Primitive Class Research Articles

Experimental Examination of Component-Differentially-Challenged XOR PUF Circuits

Physical unclonable functions (PUFs), leveraging tiny physical variations of the circuits to produce unique responses for individual PUF instances, are emerging as a promising class of hardware security primitives for resource-constrained IoT devices. Component-differentially-challenged XOR PUFs (CDC XPUFs) are among the PUFs which were shown to be highly secure to machine learning modeling attacks. However, no study of implementation and experimentation has been carried out. In this paper, we report our implementations of CDC XPUFs on FPGAs and experimental studies of the essential properties of CDC XPUFs.

NIST-certified secure key generation via deep learning of physical unclonable functions in silica aerogels

AbstractPhysical unclonable functions (PUFs) are complex physical objects that aim at overcoming the vulnerabilities of traditional cryptographic keys, promising a robust class of security primitives for different applications. Optical PUFs present advantages over traditional electronic realizations, namely, a stronger unclonability, but suffer from problems of reliability and weak unpredictability of the key. We here develop a two-step PUF generation strategy based on deep learning, which associates reliable keys verified against the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) certification standards of true random generators for cryptography. The idea explored in this work is to decouple the design of the PUFs from the key generation and train a neural architecture to learn the mapping algorithm between the key and the PUF. We report experimental results with all-optical PUFs realized in silica aerogels and analyzed a population of 100 generated keys, each of 10,000 bit length. The key generated passed all tests required by the NIST standard, with proportion outcomes well beyond the NIST’s recommended threshold. The two-step key generation strategy studied in this work can be generalized to any PUF based on either optical or electronic implementations. It can help the design of robust PUFs for both secure authentications and encrypted communications.

Energy minimisation‐based multi‐class multi‐instance geometric primitives extraction from 3D point clouds

Geometric primitives contained in three-dimensional (3D) point clouds can provide the meaningful and concise abstraction of 3D data, which plays a vital role in improving 3D vision-based intelligent applications. However, how to efficiently and robustly extract multiple geometric primitives from point clouds is still a challenge, especially when multiple instances of multiple classes of geometric primitives are present. In this study, a novel energy minimisation-based algorithm for multi-class multi-instance geometric primitives extraction from the 3D point cloud is proposed. First, an improved sampling strategy is proposed to generate model hypotheses. Then, an improved strategy to establish the neighbourhood is proposed to help construct and optimise an energy function for points labelling. After that, hypotheses and parameters of models are refined. Iterate this process until the energy does not decrease. Finally, models of multi-class multi-instance geometric primitives are simultaneously and robustly extracted from the 3D point cloud. In comparison with the state-of-the-art methods, it can automatically determine the classes and numbers of geometric primitives in the 3D point cloud. Experimental results with synthetic and real data validate the proposed algorithm.

Theater as a Media to Introduce Papuan Culture to Millennial Generation

Papua is often considered and viewed as a primitive tribe and second class people, but on the other hand Papua has a diverse and beautiful culture that can be used as a national cultural heritage. In the era of globalization, many new values ​​enter and create a new world unity value, globalization also causes the flow of information to be very fast and easy to access, this also brings foreign cultures to Indonesia very easily. Millennials are more interested in foreign cultures which can cause local cultures to become extinct over time. In anticipating this,strategiesare needed to continue to maintain and preserve cultures, by introducing local culture, especially Papuan culture to the millennial generation in an educative and entertaining way. Performing arts can be an effective communication medium in delivering messages because they involve the audience and provide real experience. Theater is one of the performing arts that involves audio and visual. Millennial generation's interest in theater performances is high. Thus theater performances can be an effecctive communication medium to introduce Papuan culture to the millennial generation.

On the Digital Pontryagin Algebras

In the current study, we explore digital homology modules, and investigate their fundamental properties on (pointed) digital images as one of the developments of symmetries. We also examine pointed digital Hopf spaces and base point preserving digital Hopf functions between pointed digital Hopf spaces with suitable digital multiplications, and explore the digital primitive homology classes, digital Pontryagin algebras on digital Hopf spaces as a symmetric phenomenon in mathematics and computer science.

Design of a Miniaturized Class F Power Amplifier Using Capacitor Loaded Transmission Lines

AbstractIn this paper, a new method to decrease the dimensions of the microstrip structures and reducing the overall size of the class F amplifiers is presented. First, by using the PHEMT transistor with a conventional harmonic control circuit (HCC), a low-voltage class F amplifier in the L band frequency at the operating frequency of 1.75 GHz is introduced, which named primitive class F power amplifier. Then, this amplifier is optimized by using capacitor loaded transmission lines (CLTLs). The measurement results of the amplifier show that by using the CLTL structure, the overall size has been reduced 85% (0.23 λg × 0.17 λg). The maximum power-added efficiency (PAE) of the power amplifier is about 77.5 % and the power gain which has been reached to 18.33 dB. The desirable features of this power amplifier, along with its very small size, make this power amplifier a good choice to use for the global system for mobile communications.

Sequence Data Matching and Beyond: New Privacy-Preserving Primitives Based on Bloom Filters

Bloom filter encoding has widely been used as an efficient masking technique for privacy-preserving matching functions. The existing matching techniques, however, are limited to relatively simple types such as string, categorical and signal numerical values. In this paper, we propose a new scheme that significantly extends the class of matching primitives that are based on privacy-preserving Bloom filter mechanism. These primitives include sequence data matching and popular distance-based machine learning algorithms such as KNN and SVM. Our scheme hash-maps a sequence data vector into the Bloom filter space while checking the similarity of the data points efficiently with negligible utility loss by adding a timestamp (bit) for each element in the data represented with its neighboring values. Furthermore, it includes a Laplace-like perturbation method on the constructed Bloom filters to address the weakness of deterministic probability led by encoding techniques. As a result, the proposed work guarantee the private data records are difficult to be discriminated due to collisions and differential privacy. The experimental results on three real-scenario based datasets illustrate that our method can achieve a significantly better trade-off between utility and privacy than the state-of-the-art differential privacy-based method by adding Laplace noise to the data directly.

Thinking at the Edges

The field of semiotic studies requires borders to function as a discipline but as a living science it is essential that those borders be unheeded. When Charles Peirce opened the modern field of semiotic studies he understood that he was an intellectual pioneer preparing the way for future semioticians. Peirce’s decision to equate semiotics with logic would likely seem bizarre to most professional logicians today yet his decision followed naturally from his view that all mental operations are sign actions and that semiosis is inferential. Peirce’s life-long study of sign types eventually led to a detailed, though provisional, classification of sixty-six distinct varieties of semiosis, many of which generate emotions or reactions rather than thoughts. Only twenty-one classes of signs yield interpretants that carry truth values or purport to be truth-preserving; the sign actions associated with these signs constitute the sphere of intellectual semiosis. The remaining forty-five non-intellectual sign classes drive perception and dominate the often unconscious mental operations that support and enrich day-to-day life. But this is also the realm of semiosis where memes flourish, where emoji function, and where propaganda first strikes a chord. This is the semiotic sphere where communal feeling can be engendered, but it is also the sphere of mob psychology. We are in troubled times during which signs are being used strategically to create dissension and social unrest and to generate disrespect for the very institutions that maintain the intelligence and practices that are fundamental for the survival of our way of life. It is time for semioticians to join forces against the weaponization of signs and I believe an investigation of the more primitive non-intellectual sign classes that Peirce identified will help lay the groundwork for the coming battle.

Curve counting on elliptic Calabi–Yau threefolds via derived categories

We prove the elliptic transformation law of Jacobi forms for the generating series of Pandharipande–Thomas invariants of an elliptic Calabi–Yau threefold over a reduced class in the base. This proves part of a conjecture by Huang, Katz, and Klemm. For the proof we construct an involution of the derived category and use wall-crossing methods. We express the generating series of PT invariants in terms of low genus Gromov–Witten invariants and universal Jacobi forms. As applications we prove new formulas and recover several known formulas for the PT invariants of \mathrm{K3} \times E , abelian 3-folds, and the STU-model. We prove that the generating series of curve counting invariants for \mathrm{K3} \times E with respect to a primitive class on the \mathrm{K3} is a quasi-Jacobi form of weight –10 . This provides strong evidence for the Igusa cusp form conjecture.

The spectroscopic properties of the Lixiaohua family, cradle of Main Belt Comets

The Lixiaohua collisional family lies in the Outer Main Belt, close to the well characterized Themis primitive class family. It is one of the only three families that host two active asteroids that present cometary-like activity: 313P/Gibbs and 358P/PANSTARRS (P/2012 T1). As a part of the PRIMitive Asteroid Spectroscopy Survey (PRIMASS), we present the results of a spectroscopic program where we acquired 36 objects in visible wavelengths, using the 4.1 m SOAR, and, 17 objects in the near-infrared, using the 3.58 m Telescopio Nazionale Galileo, which provided the characterization of 43 out of the 756 identified Lixiaohua family members. We observed asteroids members of the Lixiaohua family with the aim of: (1) determining the spectral class and spectroscopic properties of the family, (2) estimating the presence of hydrated minerals on their surfaces by studying the 0.7 μm absorption band and the UV drop of reflectance below 0.5 μm, (3) analyzing if active asteroids 358P and 313P are probable family members. Our results show that the Lixiaohua family is consistently redder families than the Themis family and present a wide variety of slopes. We have not found an unambiguous trace of aqueous alteration in the spectra of the family members, at the observed wavelengths. Finally, we conclude that the Lixiaohua family is the probable source of the Main-Belt Comets 313P/Gibbs and 358P/PANSTARRS.

Pullbacks of hyperplane sections for Lagrangian fibrations are primitive

Let [Formula: see text] be a Lagrangian fibration on a hyperkähler manifold of maximal holonomy (also known as IHS), and [Formula: see text] be the generator of the Picard group of [Formula: see text]. Assume that [Formula: see text] has no multiple fibers in codimension 1. We prove that [Formula: see text] is a primitive class on [Formula: see text].

Gaussian synapses for probabilistic neural networks

The recent decline in energy, size and complexity scaling of traditional von Neumann architecture has resurrected considerable interest in brain-inspired computing. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) based on emerging devices, such as memristors, achieve brain-like computing but lack energy-efficiency. Furthermore, slow learning, incremental adaptation, and false convergence are unresolved challenges for ANNs. In this article we, therefore, introduce Gaussian synapses based on heterostructures of atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) layered materials, namely molybdenum disulfide and black phosphorus field effect transistors (FETs), as a class of analog and probabilistic computational primitives for hardware implementation of statistical neural networks. We also demonstrate complete tunability of amplitude, mean and standard deviation of the Gaussian synapse via threshold engineering in dual gated molybdenum disulfide and black phosphorus FETs. Finally, we show simulation results for classification of brainwaves using Gaussian synapse based probabilistic neural networks.

Gromov–Witten theory of elliptic fibrations : Jacobi forms and holomorphic anomaly equations

We conjecture that the relative Gromov-Witten potentials of elliptic fibrations are (cycle-valued) lattice quasi-Jacobi forms and satisfy a holomorphic anomaly equation. We prove the conjecture for the rational elliptic surface in all genera and curve classes numerically. The generating series are quasi-Jacobi forms for the lattice $E_8$. We also show the compatibility of the conjecture with the degeneration formula. As Corollary we deduce that the Gromov-Witten potentials of the Schoen Calabi-Yau threefold (relative to $\mathbb{P}^1$) are $E_8 \times E_8$ quasi-bi-Jacobi forms and satisfy a holomorphic anomaly equation. This yields a partial verification of the BCOV holomorphic anomaly equation for Calabi-Yau threefolds. For abelian surfaces the holomorphic anomaly equation is proven numerically in primitive classes. The theory of lattice quasi-Jacobi forms is reviewed. In the Appendix the conjectural holomorphic anomaly equation is expressed as a matrix action on the space of (generalized) cohomological field theories. The compatibility of the matrix action with the Jacobi Lie algebra is proven. Holomorphic anomaly equations for K3 fibrations are discussed in an example.

Ewing's Sarcoma of the Sinonasal Tract: A Report of Two Challenging Cases.

Ewing's sarcoma (ES) is a malignant small round cell tumor that belongs to the primitive neuroectodermal tumor class. ES generally arises in the long bones of the extremities (skeletal form) and less frequently in the soft tissue of the trunk and extremities (extra-skeletal form). Sinonasal localization of ES is an extremely rare event. About 80% of the patients are less than 20years old with the highest incidence in the second decade of life. The combination of histopathological examination and ancillary methods (such as immunohistochemistry and molecular genetics) is extremely important to establish the diagnosis of ES. The most effective treatment plan for ES includes a multidisciplinary approach with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This is a report of two challenging cases of sinonasal ES in two different age groups. The first case is a 13-years old female patient who presented with right nasal obstruction, anosmia, intermittent epistaxis and hearing loss. The second case is a 24-years old male patient who presented with a history of right nasal obstruction, right eye pain and periorbital edema. We present these cases due to the rarity of the disease and the difficulty of diagnosis.

KEY ASPECTS OF CHOICE OF CRYPTOPROVIDER ON MICROSOFT.NET FRAMEWORK BASIS

The paper reports that cryptographic providers are widely used in cryptographic information security systems used in information systems of electronic document management. The technology of interaction of applications with a crypto-provider through the system level supported by the operating system and the main interfaces used are described. Important characteristics that affect the choice of developers of a particular crypto provider are considered. The main classes of cryptographic primitives based on the Microsoft.NET Framework and variants of their interaction with various crypto providers that solve the problems of compliance with the accepted standards in the field of cryptographic transformations both in the Russian Federation and abroad are demonstrated.

Curve counting on abelian surfaces and threefolds

We study the enumerative geometry of algebraic curves on abelian surfaces and threefolds. In the abelian surface case, the theory is parallel to the well-developed study of the reduced Gromov-Witten theory of K3 surfaces. We prove complete results in all genera for primitive classes. The generating series are quasimodular forms of pure weight. Conjectures for imprimitive classes are presented. In genus 2, the counts in all classes are proven. Special counts match the Euler characteristic calculations of the moduli spaces of stable pairs on abelian surfaces by Gottsche-Shende. A formula for hyperelliptic curve counting in terms of Jacobi forms is proven (modulo a transversality statement). For abelian threefolds, complete conjectures in terms of Jacobi forms for the generating series of curve counts in primitive classes are presented. The base cases make connections to classical lattice counts of Debarre, Goettsche, and Lange-Sernesi. Further evidence is provided by Donaldson-Thomas partition function computations for abelian threefolds. A multiple cover structure is presented. The abelian threefold conjectures open a new direction in the subject.

Origin and Evolution of Dendritic Epidermal T Cells.

Dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) expressing invariant Vγ5Vδ1 T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a crucial role in maintaining skin homeostasis in mice. When activated, they secrete cytokines, which recruit various immune cells to sites of infection and promote wound healing. Recently, a member of the butyrophilin family, Skint1, expressed specifically in the skin and thymus was identified as a gene required for DETC development in mice. Skint1 is a gene that arose by rodent-specific gene duplication. Consequently, a gene orthologs to mouse Skint1 exists only in rodents, indicating that Skint1-dependent DETCs are unique to rodents. However, dendritic-shaped epidermal γδ T cells with limited antigen receptor diversity appear to occur in other mammals. Even lampreys, a member of the most primitive class of vertebrates that even lacks TCRs, have γδ T-like lymphocytes that resemble DETCs. This indicates that species as divergent as mice and lampreys share the needs to have innate-like T cells at their body surface, and that the origin of DETC-like cells is as ancient as that of lymphocytes.

Holomorphic anomaly equations and the Igusa cusp form conjecture

Let S be a K3 surface and let E be an elliptic curve. We solve the reduced Gromov–Witten theory of the Calabi–Yau threefold $$S \times E$$ for all curve classes which are primitive in the K3 factor. In particular, we deduce the Igusa cusp form conjecture. The proof relies on new results in the Gromov–Witten theory of elliptic curves and K3 surfaces. We show the generating series of Gromov–Witten classes of an elliptic curve are cycle-valued quasimodular forms and satisfy a holomorphic anomaly equation. The quasimodularity generalizes a result by Okounkov and Pandharipande, and the holomorphic anomaly equation proves a conjecture of Milanov, Ruan and Shen. We further conjecture quasimodularity and holomorphic anomaly equations for the cycle-valued Gromov–Witten theory of every elliptic fibration with section. The conjecture generalizes the holomorphic anomaly equations for elliptic Calabi–Yau threefolds predicted by Bershadsky, Cecotti, Ooguri, and Vafa. We show a modified conjecture holds numerically for the reduced Gromov–Witten theory of K3 surfaces in primitive classes.

Collections of Orbits of Hyperplane Type in Homogeneous Spaces, Homogeneous Dynamics, and Hyperkähler Geometry

Abstract Consider the space M = O(p, q)/O(p) × O(q) of positive p-dimensional subspaces in a pseudo-Euclidean space V of signature (p, q), where p > 0, q > 1 and $(p,q)\neq (1,2)$, with integral structure: $V = V_{\mathbb{Z}} \otimes \mathbb{Z}$. Let Γ be an arithmetic subgroup in $G = O(V_{\mathbb{Z}})$, and $R \subset V_{\mathbb{Z}}$ a Γ-invariant set of vectors with negative square. Denote by R⊥ the set of all positive p-planes W ⊂ V such that the orthogonal complement W⊥ contains some r ∈ R. We prove that either R⊥ is dense in M or Γ acts on R with finitely many orbits. This is used to prove that the squares of primitive classes giving the rational boundary of the Kähler cone (i.e., the classes of “negative” minimal rational curves) on a hyperkähler manifold X are bounded by a number which depends only on the deformation class of X. We also state and prove the density of orbits in a more general situation when M is the space of maximal compact subgroups in a simple real Lie group.

Angular difference feature extraction for urban scene classification using ZY-3 multi-angle high-resolution satellite imagery

Spaceborne multi-angle images with a high-resolution are capable of simultaneously providing spatial details and three-dimensional (3D) information to support detailed and accurate classification of complex urban scenes. In recent years, satellite-derived digital surface models (DSMs) have been increasingly utilized to provide height information to complement spectral properties for urban classification. However, in such a way, the multi-angle information is not effectively exploited, which is mainly due to the errors and difficulties of the multi-view image matching and the inaccuracy of the generated DSM over complex and dense urban scenes. Therefore, it is still a challenging task to effectively exploit the available angular information from high-resolution multi-angle images. In this paper, we investigate the potential for classifying urban scenes based on local angular properties characterized from high-resolution ZY-3 multi-view images. Specifically, three categories of angular difference features (ADFs) are proposed to describe the angular information at three levels (i.e., pixel, feature, and label levels): (1) ADF-pixel: the angular information is directly extrapolated by pixel comparison between the multi-angle images; (2) ADF-feature: the angular differences are described in the feature domains by comparing the differences between the multi-angle spatial features (e.g., morphological attribute profiles (APs)). (3) ADF-label: label-level angular features are proposed based on a group of urban primitives (e.g., buildings and shadows), in order to describe the specific angular information related to the types of primitive classes. In addition, we utilize spatial-contextual information to refine the multi-level ADF features using superpixel segmentation, for the purpose of alleviating the effects of salt-and-pepper noise and representing the main angular characteristics within a local area. The experiments on ZY-3 multi-angle images confirm that the proposed ADF features can effectively improve the accuracy of urban scene classification, with a significant increase in overall accuracy (3.8–11.7%) compared to using the spectral bands alone. Furthermore, the results indicated the superiority of the proposed ADFs in distinguishing between the spectrally similar and complex man-made classes, including roads and various types of buildings (e.g., high buildings, urban villages, and residential apartments).