та надзвичайних органів, г) функціональне перевантаження і дублювання повноважень государевих «установ», клієнтелізм, д) використання популізму, репресій і цензури з формуванням Державної Думи – виборчі технологій. В усі часи існували закриті (гільдійські) механізми формування інституту персоніфікованого лідера.Мета дослідження полягає у виявленні основних механізмів консервації персоналістського моноцентричного характеру російської політії.Гіпотеза дослідження: з плином століть у Російського «держави» сформувався комплекс механізмів, що забезпечують «хороший» еквілібріум (рівновага) у рамках архаїчної політичної системи.Методи дослідження: діалектичний, історичний, логічний.

Galactic cosmic-ray induced production of lithium in the Small Magellanic Cloud

Recently, the first lithium detection outside of the Milky Way was made in low-metallicity gas of the Small Magellanic Cloud, which was at the level of the expected primordial value. Part of the observed lithium in any environment has primordial origin, but there is always some post-BBN (Big Bang Nucleosynthesis) contamination, since lithium can also be produced in cosmic-ray interactions with the interstellar medium. Using the fact that processes involving cosmic rays produce lithium, but also gamma rays through neutral pion decay, we use the Small Magellanic Cloud gamma-ray observations by Fermi-LAT to make predictions on the amount of lithium in this galaxy that was produced by galactic cosmic rays accelerated in supernova remnants. By including both fusion processes, as well as spallation of heavier nuclei, we find that galactic cosmic rays could produce a very small amount of lithium. In the case of 6Li isotope (which should only be produced by cosmic rays) we can only explain 0.16% of the measured abundance. If these cosmic rays are indeed responsible for such small lithium production, observed abundances could be the result of some other sources, which are discussed in the paper.