Primordial Cells Research Articles

Clinical Study of Venetoclax Combined with Azacitidine in the Treatment of Patients with Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia

To evaluate the efficacy and side effects of venetoclax combined with azacitidine chemotherapy in the treatment of previously untreated adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia(AML). A retrospective analysis was performed on 48 untreated adult AML patients admitted to the Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University from January 2020 to December 2022. Among them, 26 patients received venetoclax combined with azacitidine chemotherapy (observation group), and 22 patients received daunorubicin plus cytarabine chemotherapy (control group). The differences in complete response (CR) rate, objective response rate (ORR), progressionfree survival (PFS), overall survival(OS) and adverse reactions (AR) were compared between the two groups. There was no significant difference in age, sex ratio, absolute value of trilineage cell and proportion of bone marrow primordial cells between the two groups before treatment (all P >0.05). The CR rate and the ORR rate of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). After treatment, there were no significant difference in the adverse reactions such as myelosuppression, granulocytosis, secondary infection, mucosal damage, liver and kidney damage, cardiotoxicity and gastrointestinal toxicity between the two groups (P >0.05). The median PFS and the median OS of the observation group were significantly better than those of the control group (P < 0.05). The remission rate of venetoclax combined with azacitidine was higher than that of conventional chemotherapy in previously untreated adult acute myeloid leukemia. Venetoclax combined with azacitidine chemotherapy could reduce hematologic related side reactions and prolong the remission period and survival of AML patients.

Beyond RDE characterisation – Unveiling IrRu/ATO OER catalyst stability with a GDE setup

In this study, we have investigated the stability of antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) supported IrRu nanoparticles, as catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Conventional stability tests using a rotating disc electrode (RDE) are demonstrated to lead to distorted results, a fact typically addressed to the massive formation of O2 gas bubbles which block the catalytic active sites. In agreement with previous results, our investigations suggest that the observed decay in current density is not to be confused with catalyst degradation. To mitigate the limitations of the RDE approach, a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) setup was used instead for the stability measurements. Using a carbon gas diffusion layer (GDL) as substrate for the catalyst film, similar beginning-of-life (BoL) and end-of-life (EoL) activities were observed in the low current density region; however, large disparities were found at larger current densities. For meaningful degradation studies, the carbon GDL had to be replaced by a titanium-based substrate. This way a more accurate assessment of the catalyst stability is demonstrated. Although at steady-state conditions the tested IrRu/ATO catalyst exhibited a slight decrease in current densities with time, the BoL and EoL activities are nearly identical.

Mouse developmental defects, but not paraganglioma tumorigenesis, upon conditional Complex II loss in early Sox10+ cells.

In humans, loss of heterozygosity for defective alleles of any of the four subunits of mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDH, also Complex II of the electron transport chain) can lead to paraganglioma tumors in neuroendocrine cells. With the goal of developing mouse models of this rare disorder, we have developed various SDH conditional loss strategies. Based on recent lineage tracing studies, we hypothesized that conditional SDHC loss in early embryogenesis during migration of primordial neural crest cells that form the susceptible chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla might induce paraganglioma. We triggered low levels of detectable SDHC loss in Sox10+ cells at E11.5 of mouse development. We report that, rather than developing adrenal medulla paraganglioma (pheochromocytoma), offspring survived with evidence of neural crest cell dysfunction. Phenotypes included mild lower extremity gait anomalies suggestive of neural tube closure defects and patches of unpigmented fur consistent with neural crest-derived melanocyte dysfunction. These defects were not observed in mice lacking Sdhc knockout. Our results add to existing data suggesting that, unlike humans, even early embryonic (Sox10-driven) SDHx loss is inadequate to trigger paraganglioma in mice of the genetic backgrounds that have been investigated. Instead, low levels of tricarboxylic acid cycle-deficient neural crest cells cause mild developmental defects in hind limb and melanocyte function. This new model may be of interest for studies of metabolism during early neural crest cell development.

Formation and survival of clay-mediated protocell membranes composed of single-chain amphiphiles in aqueous solutions

Protocell compartments composed of simple amphiphilic molecules could have survived on the clay mineral surfaces which can serve well as plausible sites for prebiotic chemistry on the early Earth. Herein we chose four common single-chain amphiphiles (SCAs), including the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), the cationic surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) and the zwitterionic lauryl sulfobetaine (LSB)), as model constituents of early membranes to establish a tentative model for protocell compartment. Positively charged Mg2Al-/Mg2Fe-layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and FeS2 are viewed as models of clay minerals. We demonstrate by comprehensively experimental study that unconventional vesicles can be easily promoted in a SCA aqueous micellar solution in the presence of model particles. Morphology evolutions are traced by collecting samples from mixtures of LDHs and SCA aqueous solutions and then recording at different incubation times via negative-staining or cryo-transmission electron microscopy (NS-TEM or cryo-TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Additionally, the stability of SCA bilayer membranes under possible prebiotic environment are tentatively studied. This work not only offers a robust yet versatile approach for the fabrication of novel vesicles but also provides new insights into the origin of cellular life.

The evolution of organic material on Asteroid 162173 Ryugu and its delivery to Earth

The recent return of samples from asteroid 162173 Ryugu provides a first insight into early Solar System prebiotic evolution from known planetary bodies. Ryugu’s samples are CI chondrite-like, rich in water and organic material, and primarily composed of phyllosilicate. This phyllosilicate surrounds micron to submicron macromolecular organic particles known as insoluble organic matter. Using advanced microscopy techniques on Hayabusa-2 samples, we find that aqueous alteration on Ryugu produced organic particles richer in aromatics compared to less altered carbonaceous chondrites. This challenges the view that aromatic-rich organic matter formed pre-accretion. Additionally, widespread diffuse organic material occurs in phyllosilicate more aliphatic-, carboxylic-rich, and aromatic-poor than the discrete organic particles, likely preserving the soluble organic material. Some organic particles evolved to encapsulate phyllosilicate, indicating that aqueous alteration on Ryugu led to the containment of soluble organic matter within these particles. Earth therefore has been, and continues to be, delivered micron-sized polymeric organic objects containing biologically relevant molecules.

CO2 Fixation to Prebiotic Intermediates over Heterogeneous Catalysts.

ConspectusThe study of the origin of life requires a multifaceted approach to understanding where and how life arose on Earth. One of the most compelling hypotheses is the chemosynthetic origin of life at hydrothermal vents, as this condition has been considered viable for early forms of life. The continuous production of H2 and heat by serpentinization generates reductive conditions at hydrothermal vents, in which CO2 can be used to build large biomolecules. Although this involves surface catalysis and an autocatalytic process, in which solid minerals act as catalysts in the conversion of CO2 to metabolically important organic molecules, the systematic investigation of heterogeneous catalysis to comprehend prebiotic chemistry at hydrothermal vents has not been undertaken.In this Account, we discuss geochemical CO2 fixation to metabolic intermediates by synthetic minerals at hydrothermal vents from the perspective of heterogeneous catalysis. Ni and Fe are the most abundant transition metals at hydrothermal vents and occur in the active site of the enzymes carbon monoxide dehydrogenases/acetyl coenzyme A synthases (CODH/ACS). Synthetic free-standing NiFe alloy nanoparticles can convert CO2 to acetyl coenzyme A pathway intermediates such as formate, acetate, and pyruvate. The same alloy can further convert pyruvate to citramalate, which is essential in the biological citramalate pathway. Thermal treatment of Ni3Fe nanoparticles under NH3, which can occur in hydrothermal vents, results in Ni3FeN/Ni3Fe heterostructures. This catalyst has been demonstrated to produce prebiotic formamide and acetamide from CO2 and H2O using Ni3FeN/Ni3Fe as both substrate and catalyst. In the process of serpentinization, Co can be reduced in the vicinity of olivine, a Mg-Fe silicate mineral. This produces CoFe and CoFe2 with serpentine in nature, representing SiO2-supported CoFe alloys. In mimicking these natural minerals, synthetic SiO2-supported CoFe alloys demonstrate the same liquid products as NiFe alloys, namely, formate, acetate, and pyruvate under mild hydrothermal vent conditions. In contrast to the NiFe system, hydrocarbons up to C6 were detected in the gas phase, which is also present in hydrothermal vents. The addition of alkali and alkaline-earth metals to the catalysts results in enhanced formate concentration, playing a promotional role in CO2 reduction. Finally, Co was loaded onto ordered mesoporous SiO2 after modification with cations to simulate the minerals found in hydrothermal vents. These catalysts were then investigated under diminished H2O concentration, revealing the conversion of CO2 to CO, CH4, methanol, and acetate. Notably, the selectivity to metabolically relevant methanol was enhanced in the presence of cations that could generate and stabilize the methoxy intermediate. Calculation using the machine learning approach revealed the possibility of predicting the selectivity of CO2 fixation when modifying mesoporous SiO2 supports with heterocations. Our research demonstrates that minerals at hydrothermal vents can convert CO2 into metabolites under a variety of prebiotic conditions, potentially paving the way for modern biological CO2 fixation processes.

Photochemically Driven Peptide Formation in Supersaturated Aerosol Droplets

The condensation of amino acids into peptides plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and is thus essential for understanding the origins of life. However, the spontaneous formation of peptides from amino acids in bulk aqueous media is energetically unfavorable, posing a challenge for elucidating plausible abiotic mechanisms. In this study, we investigate the formation of amide bonds between amino acids within highly supersaturated aerosol droplets containing dicyandiamide (DCD), a cyanide derivative potentially present on primordial Earth. Metastable states, i.e. supersaturation, within individual micron‐sized droplets are studied using both an optical trap and a linear quadrupole electrodynamic balance. When irradiated with intense visible light, amide bond formation is observed to occur and can be monitored using vibrational bands in Raman spectra. The reaction rate is found to be strongly influenced by droplet size and kinetic modelling suggests that it is driven by the photochemical product of a DCD self‐reaction. Our results highlight the potential of atmospheric aerosol particles as reaction environments for peptide synthesis and have potential implications for the prebiotic chemistry of early Earth.

Photochemically Driven Peptide Formation in Supersaturated Aerosol Droplets.

The condensation of amino acids into peptides plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and is thus essential for understanding the origins of life. However, the spontaneous formation of peptides from amino acids in bulk aqueous media is energetically unfavorable, posing a challenge for elucidating plausible abiotic mechanisms. In this study, we investigate the formation of amide bonds between amino acids within highly supersaturated aerosol droplets containing dicyandiamide (DCD), a cyanide derivative potentially present on primordial Earth. Metastable states, i.e. supersaturation, within individual micron-sized droplets are studied using both an optical trap and a linear quadrupole electrodynamic balance. When irradiated with intense visible light, amide bond formation is observed to occur and can be monitored using vibrational bands in Raman spectra. The reaction rate is found to be strongly influenced by droplet size and kinetic modelling suggests that it is driven by the photochemical product of a DCD self-reaction. Our results highlight the potential of atmospheric aerosol particles as reaction environments for peptide synthesis and have potential implications for the prebiotic chemistry of early Earth.

Economic Impact Assessment of Structural Health Monitoring Systems on the Lifecycle of a Helicopter Blade

Structural Health Monitoring Systems (SHMS) are currently widely investigated in the literature, however, their application to the aerospace industry is still limited. One of the reasons lies in the lack of methods aimed at evaluating their economic impact on the lifecycle of the structural element to be monitored [1]. In this work the economic impact of FBG-based SHMS was evaluated on a composite helicopter rotor blade, considering two perspectives: Beginning Of Life (BOL), concerning the blade production, and Middle Of Life (MOL), concerning its usage. The processes were modeled using the IDEF0 methodology, which allowed deriving the cost models for two scenarios: the current one, and the one including the SHMS. In BOL, the SHMS was supposed providing support to the development of new composite rotor blades, including the curing cycle definition and certification tests. In MOL the SHMS was supposed performing automatic scheduled inspections coupled with the traditional ones. The cost model was implemented in the Probabilistic Damage Tolerance Analysis [2] to compare the scenarios having the same blade Probability Of Failure and considering the performances of the SHMS in terms of Probability Of Detection and Probability of False Alarm. Results show that an economic benefit may be achieved using the SHMS in the development of new blades, potentially reducing the number of blades tested and number of autoclave cycles. Moreover, it was found that the traditional scheduled detailed inspection intervals could be extended if automatic SHMS inspections are performed in addition, maintaining the same Probability Of Failure. [1] Büchter, K. D. et al. (2022). Modeling of an aircraft structural health monitoring sensor network for operational impact assessment. Structural Health Monitoring, 21(1), 208-224. [2] Lin, K. Y., &amp; Styuart, A. V. (2007). Probabilistic approach to damage tolerance design of aircraft composite structures. Journal of Aircraft, 44(4), 1309-1317.

Spatial distributions of PN and PO in the shock region L1157-B1

Phosphorus plays an essential role in prebiotic chemistry. The origin of P-bearing molecules in the protostellar gas remains highly uncertain. Only PO and PN have been detected towards low-mass star-forming regions and their emission is mainly associated with outflow shocks. In order to make progress in the characterisation of P-chemistry, we present NOEMA observations of PO and PN at 3″−4″ resolution towards the outflow shock region L1157-B1. Our resolved observations confirm the association of both P species with the apex of the bow shock. High-velocity emission is detected in the compact region where the jet impacts the shock. Analysis of the spatial distributions of PO and PN indicates that these molecules are not sputtered from the icy mantles of dust grains; they are the gas-phase products of a P-mother species released in the shock. PO appears to form first in the gas phase, followed by PN, which remains longer in the shock, when PO is no longer detected. Variations of the PO/PN abundance ratio in the range 1–5 are detected over the apex and confirm the short time variability of P-chemistry, which typically lasts a few hundred years. These results are consistent with the previous modelling of P-chemistry in L1157-B1. Complementary observations of N-bearing species at high angular resolution are needed to better understand the formation pathways of PO and PN.

Observation of Complex Organic Molecules Containing Peptide-like Bonds Toward Hot Core G358.93–0.03 MM1

In star formation regions, the complex organic molecules (COMs) that contain peptide bonds (–NH–C(=O)–) play a major role in the metabolic process because –NH–C(=O)– is connected to amino acids (R-CHNH2–COOH). Over the past few decades, many COMs containing peptide-like bonds have been detected in hot molecular cores (HMCs), hot corinos, and cold molecular clouds, however, their prebiotic chemistry is poorly understood. We present the first detection of the rotational emission lines of formamide (NH2CHO) and isocyanic acid (HNCO), which contain peptide-like bonds toward the chemically rich HMC G358.93–0.03 MM1, using high-resolution and high-sensitivity Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array bands 6 and 7. We estimate that the column densities of NH2CHO and HNCO toward G358.93–0.03 MM1 are (2.80 ± 0.29) × 1015 cm−2 and (1.80 ± 0.42) × 1016 cm−2 with excitation temperatures of 165 ± 21 K and 170 ± 32 K, respectively. The fractional abundances of NH2CHO and HNCO toward G358.93–0.03 MM1 are (9.03 ± 1.44) × 10−10 and (5.80 ± 2.09) × 10−9. We compare the estimated abundances of NH2CHO and HNCO with the existing three-phase warm-up chemical model abundance values and notice that the observed and modeled abundances are very close. We conclude that NH2CHO is produced by the reaction of NH2 and H2CO in the gas phase toward G358.93–0.03 MM1. Likewise, HNCO is produced on the surface of grains by the reaction of NH and CO toward G358.93–0.03 MM1. We also find that NH2CHO and HNCO are chemically linked toward G358.93–0.03 MM1.

Modeling of the Impact‐Generated Hydrothermal System at the Haughton Impact Structure

AbstractHypervelocity impacts can generate hydrothermal systems, which have been suggested as candidate environments for prebiotic chemistry on the early Earth. The Haughton impact structure (a 23 km diameter crater located on Devon Island, Nunavut, Arctic Canada) displays evidence of water‐rock alteration indicative of a hydrothermal system generated from a cosmic impact. To model the formation of this crater and subsequent hydrothermal alteration, we have successfully developed a new two‐code methodology that utilizes a shock physics code and a hydrothermal code (HYDROTHERM). We can best reproduce the Haughton crater with a ∼700 m diameter projectile with an impact velocity of 14 km/s. With our approach, we were able to match all the major geological constraints observed at the Haughton impact structure. Our models show that the Haughton crater interior could have sustained temperatures ideal for thermophilic and hyperthermophilic life (50–120°C) for more than 50,000 years, indicating that these systems can sustain prebiotic chemistry and life for longer than previously estimated.

DDX5 Can Act as a Transcription Factor Participating in the Formation of Chicken PGCs by Targeting BMP4.

As an RNA binding protein (RBP), DDX5 is widely involved in the regulation of various biological activities. While recent studies have confirmed that DDX5 can act as a transcriptional cofactor that is involved in the formation of gametes, few studies have investigated whether DDX5 can be used as a transcription factor to regulate the formation of primordial germ cells (PGCs). In this study, we found that DDX5 was significantly up-regulated during chicken PGC formation. Under different PGC induction models, the overexpression of DDX5 not only up-regulates PGC markers but also significantly improves the formation efficiency of primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLC). Conversely, the inhibition of DDX5 expression can significantly inhibit both the expression of PGC markers and PGCLC formation efficiency. The effect of DDX5 on PGC formation in vivo was consistent with that seen in vitro. Interestingly, DDX5 not only participates in the formation of PGCs but also positively regulates their migration and proliferation. In the process of studying the mechanism by which DDX5 regulates PGC formation, we found that DDX5 acts as a transcription factor to bind to the promoter region of BMP4-a key gene for PGC formation-and activates the expression of BMP4. In summary, we confirm that DDX5 can act as a positive transcription factor to regulate the formation of PGCs in chickens. The obtained results not only enhance our understanding of the way in which DDX5 regulates the development of germ cells but also provide a new target for systematically optimizing the culture and induction system of PGCs in chickens in vitro.

Comparative analysis of radiation-induced effects on the performance of p-type PERC and TOPCon solar cells for space applications

This work presents a comprehensive numerical evaluation of PERC and TOPCon technologies, focusing on the impact of radiation-induced defects. This assessment is conducted for p-type silicon solar cells as they are intrinsically more resistant to radiation defects. By rigorously calibrating recombination parameters, radiation-induced defect profiles, and other pertinent details, a robust basis is established for an in-depth comparison of the performance characteristics displayed by both architectures under space conditions. The investigation reveals that when utilizing substrates with high doping levels, both PERC and TOPCon cells exhibit nearly identical beginning-of-life (BOL) and end-of-life (EOL) performance. However, with lower substrate doping concentrations, both technologies show improved BOL efficiency. Notably, this enhanced BOL efficiency does not translate into superior EOL efficiency. This distinction in EOL efficiency can be attributed to two primary factors triggered by radiation exposure. Firstly, the emergence of defects leads to a reduction in open-circuit voltage. Secondly, dopant compensation contributes to an increase in series resistance. Specifically, for PERC cells, the challenge of elevated series resistance is further exacerbated by the requirement for majority carriers to traverse both vertically and laterally to reach the rear metal contact. When a robust defect recovery mechanism or resilient cover glass is absent, substrates characterized by lower doping levels display increased susceptibility to the adverse effects of radiation-induced defects and the subsequent dopant compensation. Under these circumstances, the TOPCon technology demonstrates a significant advantage over PERC, particularly for high electron fluence due to its full area contacts for both minority and majority charge carriers.

Generation of mouse and rat xenogeneic ovaries in vitro for production of mouse oocyte

ABSTRACT The system forming ovarian follicles is developed to investigate in vitro folliculogenesis in a confined environment to obtain functional oocytes. Several studies have reported the successful generation of fully functional oocytes using mouse-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and mouse female germline stem cells (fGSCs) as sources of stem cells for in vitro gametogenesis models. In addition, human oogonia have been generated through heterologous co-culture of differentiated human primordial germ cell-like cells (hPGCLCs) with mouse germline somatic cells, although oocyte formation remains challenging. Thus, studies on in vitro ovarian formation in other species are utilized as an introductory approach for in vitro mammalian gametogenesis by understanding the differences in culture systems between species and underlying mechanisms. In this study, we optimized the method of the entire oogenesis process from rat embryonic gonads. We identified well-maturated MII oocytes from rat gonads using our constructed method. Moreover, we generated the first successful in vitro reconstitution of xenogeneic follicles from mouse primordial germ cells (PGCs) and rat somatic cells. We also established an appropriate culture medium and incubation period for xenogeneic follicles. This method will be helpful in studies of xenogeneic follicular development and oocyte generation.

Covalent Linkages Used in Prebiotic Chemistry for RNA‐Templated Amino Acid Transfer and Peptide Synthesis

AbstractBiological translation is a universal process taking place in the ribosome. It involves the synthesis of a protein with a particular sequence from the information encoded in a messenger RNA and the amino acids carried by transfer RNAs with the assistance of specific enzymes. However, the origin of translation in the prebiotic world and, thus, in the absence of enzymes is difficult to envisage. Past and recent studies proposed different prebiotic models, following top‐down and bottom‐up approaches, for the origin and evolution of a primitive ribosome. The bottom‐up models made use of distinct covalent linkages to connect RNA strands with amino acids and peptides. In this review, I focus on the covalent linkages used in these prebiotic models: acyl phosphate mixed anhydrides, phosphoramidates and ureas. I describe their syntheses under prebiotically plausible reaction conditions, as well as include their main conventional preparation methods. I also comment on their properties and chemical stabilities in aqueous solution. Finally, I examine the functions of the described covalent linkages in prebiotic processes involving RNA‐templated amino acid transfer and peptide synthesis.

Phosphates on Mars and Their Importance as Igneous, Aqueous, and Astrobiological Indicators

This paper reviews the phosphate phases in meteorites and those measured by landed spacecraft, what they reveal about past igneous and aqueous conditions on Mars, and important implications for potential prebiotic chemistry, past habitability, and potential biosignatures that could be detected in samples returned from Mars. A review of the 378 martian meteorites as of 2023 indicate that of the two most common phosphate minerals in Mars meteorites, merrillite and apatites, the apatite composition is largely F- and Cl-rich, with shergottites containing more OH. The phosphate concentrations examined across multiple missions show a relatively narrow range of phosphate, with higher concentrations observed in the Mount Sharp Group in Gale crater and Wishstone at Gusev crater and lower concentrations observed at Jezero crater floor and Jezero fan. Possible secondary phosphates detected on Mars, including Fe phosphates at Jezero crater and Gusev crater and Ca- and Al-bearing secondary phosphates, temperatures of formation of secondary phases and their dissolution rates and solubilities are reviewed and summarized. Despite this wealth of information about phosphates on Mars, due to their fine scale and relatively low concentrations, Mars Sample Return is needed to better understand phosphate and its implications for the igneous, aqueous, and astrobiological history of Mars.

Trading Off Initial PEM Fuel Cell Performance versus Voltage Cycling Durability for Different Carbon Support Morphologies

Tailored design of carbon supports and their pore morphologies is crucial to achieve the ambitious durability and performance targets for future proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). We compared platinum catalysts supported on solid Vulcan carbon, porous Ketjenblack carbon, and accessible porous modified Ketjenblack carbon in a voltage cycling-based accelerated stress test (AST) with frequent intermittent characterizations. We derived how catalyst morphologies affect cell performance and electrochemical properties (electrode roughness factor, ORR activity, oxygen transport resistances) at beginning-of-life (BoL) and in various states of degradation up to 200,000 voltage cycles. We confirmed the enhanced Pt surface area retention of porous carbon-supported catalysts, ascribed to well-shielded Pt particles in internal pores, but find that this comes at the expense of lower initial high current density performance already at BoL. Accessible porous carbon-supported catalysts with wider pores mostly retain those durability benefits while, simultaneously, maximizing H2/air performance at all current densities due to improved oxygen transport. We also tracked changes in catalyst accessibility throughout voltage cycling by analyzing local oxygen transport resistances and relative humidity-dependent platinum utilization. We propose that catalysts with porous carbon supports undergo oxidative pore opening, followed by continuous migration of internal Pt particles to the external carbon surface.

Synthetic chemistry recreates transitional forms in prebiotic membrane evolution

Synthetic chemistry recreates transitional forms in prebiotic membrane evolution

Peranan Matahari Muda yang Malap dalam Kimia Pra-Biotik: Dari Perspektif Kimia tentang Polimerisasi Pra-Biotik

The faint young sun (FYS) was introduced as a paradox by prominent astronomer Carl Sagan dan George Mullen. This paradox posits that the luminosity of the sun 4.6 billion years ago (when it came into existence) was less than 30% of its current luminosity. The variation in solar radiance might have facilitated the Origin of Life (OOL) on Earth by influencing prebiotic chemistry, especially in the formation of prebiotic polyester. Polyester, synthesized from alpha hydroxy acids(ɑHAs), serves as a model studied as a framework that facilitates OOL. Studies indicate that polyester gels can form from dehydration reactions of ɑHAs in wet-dry cycles, potentially initiating prebiotic life. Moreover, various investigations have demonstrated that ultraviolet UV light has been known to initiate prebiotic chemical reactions, as well as produce polyester. However, experiments have been done, but none has truly explored broadband light from the FYS. Furthermore, prebiotic polymerization induced by FYS has not been shown. In this paper, we will discuss about FYS, some research conducted regarding prebiotic reactions induced by UV light, and the prospects of how FYS’ broadband light might be beneficial for prebiotic polymerization involving polyester.