Primitive Knowledge Research Articles

A hierarchical positive and negative emotion understanding system based on integrated analysis of visual and brain signals

This paper proposes a novel emotion understanding system based on human brain activity, facial expression, and “GIST” to categorize emotions reflected by natural scenes, and to share emotions between humans and the developed system. Three modalities are adopted in the proposed system, including an electroencephalography (EEG) signal, human facial expressions stimulated by a natural scene, and “GIST”, which is used to extract low-level features and represent the primitive emotional gist of the scene. Through integrated analyzing the EEG of humans with different facial expressions and visual information from natural scene images, the proposed system can create clustering for different emotional features and construct some primitive knowledge about emotions. Using an interactive process through time, the proposed system can infer a human’s emotional status based on a neuro-fuzzy inference model and obtain a mental ability to understand emotions more accurately. The mean opinion score (MOS) is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed emotion understanding system. Experimental results demonstrate that an understanding of positive and negative emotions can be achieved under human supervision.

Learning Processes in Chemistry: Drawing Upon Cognitive Resources to Learn About the Particulate Structure of Matter

This article explores 11- to 16-year-old students' explanations for phenomena commonly studied in school chemistry from an inclusive cognitive resources or knowledge-in-pieces perspective that considers that student utterances may reflect the activation of knowledge elements at a range of levels of explicitness. We report 5 themes in student explanations that we consider to derive from implicit knowledge elements activated in cognition. Student thinking in chemistry has commonly been examined from a misconceptions or alternative conceptions/frameworks perspective, in which the focus has been on the status of learners' explicit conceptions. This approach has been valuable, but it fails to explain the origins or nature of the full range of alternative ideas reported. In physics education, the cognitive resources perspective has led to work to characterize implicit knowledge elements—described as phenomenological primitives (p-prims)—that provide learners with an intuitive sense of mechanism. School chemistry offers a complementary knowledge domain because of its focus on the nature of materials and its domination by theoretical models that explain observable phenomena in terms of emergent properties of complex ensembles of “quanticles” (molecules, ions, electrons, atoms, etc.) The themes reported in this study suggest a need to recognize primitive knowledge elements beyond those reported from physics education and suggest that some previously characterized p-prims may be better considered to derive from more broadly applicable intuitive knowledge elements.

A Port-Based Approach to Configuration Design of Mechanical Products

Configuration design lies in the later stage of the conceptual design. It affects the downstream of design process and decides product structure. Therefore, it is necessary to pursue an approach to support such design stage activities. Port, as the location of intended interaction, plays an important role in the configuration design, which abstractly represents the intended exchange of signals, energy or material in a convenient way. Ontology is an unambiguous and flexible semantic specification corresponding entities, and it can effectively describe the function of port. In this paper, we firstly give port concept and port functional description, and their semantic synthesis is used to describe port ontology. Second, we build an ontology repository which contains the assorted primitive concepts and primitive knowledge to map the component connections and interactions. Meanwhile we provide a model of port-based multi-views which contains functional view, behavior view and configuration view, and gives the attributes and taxonomy of ports. Next, a port-based ontology language (PBOL) is described to represent the process of port ontology refinement, and a port-based FBS modeling framework is presented to describe system configuration. Finally, a revised tape case is given to show the application of the port-based ontology.

Coating Stresses in Thermal Barrier Coatings by an In-Situ Curvature Monitoring Technique

In this paper, coating stresses in thermal barrier coating (TBC) changing with cyclic heating - cooling are measured with a curvature measurement device developed in this study. The coating system chosen in this study is a dual-layered structure, and it consists of a partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) as the ceramic coating layer and CoNiCrAlY as the metal-bond coating layer. The specimen used here is a strip-plate shape with thin thickness (600μm) extracted chemically from carbon steel coated by a thermal spraying process. A cyclic heating-cooling test and a cyclic heating-cooling test with a dwelling time at the maximum temperature are conducted for the strip-plate specimen. Deflection and coating stresses are measured continuously under these cyclic tests, and thermal deformation mechanisms generating the deflection and coating stresses are discussed based on primitive knowledge using an elementary beam theory.

Genetics of human hydrocephalus

Human hydrocephalus is a common medical condition that is characterized by abnormalities in the flow or resorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), resulting in ventricular dilatation. Human hydrocephalus can be classified into two clinical forms, congenital and acquired. Hydrocephalus is one of the complex and multifactorial neurological disorders.A growing body of evidence indicates that genetic factors play a major role in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus. An understanding of the genetic components and mechanism of this complex disorder may offer us significant insights into the molecular etiology of impaired brain development and an accumulation of the cerebrospinal fluid in cerebral compartments during the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus. Genetic studies in animal models have started to open the way for understanding the underlying pathology of hydrocephalus. At least 43 mutants/loci linked to hereditary hydrocephalus have been identified in animal models and humans. Up to date, 9 genes associated with hydrocephalus have been identified in animal models. In contrast, only one such gene has been identified in humans. Most of known hydrocephalus gene products are the important cytokines, growth factors or related molecules in the cellular signal pathways during early brain development. The current molecular genetic evidence from animal models indicate that in the early development stage, impaired and abnormal brain development caused by abnormal cellular signaling and functioning, all these cellular and developmental events would eventually lead to the congenital hydrocephalus.Owing to our very primitive knowledge of the genetics and molecular pathogenesis of human hydrocephalus, it is difficult to evaluate whether data gained from animal models can be extrapolated to humans. Initiation of a large population genetics study in humans will certainly provide invaluable information about the molecular and cellular etiology and the developmental mechanisms of human hydrocephalus.This review summarizes the recent findings on this issue among human and animal models, especially with reference to the molecular genetics, pathological, physiological and cellular studies, and identifies future research directions.

Knowledge acquisition and learning in unstructured robotic assembly environments

Mechanical assembly by robots has traditionally depended on simple sensing systems and the robot manufacturers programming language. However, this restricts the use of robots in complex manufacturing operations. An alternative to robot programming is the creation of self-adaptive robots based on the adaptive resonance theory (ART) artificial neural network (ANN). The research presented in this paper shows how robots can operate autonomously in unstructured environments. This is achieved by providing the robot with a primitive knowledge base (PKB) of the environment. This knowledge is gradually enhanced online based on the contact force information acquired during operations. The robot resembles a blindfold person performing the same task since no information is provided about the localisation of the fixed assembly component. The design of a novel neural network controller (NNC) based on the Fuzzy ARTMAP network and its implementation results on an industrial robot are presented, which validate the approach.

Apoptosis During Cardiovascular Development

Morphogenesis and developmental remodeling of cardiovascular tissues involve coordinated regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis. In the heart, clear evidence points toward focal apoptosis as a contributor to development of the embryonic outflow tract, cardiac valves, conducting system, and the developing coronary vasculature. Apoptosis in the heart is likely regulated by survival and death signals that are also present in many other tissues. Cell type-specific regulation may be superimposed on general cell death/survival machinery through tissue-specific transcriptional pathways. In the vasculature, apoptosis almost certainly contributes to developmental vessel regression, and it is of proven importance in remodeling of arterial structure in response to local changes in hemodynamics. Physical forces, growth factors, and extracellular matrix drive vascular cell survival pathways, and considerable evidence points to local nitric oxide production as an important but complex regulator of vascular cell death. In both the heart and vasculature, progress has been impeded by inadequate information concerning the incidence of apoptosis, its relative importance compared with the diverse cell behaviors that remodel developing tissues, and by our primitive knowledge concerning regulation of cell death in these tissues. However, tools are now available to better understand apoptosis in normal and abnormal development of cardiovascular structures, and a framework has been established that should lead to considerable progress in the coming years.

A link trie structure of storing multiple attribute relationships for natural language dictionaries

Word relation is primitive knowledge and it is very useful for natural language processing systems. In the traditional systems, although each knowledge dictionary is constructed in separation, recent natural language applications become more complex by integrating the above multi-attribute relationships. This paper presents an efficient data structure by introducing a trie that can define the linkage among their leaves. The linkage enables us to share the basic words required for multi-attribute relationships. Theoretical observations show that the worst-case time complexity of retrieving multi-attribute relationships is a constant. From the simulation results, it is shown that the presented method is 1/3 smaller than the competitive methods.

Immune-neuro-endocrine interactions: facts and hypotheses.

I. Introduction THE existence of mechanisms that provide immunity to an infective agent was inferred from empirical observations obtained through the ingenuity and deductive capacity of early investigators. The first procedures for vaccinations and serotherapy resulted from these observations. The implementation of these procedures, probably the most important contribution of immunology to medical science, was, at first, based on a very rudimentary knowledge of the immune system. During the first half of the 20th century, this rather primitive knowledge coincided with evidence showing that the endocrine and nervous systems integrate and regulate different bodily functions. Therefore, based on some supportive data, it was considered that immune mechanisms may also be influenced by these systems. However, at the beginning of the second half of the 20th century, most efforts were directed at understanding the molecular and cellular basis of the immune response and the mechanisms of acquisition of immunologic...

Molecular basis of host-parasite relationship: towards the definition of protective antigens.

In spite of some remarkable progress in our understanding of the immune response to parasites and in the molecular cloning of dozens of genes encoding for potentially protective proteins, no definitive step has yet been made towards operational vaccines against major human parasitic diseases. The reasons for our present failures are no longer attributable to the lack of appropriate tools but rather to our rather primitive knowledge of the basic mechanisms governing host-parasite relationship. Mainly on the basics of our personal observations, we have attempted to review and discuss some of the prominent factors in host-parasite interactions, such as molecular mimicry, phyletic convergence, molecular mechanisms of infectivity and lures of cell communication. In many respects, the development of efficient vaccines applicable to humans appears closely dependent on a better understanding of the basic biological mechanisms underlying the natural history of parasitic diseases. In this context, the development of new concepts regarding the definition of potentially protective antigens based on the study of non-surface molecules, cross-reactive stage antigens and antibody isotype selection might represent promising alternatives.

Modeling the process of problem-solving by associative networks capable of improving the performance.

In this paper a model of neural network underlying arithmetic problem-solving is described. Memory models of procedural memory, semantic memory, and working memory, which are necessary to represent the process of the problem-solving, are constructed within a framework of a model of associative processor, HASP, proposed by one of the authors (Hirai 1983). Performance of the model has been simulated on a digital computer. By memorizing primitive knowledge of addition of two digits such as 6 + 8 = 14 in the semantic memory and procedural knowledge for the control of the process of adding in the procedural memory, the model can perform addition of multiple numbers with multiple digits. By making explicit serial associations between consecutive procedural steps, the performance of the model can be improved, because a current procedural step primes the next one. In addition, if a preceding procedural step is a subset of the next one, merging between the two steps occurs. The performance can be improved about 20% by these priming and merging. By memorizing incorrect procedures, the model can generate four kinds of bugs of addition which were observed in children's performance.

A conceptual architecture for generalized decision support system software

A conceptual architecture is proposed, and a prototype system that validates the proposed architecture's technical feasibility is presented. The relational data model is used in the proposed approach, and the way in which its tabular structure may be exploited to provide a unified logical view of data handling and model management is shown. Also, the concept of macro is used to extend the conventional meaning of model to include composite queries that often arise in a DSS environment. A primitive knowledge base consisting of macros, data, and associated dictionaries for both are included in the architecture. Organized into a three-level hierarchy, the knowledge base consists of systemwide, group, and individual macros and data. Also included in the architecture as a language system and modules for monitoring system performance, maintaining data and macro security, and linking the DSS to other parts of the local computing environment. A prototype system known as Magic/Roc is described.

Mental Health and Medical Care: Four Cultures and a Single Theme

We are now slowly re-discovering the conclusion reached by Alfred Grotjahn in his remarkably prescient Soziale Pathologie, namely that “zwischen dem Menschen und der Natur die Kultur steht.“ [1]. In some measure this maxim affects every branch of modern medicine but to none is it more relevant than psychiatry, which is so closely embedded in the social matrix in which the subject is practiced. A comprehensive study of this matrix would have to touch on a number of disciplines, including history, economics, social anthropology and sociology, but for our immediate purpose these multiple influences can be canalized by reference to the available systems of medical care which exist to deliver the two broad types of service offered by contemporary medicine: on the one hand, the specific products of biomedical research—a surgical operation, say, or a new drug—which are impersonal, often expensive and ideally directed at the cure of disease; on the other hand, the “non-specific” psychosocial contribution of medicine, intensely personal and more often directed towards alleviation or support. These two categories do no more than reflect the derivation of modern medicine from its twin sources of science and magic whose respective attributes were etched so sharply by Malinowski: “Science, even as represented by the primitive knowledge of savage man, is based on the normal universal experience of everyday life, experience won in man's struggle with nature for his subsistence and safety, founded on observation, fixed by reason. Magic is based on specific experience of emotional states in which man observes not nature but himself, in which the truth is revealed not by reason but by the play of emotions upon the human organism. Science is founded on the conviction that experience, effort and reason are valid; magic on the belief that hope cannot fail nor desire deceive. The theories of knowledge are dictated by logic, those of magic by the association of ideas under the influence of desire”. [2]

中学校理科教育法に関する研究

This research consists of three parts: (1) the analysis of error responses of teacher-made tests,(2) the analysis of scientific knowledge from the point of view of its developmental aspect and (3) the analysis of the retention of scientific knowledge from the point of view of its contents.Each part will be explained in detail as follows(1) Fifteen problems referred to “science of water” were selected from various teacher-made problems. Errors to all items of the problems were classified into the several degrees from trifling degree to serious degree, according to the distance from correct response, and scored as -1, -3, -3, etc., As the results, many sorts and various degrees of errors were revealed. In comparison of the rate of errors, the rate of non-response and the average minus scores of a error between the pupils who were good in science and those were poor, the good pupils tended to get correct response and even if they mistake, they made only trifling errors. The pupils on the medium made various degrees of errors, some of them relatively trifling but some considerably serious or unusual. Many poor pupils had no response or made so serious errors that we could not find out the relationship to the correct response at all.(2) The processes in which the scientific concepts developed were considered as follows.i) the primitive experiences in daily life,ii) the higher experiences by observation or experiment,iii) the lower abstraction, e.g. the qualitative knowledge, etc.,iv) the fixated conception, e.g. the quantitative law, etc.Eight tests were made to diagnose the structure of knowledge of- the pupils of the 1st and the 2nd grade of secondary school. Four of them were made referring to “science of water” and the others to “temperature and heat”. Each test consisted of about 30 items which were arranged according to the developmental process of the scientific concept. Besides, two scientific vocabulary tests were made and administrated. As the results of these testings, the rates of correct responses to items decreased gradually from the items which needed only the primitive knowledge to those which needed high abstract knowledge. Especially the decreasing tendency was significant in the rates of the pupils poor in science and of the 1st grade pupils.(3) The tests for the 4, 5, and 6th grade were made and each of which contained the problems of six units. The problems of each unit were made in order to evaluate four aspects of ability. The 4, 5, and 6th grade pupils were given all tests which contained only the problems that the pupils had already learned in the class. The results showed general increase of the rate of correct responses as the grade became higher and the variance of the rate within the grades, four aspects of ability and six units were all significant. As to the items of which the pupils had already learned and of which the rates of the correct responses were lower than the other items, the higher the grade was the more improved tendency appeared in the rates of correct responses.However, there were items which gave the lower rate of correct response as the grade was higher. As for these items, the higher the intelligences of the pupils were, the slower the rate decreased.

The Campaign of Society Against Cancer: Opening Address of the Third International Congress of Radiology, Paris, July 26, 1931

Retrospective Review The history of the campaign against cancer may be divided into three periods, characterized by the various degrees of knowledge of the disease and the available means of attacking it. The first period, from the beginning of medical history up to the middle of the last century, was one of primitive knowledge and an attitude of resignation. It was the time of nursing homes. Effective weapons were lacking. The only help which could be given to patients with cancer was that of pure charity. The second period, which included the last half of the past century, was that of morphologic research, and of aseptic surgery. The third, which began at the end of the nineteenth century, is the period of the experimental study of cancer, radiotherapy, and an organized campaign against the disease. It is only during this last period, in which we are now working, that the campaign against cancer has been recognized as the task of society as a whole. At the present time, however, it is fair to say that this is one of the vital problems which interest all humanity. I have no time to go into the history of the campaign against cancer. I shall only point out that in 1906 my distinguished colleague, Dr. Ledoux-Lebard (1), published a history of this campaign, which was as brilliant as it was complete. Neither should we forget, meeting, as we are, in France, that it was the good canon of the cathedral of Rheims, Jean Godinot, who, by a gift, made possible the establishment in 1740 of the first special cancer hospital. This was at a time when people with cancer were avoided as though pestiferous, and when there was no hope of combating the enemy with success.

Primitive Knowledge of Inoculation

Primitive Knowledge of Inoculation