Primitive Era Research Articles

ГІСТОРЫЯ ПРАКТЫКІ АМПУТАЦЫЙ У СУВЯЗІ З ВАЕННЫМІ ДЗЕЯННЯМІ. ЧАСТКА 1. РАМЯСТВО АМПУТАЦЫЙ СА СТАРАЖЫТНЫХ ЧАСОЎ ДА ДРУГОЙ ПАЛОВЫ XVIII СТАГОДДЗЯ

Limb amputations are one of the oldest surgical operations that are known to the humankind. Over the millennia of medical practice, the technique of amputations has been constantly changing and improving, either under the influence of the inventions made by outstanding surgeons or new stages of technical progress. In the first part of the article on the ground of literary sources, the main stages of the development of the mastership of amputation from the Primitive era to the second half of the XVIII century in direct connection with the evolution of warfare as well as key inventions and outstanding personalities are reviewed. The further development of the art of amputations from the second half of the XVIII century to Modern times is reviewed in the second part of the article.

Origin of rules of law choice: the primitive era

The article explores the concept that the first relations falling under the subject of private international law originated in the primitive period. These relations include exogamy and incest taboos, the institution of hospitality and exchange agreements. Exogamy and incest taboos are fundamental relationships that emerged parallel to the development of society and law, forming he cornerstone of these constructs. These represent the earliest interactions involving “foreign persons” and are characterized by personal non-property character. Hospitality ties are linked to exogamy while exchange relationships follow subsequently. Intergroup agreements serve as primary mechanism for regulating these relations and lay the groundwork for the inception of the initial choice-of-law rules. The conflicts are not interstate but rather intergroup (intercommunal), similar to contemporary interpersonal or interlocal disputes. The author applies a number of methods such as comparative analysis, reconstruction, formal-logical, dialectical, natural science and historical analysis in this research. In conclusion, the author asserts that three key institutions emerged in the pre-state era, forming the foundation of modern PIL: exogamy (cross-border marrital and family relations), hospitality (foreigners’ law), and exchange (international contract law). During this period the first conflict resolution rules also emerged. The principle method for addressing conflict issues in primitive societies is the unified substantive approach through intergroup agreements. Additionally, archaic law incorporated conflicting principles like personal law and the law of the place where the action occurred. These conclusions are drawn through a reconstructive approach and are supported by archeology, genetics, anthropology, as well as domestic and foreign scholarly research on legal genesis.

ГРОШОВО-ВАГОВІ МІРИ КРАЇН СХІДНОЇ ЄВРОПИ ВІД ДОБИ АНТИЧНОСТІ ДО XIX ст.

The first European civilisations emerged in the third and second millennia BC on the island of Crete and other Aegean islands, as well as in the southern territories of the Balkan Peninsula. The first European systems of measures, including weights, were created here. The first European writing system, the linear syllabic A and B script emerged on this land. The syllabic writing of the Minoan civilisation on Crete and the Mycenaean civilisation in the territory of modern mainland Greece was completely original. It had a great influence on the first alphabet on Earth, which was created in Phoenicia in the middle of the second millennium BC. In turn, the weights and measures of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilisations were formed under the influence of the system of weight measures of Ancient Sumer of the third millennium BC. The use of the written language and its integral component, the number system, contributed to the spread of unified weight measures over large areas. Numerous weighing systems were created in ancient Greece in the first millennium BC. Thanks to trade, they began to be used in the Balkan Peninsula – in Macedonia, Thrace, Illyria, as well as in the Northern Black Sea region, where there were ancient Greek colonies. The incorporation of the Balkan Peninsula and the territory of the ancient Greek colonies of the Northern Black Sea in the second and first centuries BC into the Roman Empire led to the use of the Roman system of weight measures in these lands. In the IV–XV centuries, the Byzantine measures derived from the Roman ones influenced the formation of the systems of measures of the Eastern European states through political and economic relations. In the second half of the first millennium, the first states were created in Eastern Europe – Bulgaria, Great Moravia, Hungary, Poland, and Ancient Rus. In the first half of the second millennium, the states of Serbia, Lithuania, Wallachia, Moldova, and others were formed. The weight systems of these countries were formed on the basis of natural measures of the primitive era, as well as the weight units borrowed from international trade. In the Middle Ages, Eastern European measures of weight were significantly influenced by those of the Carolingian Empire, the Germanic Empire, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The conquest of the Balkan Peninsula by the Ottoman Empire in the XV–XVI centuries led to the spread of Turkish measures in this area. This article analysis the origins of the ancient weight measures of Eastern Europe. The degree which peculiarities of political and economic development of particular countries and territories influenced the formation of weight systems was determined. Special attention was devoted to the relation between weight measures and aspects of the emergence and development of money in circulation, and the interaction between historical metrology and numismatics in studying processes. The mutual influence between weight system of various countries and the borrowing of certain foreign weight units in the course of international trade was considered.

MAGIC AND SPELL IN FANTASY: HISTORICAL CONTEXTS OF SUPERNATURAL ELEMENTS IN FANTASY GENRE NARRATIONS

This paper will examine the usage and functions of the magic concept in fantastic narrations with the consideration of importance of supernatural in history.Magic and spell are different versions of supernatural. Theyall represent different structures of society in certain historical periods of humanity. While magic highlights the primitive era of civilizations, spell& occultism became important with the invention of writing. Defining and analyzing the supernatural types will also help to understand power relations, consensus reality and dominant ideology in society. With the acknowledgments of supernatural types in history, paper will make a study of fantastic genre in order to find the link between usage of supernatural in narrations and their political – economicalrelations.Paper will ask the question of does analyzing the supernatural elements in narration help to understand texts discourse? and in the conclusion section it will try to give an answer. As a version of supernatural, magic has a link with matriarchy.Till witch hunt, magic can be accepted as a way of resistance of women against to patriarchy. In this point, paper will investigate of the connection between the usage of magic in fantasy and matriarchal theory.

Comprehensive Ethnomedicinal, Pharmacological and Phytochemical Report on <i>Basella alba</i> L. (Basellaceae)

From the primitive era to the current generation, natural extracts or products played the most conservative therapeutic and nutritional resources. Starting from the era of folklore or ancient, mother nature has protected us from various diseases by producing various natural products having strong medicinal implications like quinine, taxol, vinblastine, etc. Among the many available sources of natural products, pharma-herb being a new member has drawn considerable attention of the researcher in order to have a new pool of products having pronounced pharmaceutical activity. Now Basella alba is one of the brightest candidates belonging to pharma-herb because of its considerably enriched pharmacologically important product stocks like vitamin C, flavonoid compounds, carotenoids, saponins as well as a large number of different minerals and numerous amino acids. This plant is a perennial vine that is often cultivated as a food crop during the cooler months. It is also able to grow very fast and can resist temperatures that are quite high. Basella alba has been referred to by a number of different names throughout history, including Indian-, Malabar-, climber-, Ceylon-, and vine-spinach. Poi is the term that the majority of people in India use when referring to it. The various natural products isolated from B. alba have significant medicinal utilization because of its antimicrobial, anti-ulcer, wound healing, antiviral, anti- inflammatory depressant, androgenic potential, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-anxiety, diuretic and antiurolithiatic activities. This review will cover a detailed journey about Basella alba L. ranging from phytochemical to toxicological, morphological, pharmacological as well as medicinal importance.

Development of the Culture of Dissertation Research in Archaeology in the Kazan Governorate and the TASSR during the 1910s–1940s

This article discusses the development of the culture of dissertation research in archaeology in the Kazan Governorate and the TASSR between the 1910s and 1940s. The central role in this process was played by A.P. Smirnov and N.F. Kalinin, two prominent archaeologists, as well as by V.F. Smolin and M.G. Khudyakov, their predecessors. A.P. Smirnov developed a research passion for studying the archaeology and history of the Volga Bulgaria in the early 1930s, and N.F. Kalinin became interested in exploring the primitive era during the second half of the 1940s. The large-scale excavations of the Suvar and Bolghar (since 1938) settlements offered a solid methodological background for A.P. Smirnov’s doctoral dissertation. In his work, he introduced a new approach to addressing a number of controversial issues, such as the dating of the emergence of the Bolghar settlement, by using archeological data. The outbreak of the war forced A.P. Smirnov to change his plans: he defended his dissertation in Moscow as early as 1944. N.F. Kalinin’s dissertation was based on the archaeological collections of the Neolithic, Bronze, and Early Iron Ages stored at the Kazan Museum; these were the well-known materials with a historiographical tradition. The problems of academic communication during the period before these two dissertations had been defended are addressed. The early stages of institutionalization of this process are analyzed.

Preliminary Study of the Stone Age in Crimea: Historiographical Insights

The article deals with the historiography of the formation of the Crimean archaeology as a component of scientific knowledge of Russia in the last quarter of the 19th century. It is accented that an important role in this process was played by social and economic factors, activated after the reforms of the 1860s and scientific and organizational, in particular the arrival of archeological monuments in the sphere of attention of the most educated part of society (K.S. Merezhkovsky, A.S. Uvarov). Crimean researchers of the Stone Age, focusing on the idea of autochthonous, long-term, successive development of cultures, considered the basis of progress the improvement of technology and tools. Developing evolutionist ideas, scientists formulated the main objectives of archaeological knowledge in the following: to rise to the level of creating a comprehensive doctrine about the evolution of primitive societies, their development and decline, education and transformation. At the same time, the authors did not simply describe and classify archaeological monuments and artifacts in a philosophical-historical context, but sought to analyze them and build their own system of views on the change of eras, cultures and individual stages of the prehistoric past of humanity. At the same time in the last third of the 19th century archaeological study of the Stone Age of Crimea was also manifested in the quantitative accumulation of sources. In particular, the first paleolithic sites were discovered, the antiquity of human existence on the peninsula was proved, the first anthropological remains of the primitive era in Crimea were found, the first generalized classifications of stone age tools and collections of archeological collections were created.

Археологические исследования первобытных культур на территории современного Азербайджана

Primitive culture has always been of great interest to modern man. The need to find answers too many questions related to this period of culture remains relevant to this day. Archaeologists, culturologists, historians, art historians have made many discoveries and studies to study the culture of the primitive era on the territory of modern Azerbaijan. This article analyzes the culture of the primitive society on the territory of modern Azerbaijan, covering the period from 1.5 million years ago to the end of the 2nd millennium BC.

ACCOUNTING HISTORY: A BIBLIOMETRIC LITERATURE REVIEW

Accounting is much more than a science, is a branch of our heritage history. Since the dawn of primitive era, it has been a part of us and kept developing. Given its importance, the literature in accounting history has grown but much remains to be unravelled. In this sense, this research is a literature review on the evolution of accounting. The aim is to highlight the accounting timelessness in humanity and to analyse the scientific production in accounting history. A quantitative bibliometric analysis was conducted using VOSviewer and R Bibliometrix software. A total of 236 publications were selected from the Web of Science database, between 1975 and 2021. In this research, we found that the main subtopics in accounting history research are: (1) accounting history and its relevance, (2) the roles of accounting in society, (3) accounting and religion and (3) schools of thought in accounting history. Australia, England, America, and Italy are the countries with most published articles. “Accounting History”, “Accounting Organizations and Society” and “Accounting Historians Journal” have been among the top journals, Garry Carnegie, Delfina Gomes and Christopher Napier are the most influential authors and the institutions, like Rmit University, the University of Minho and Cardiff University, stand out on accounting history research, considering the number of publications. The research trend and the progress in accounting history were discussed.

The Effect of DNA from Escherichia Coli at High and Low CO2 Concentrations on the Shape and Form of Crystal-line Silica-Carbonates of Barium (II)

The synthesis of nucleic acids in the Precambrian era marked the start of life, with DNA being the molecule in which the genetic information has been conserved ever since. After studying the DNA of different organisms for several decades, we now know that cell size and cellular differentiation are influenced by DNA concentration and environmental conditions. However, we still need to find out the minimum required concentration of DNA in the pioneer cell to control the resulting morphology. In order to do this, the present research aims to evaluate the influence of the DNA concentration on the morphology adopted by biomorphs (barium silica-carbonates) under two synthesis conditions: one emulating the Precambrian era and one emulating the present era. The morphology of the synthetized biomorphs was assessed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chemical composition and the crystalline structure were determined through Raman and IR spectroscopy. Our results showed that DNA, even at relatively low levels, affects the morphology of the biomorph structure. They also indicated that, even at the low DNA concentration prevailing during the synthesis of the first DNA biomolecules existing in the primitive era, these biomolecules influenced the morphology of the inorganic structure that lodged it. On the other hand, this also allows us to infer that, once the DNA was synthetized in the Precambrian era, it was definitely responsible for generating, conserving, and directing the morphology of all organisms up to the present day.

An Experimental and Experienced Study on Imparting English Language to the Higher Learning Students with Analogies

“Language is a purely human non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.”--Edward Sapir (1921) At the outset English language plays a vital role in every walk of life either in home town or in abroad. How a language is created? In the primitive era the monolithic man communicated his matter or message through gestures. Later on, he used sounds. The sounds become words of his-own would be understood by the opponents and the opponents too responded to the voiced words. There by, the process of communication went on. Gradually, it developed in terms of letters, signs, words, sentences etc. These tools paved way to speak or to write anything and to anybody. But it seemed only to be particular language speakers were able to communicate with themselves. The linguists analyze that the one language which should be unique and universal that is only with the English language. The leaning and teaching of English language prospered as it is treated as universal one. The universality leads to aspire for learning the language amongst almost all the nations of the world. Fortunately, more number of countries was colonized by the British people consequently, the English language was influenced in the minds of the people inherently who were colonized, hence the language becomes a second language and the learners are called second language learners. Automatically, it is considered as English as a Second Language (ESL). In turn, most of the western countries treat English Language as a Foreign Language. Whatever it be it is the need of the hour that all should i.e. each and every nation has bounden duty to teach and learn the English language as it is interconnected to all the remains of world especially to the technologists who are otherwise called higher learners and they should have the effective communication skills as the scenario is the whole world is in a small silicon chip.

Археологическая культура и структура археологической науки

The article gives a definition of archaeological culture, which assumed to become consensual. There are three main approaches to the identification of archaeological cultures: typological, territorial-chronological and sociological. Each one individually has irremediable disadvantages. The article substantiates the need for a separate consideration of the archaeological cultures of the primitive era and the cultures of early class societies. A scheme is proposed in which these approaches become consistent procedures within the analytical methodology of archaeology. A description is given to the phratrial model of cultural genesis explaining the change of archaeological cultures. The article proposes a criterion for the sufficiency of sources for the identification of archaeological culture - the manifestation of a system of self-identification through typological analysis. The scheme also allows you to determine the ratio of the terms technocomplex, group of monuments, archaeological culture, etc. On the basis of the above theoretical constructions, the structure of archaeological science consisting of field, desk, theoretical sciences and the history of primitive society is build. The separation of methodological and theoretical branches of science is substantiated.

Drug-lead Anti-tuberculosis Phytochemicals: A Systematic Review.

Today, the occurrence and recurrence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis strains and comorbidities are the main reasons for long-term morbidity and mortality from tuberculosis from the nasty acid-fast pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Therefore, discovering and developing well-tolerated and non-toxic antituberculosis regimens are directly needed to defend the variants strains of M. tuberculosis and, alternatively, support WHO's 'END-TB' campaign. Alternatively, phytochemicals from various common and medicinal plants have always been vital therapeutic agents since the primitive era. Thus, proper scientific documentation as diversity, potency, structure, drug-chemistry and overall critical analysis are essential tools to accelerate the phytochemical-based anti-TB drug development. In the present review, we have used some specific keywords such as 'antituberculosis phytochemicals', &; antituberculosis phytochemicals from plant source&; 'natural products against tuberculosis' in Google, PubMed, ScienceDirect sites to get more appropriate research publications. Further, based on lower minimum inhibitory concentration within fifty μ g/mL, a total of twohundred- twenty-one bioactive anti-TB phytochemicals were selected for critical drug-chemistry and structural activity relationship analyses to select most potential 'lead candidate' for anti-TB drug development. Based on lower concentration, abietane, ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate, ergosterol peroxide, mono-O-methyl curcumin isoxazole, 7-methyljuglone, 12-demethylmulticaulin, 12-methyl-5- dehydroacetylhorminone, tryptanthrin, etc. are some of the potential anti-TB phytochemicals. Interestingly, existing and clinical drug pipelines for TB contain several active phytochemical pharmacophores illustrated from the structural analysis. Therefore, updated experimental documentation and structural-cum-critical drugchemistry analysis on isolated antituberculosis phytochemicals at the primary level are more beneficial for drug developers, R&D centres, and pharmaceutical companies to accelerate anti-TB drug development using phytochemicals.

ФОРМУВАННЯ ФЕНОМЕНА "БЕЗПЕКА": ОСОБЛИВОСТІ МІФО-РЕЛІГІЙНИХ КОНТЕКСТІВ

The article is devoted to understanding the idea of security in mytho-religious beliefs, as well as the search for theoretical interpretations of the transformation of the mask phenomenon, from its original meaning to the present in terms of COVID-19. It is revealed that in the primitive era characteristic notions of security were formed, which was due to a certain type of worldview. Primitive man, mastering the environment and being in conditions of a threatening reality, tried to protect himself by creating a kind of amulet, through which he tried to preserve its integrity. At the same time, certain codes of conduct were formed. Mythological and religious ideas testify to the formation of the idea of security, which originated by performing a protective function, regulating interpersonal relations and the life of society. Acting as a kind of worldview, mytho-religious ideas reflected a certain level of human identification, its ability to protect himself as integrity. In fact, mythology reflects the harmony between man and the world around him, between society and nature. In this sense, it serves as a means of protecting man from negative influences. Particular attention is paid to the application of various theoretical approaches, those discourses that have constructed mythological meanings, religious accents. This study can be considered an analytical comparison of two strategic vectors of security thinking, which are directly related. First, the vector associated with the emergence of various gods, forces, which, despite all their contradictions and various spheres of influence, "increased" their protective function. The second trajectory is the emergence of various mytho-religious factors, the emergence of certain means as an auxiliary factor in human protection. There is also no linear growth in this movement, phenomena and situations arise that do not have an unambiguous definition – religion and culture. These phenomena intertwine and show that they, or society, are already dealing with some other semantic mode of protection. Reconstruction of the mytho-religious context allowed to establish the functional features of the mask, which are considered in relation to the meaning of life orientations of man. The mask is associated with the formulation of meanings in the context of reflections on oneself, the Other and the world as a whole.

Urbanization and Security in Africa: A Technological Perspective

Urbanization as a phenomenon has been evolving since man began his existence on planet earth. It has evolved from hamlets of the primitive era of civilization, through village clusters, micro-cities, cities to urban centers. The dynamics of change has been constant in the evolutionary trend of civilization, and of the growth of cities. The only deviation in the narrative of globalization and urbanization is that the developed cities of western world have always served as the case studies. This could be attributed to the fact that the West for example, laid better technological foundations that helped in the realization of their city development plans. The catch-up game has been the order of the day with African countries and cities. In examining the effects of a globalized and urbanized world, and its attendant security implications in Africa, this chapter, as a point of departure focuses on the technological dimension of this problem.

PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT OF PROHIBITIVE-PUNITIVE INSTITUTIONS OF SOCIAL REGULATION: FROM TABOO TO CRIMINAL LAW

Formulation of the problem. The very existence and role of objective patterns in society, including in the legal sphere, causes doubt among some thinkers, up to the complete denial of any patterns in social life. However, even a shallow analysis, conducted from the perspective of the general scientific concept of patterns, leaves no doubt that in the development and functioning of law, in its matter, its constituent elements, in their correlation there are objective laws that, like laws in any other matter, have the nature of the necessary and stable relationships and dependencies. Therefore, it is clear that their specific laws are inherent in legal reality, including criminal law as its component. The emergence of criminal law - a natural process, which at one time was experienced by any modern society. It was due to the development of the system of social regulation and the objective needs of protecting social interests from the most dangerous attacks. Purpose of article. This article analyzes the process of the emergence of criminal law, examines the concepts of genesis and genetic patterns of criminal law, it turns out the preconditions of criminal law in the social regulation of the primitive era. Results. The study made it possible to formulate a number of specific patterns of the emergence of criminal law, in particular: the pattern of the genetic dependence of criminal law prohibitions on the system of sacred taboos and prohibitions of prestate society; the regularity of the emergence of criminal law norms only in a state-organized society; the regularity of the dependence of the emergence of criminal law on the formation of the idea of a crime as an act that causes harm to the whole society as an integral organism; regularity of conditionality of norms on criminal and punishable by moral ideas of society about good and evil; regularity, expressed in the sequential consolidation in the criminal law of crimes of mala in se (by nature), then mala prohibita (according to law).

Synthesis of Crystalline Silica-Carbonate Biomorphs of Ba(II) under the Presence of RNA and Positively and Negatively Charged ITO Electrodes: Obtainment of Graphite via Bioreduction of CO2 and Its Implications to the Chemical Origin of Life on Primitive Earth.

Since Earth was formed, in the Precambrian era up until our present days, electric current has participated in the morphology and chemical composition of organic and inorganic structures. Attempting to elucidate the mechanism by which electric current participated in the creation of the first cell in the Precambrian era is an intriguing and of a permanent subject of interest to be studied. One way of emulating the formation of structures similar to those that might have existed in the Precambrian era in the presence of a biomolecule and an electric current source is to use as a model, the silica–carbonate of alkaline earth metal compounds known as biomorphs. The objective of this work was to assess the influence exerted by an electric current (negatively or positively charged indium tin oxide electrodes) on the formation of biomorphs in the presence of RNA. The compounds obtained under both electric charges were visualized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and their chemical composition was analyzed through Raman spectroscopy. The biomorphs obtained under a positive electric current correspond to aragonite-type BaCO3(I) and calcite-type BaCO3(II). Whereas, under a negative current, carbon graphite and aragonite-type BaCO3(I) were obtained. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evidence showing that the presence of RNA and the electric current is fundamental in the rearrangement of atoms, suggesting that organic and inorganic compounds have coexisted since the primitive era.

Theatrical literature and the extracts used in it on “The Mahabharata”

The importance of "Mahabharata" has been imbibed by poets and inventors since the primitive era of writing Sanskrit literature. The present communication deals with the analysis of metaphors and extracts presented in the “Mahabharata” composed by “Mahrsi” Ved Vyas.

Teoria Geral do Processo Civil: da evolução histórica aos princípios

O conteúdo pesquisado neste artigo é a teoria geral do processo civil, de forma a iniciar com a abordagem dos principais pontos da evolução histórica, desde a era primitiva até o processualismo científico. Em seguida, expõe os diversos conceitos existentes na doutrina, com as lições sobre a trilogia: jurisdição, ação e processo, bem como os tipos de fontes que criam o direito processual civil. Por último, aborda os princípios do acesso à jurisdição, do devido processo legal, do contraditório e da duração razoável do processo. A pesquisa objetiva apresentar os elementos da teoria geral e reunir conhecimento técnico a contribuir como fundamento teórico. Além da importância da compreensão do tema, seleciona as questões essenciais que constituem o direito processual civil. A técnica de pesquisa utilizada é a bibliográfica, pois baseia-se em doutrinas clássicas e modernas, e o método de pesquisa é o dedutivo.

Lelio Orci, the modern master of morphology.

Lelio Orci has made seminal contributions to our understanding of pancreatic islet structure and function. He introduced quantitative criteria to structural analysis in the study of endocrine pancreas in a series of works performed in collaboration with Albert Renold, Roger Unger, and Donald Steiner. Orci has moved islet cell morphology from the primitive era of histochemistry and electron microscopy into the modern era of cell biology, applying the most advanced techniques and covering every aspect of normal and pathological structure-function relationships. In collaboration with James Rothman in New York and Randy Schekman in Berkley, Orci discovered that the transport steps from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex, and within the Golgi, are mediated by two sets of vesicles coated with protein envelopes different from clathrin.