Primary Role Research Articles

Pan-Genome Analysis of TIFY Gene Family and Functional Analysis of CsTIFY Genes in Cucumber.

Cucumbers are frequently affected by gray mold pathogen Botrytis cinerea, a pathogen that causes inhibited growth and reduced yield. Jasmonic acid (JA) plays a primary role in plant responses to biotic stresses, and the jasmonate-ZIM-Domain (JAZ) proteins are key regulators of the JA signaling pathway. In this study, we used the pan-genome of twelve cucumber varieties to identify cucumber TIFY genes. Our findings revealed that two CsTIFY genes were present in all twelve cucumber varieties and showed no differences in protein sequence, gene structure, and motif composition. This suggests their evolutionary conservation across different cucumber varieties and implies that they may play a crucial role in cucumber growth. On the other hand, the other fourteen CsTIFY genes exhibited variations in protein sequence and gene structure or conserved motifs, which could be the result of divergent evolution, as these genes adapt to different cultivation and environmental conditions. Analysis of the expression profiles of the CsTIFY genes showed differential regulation by B. cinerea. Transient transfection plants overexpressing CsJAZ2, CsJAZ6, or CsZML2 were found to be more susceptible to B. cinerea infection compared to control plants. Furthermore, these plants infected by the pathogen showed lower levels of the enzymatic activities of POD, SOD and CAT. Importantly, after B. cinerea infection, the content of JA was upregulated in the plants, and cucumber cotyledons pretreated with exogenous MeJA displayed increased resistance to B. cinerea infection compared to those pretreated with water. Therefore, this study explored key TIFY genes in the regulation of cucumber growth and adaptability to different cultivation environments based on bioinformatics analysis and demonstrated that CsJAZs negatively regulate cucumber disease resistance to gray mold via multiple signaling pathways.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs): A promising therapeutic tool in the heart tissue regeneration.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) treatment has been widely explored as a therapy for myocardial infarction, peripheral ischemic vascular diseases, dilated cardiomyopathy, and pulmonary hypertension. Latest in vitro studies suggest that MSCs can differentiate into contractile cardiomyocytes. One of the best-characterized MSCs products are MSCs-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are crucial paracrine effectors of MSCs. Based on previous works, paracrine effects of MSCs play a primary role in the regenerative ability. Hence, in the current paper, we focused our attention on an alternative approach, exploiting products derived from human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) rather than MSCs themselves, which may denote a cost-effective and safer approach. The focus has been on EVs and the bioactive molecules they contain to evaluate their ability to influence the differentiation process toward cardiomyogenic lineage. The expression of GATA4, ACTC1, CX43, and Nkx2.5 was evaluated using Immunofluorescence, real time-PCR, and Western blotting analyses. Furthermore, the expression profiling analysis of the microRNA hsa-miR-200c-3p, targeting the GATA4 gene, was studied. The hsa-miR-200c-3p was found significantly down-regulated in both c-hDPSCs + EVs-hDPSCs and c-hDPSCs + EVs-HL-1 compared to untreated c-hDPSCs underlying a possible epigenetic mechanism behind the prevalent up-regulation of its targeted GATA4 gene. The aim of the present work was to develop an in vitro model of hDPSCs able to differentiate into cardiomyocytes in order to investigate the role of EVs derived from hDPSCs and derived from HL-1 cardiomyocyte cell line in modulating the differentiation process toward cardiomyogenic lineage.

Interpretation biases in childhood spider fear: Content-specificity, priming, and avoidance

Background and objectivesThe relation between fear and interpretation bias has been widely studied in children. However, much less is known about its content-specificity and how interpretation biases predict variance in avoidance. The current study examined different interpretation bias tasks, the role of priming and the ability of the interpretation bias tasks to predict spider fear-related avoidance behaviour. Methods169 children with varying levels of spider fear performed a behavioural avoidance task, two versions of the Ambiguous Scenarios Task (AST; with and without priming), and a size and distance estimation task. ResultsBoth versions of the AST and the size-estimation were significantly related to self-reported spider fear and avoidance. These relations were content-specific: children with higher levels of spider fear had a more negative interpretation bias related to spider-related materials than to other materials, and a more negative bias than children with lower levels of spider fear. Furthermore, self-reported spider fear, the AST with priming, and the size-estimation predicted unique variance in avoidance behaviour. LimitationsChildren varied in their level of spider fear, but clinical diagnoses of spider phobia were not assessed. The participants of this study were not randomly selected, they were children of parents with panic disorder or social anxiety disorder or no anxiety disorder and could therefore partly be seen as children at risk. ConclusionsThe results support cognitive models of childhood anxiety and indicate that both controlled and automatic processes play an important role in fear-related behaviour.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE-2) with Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein-3 (IFITM-3) Genetic Variants and Interleukin-6 as Severity and Risk Predictors among COVID-19 Egyptian Population.

The host genetic background is a crucial factor that underlies the interindividual variability of COVID-19 fatality and outcomes. Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) and interferon-induced transmembrane protein-3 (IFITM-3) have a key role in viral cell entrance and priming. The evoked immune response will also provide a predictive prognosis for COVID-19 infection. This study aimed to explore the association between ACE-2 and IFITM-3 genotypes and their corresponding allele frequencies with disease severity indices in the Egyptian COVID-19 population. The serum level of interleukin-6, as a biomarker of hyperinflammatory response, and cytokine storm, was correlated with disease progression, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the selected receptors, and treatment response. Methodology. We enrolled 900 COVID-19-confirmed cases and 100 healthy controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from 200 subjects (160 patients selected based on clinical and laboratory data and 40 healthy controls). The ACE-2 rs2285666 and IFITM-3 rs12252 SNPs were genotyped using the TaqMan probe allelic discrimination assay, and the serum IL-6 level was determined by ELISA. Logistic regression analysis was applied to analyze the association between ACE-2 and IFITM-3 genetic variants, IL-6 profile, and COVID-19 severity. The identified genotypes and their alleles were significantly correlated with COVID-19 clinical deterioration as follows: ACE2 rs2285666 CT + TT, odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 12.136 (2.784-52.896) and IFITM-3 rs12252 AG + GG: 17.276 (3.673-81.249), both p < 0.001. Compared to the controls, the heterozygous and mutant genotypes for both SNPs were considerable risk factors for increased susceptibility to COVID-19. IL-6 levels were significantly correlated with disease progression (p < 0.001). ACE-2 and IFITM-3 genetic variants are potential predictors of COVID-19 severity, critical outcomes, and post-COVID-19 complications. Together, these SNPs and serum IL-6 levels explain a large proportion of the variability in the severity of COVID-19 infection and its consequences among Egyptian subjects.

“THERE IS A SHORTAGE AND MISUSE OF TERTIARY NURSING”: PERSPECTIVES OF NURSING ASSISTANTS IN ACUTE CARE

Abstract The primary role of nursing assistants (CNAs) in the acute care setting is to provide direct care to patients. As frontline workers, they are often the first to report changes in condition to the licensed staff. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects an increased employment need for nurse aides over the next ten years. However, the annual rate of nurse aide turnover is over 120 percent. A study conducted in 2015 by Brady suggests that there is a 36% turnover rate nationwide in acute care. Guided by a socio-ecological model, qualitative findings from 17 nurse aides (N=17) reveal interpersonal factors, such as relationships with others at the workplace and relationships with patients, as impacting turnover. Institutional and Community factors were also found to impact turnover, including staffing levels, resources, education, and compensation. Informed by the interview findings, a quantitative study was created. CNAs (N=230) from a variety of health care settings participated. Twenty-five percent were from the acute care system (N=56). More than seventy percent (N= 40) have considered leaving their employment. The top two reasons were pay (N=15) and to pursue other things (N=9). The top two work challenges were providing direct care to bariatric patients (N=28) and not enough supplies (N=13). The favorite part of working in acute care is getting to know the patients (N=26). Little research has been conducted on the turnover of CNAs in the acute care setting. CNAs are vital to caring for patients in the acute care system.

Trace-metal enrichment mechanisms in Bakken Formation black shales, Williston Basin, North Dakota, USA

The Bakken black shales represent a unique sedimentary system characterized by high total organic carbon contents (TOC; Lower Bakken shale = 10.8 and Upper Bakken shale = 11.8 avg. wt%) and enrichment factors (EF) of various trace metals (TMs) such as Cu (6.2–7.7), Mo (219.7–237.8), Ni (9.4–10.2), U (20.6–29.3), V (9.9–14.2), and Zn (10.4–12.2) that are considerably higher than many other Devonian-Mississippian (D–M) black shales. In this study, raw distributions of elemental concentrations combined with bivariate and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to clarify processes that contributed to high TM EF values in the Bakken shales. Total organic carbon shares heavier PCA component loadings (>0.445) and stronger Pearson correlation coefficients (r) with Cu, Mo, Ni, U, V, and Zn than with pyrite-associated (As, Co, Fe, and S) elements, suggesting that organic matter (OM) played a primary role in the scavenging and accumulation of TMs in the sediments. Reducing conditions within bottom waters or sediment pore waters may have accelerated the accumulation of redox-sensitive Cu, Mo, Ni, V, and Zn introduced into the sediments via an OM detritus host and most likely played a secondary role in their enrichment. Deep-water renewal times for the Bakken have been estimated to be ∼10–30 yrs. based on Mo/TOC results. The high TM EF values observed in the Bakken shales may reflect frequent resupply of TMs into basin waters, enhanced primary productivity that is necessary in scavenging TMs from the water column, the presence of H2S within sediment pore or bottom waters, or possibly secondary processes associated with basin-wide fluid and hydrocarbon migration. High TOC concentrations may be the result of a possible shallow water column (∼150 m), which would limit exposure time of OM to oxidation and degradation, coupled with intermittent fluctuations between dysoxic and anoxic/euxinic bottom-water redox conditions, the latter of which would reduce rates of OM degradation by benthic organisms.

DEVELOPMENT OF ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION TRAINING MODULE TO IMPROVE STUDENT ACADEMIC RESILIENCE IN DISASTER AREAS

Students living in disaster-prone areas often experience obstacles to increasing enthusiasm for learning and a lack of resilience, especially academic resilience. This research aims to develop an Achievement Motivation training module to improve Student Academic Resilience. This research was conducted with a 4D model research and development model consisting of 4 stages, namely define, design, develop, and disseminate. The respondents were disaster-prone students in Central Sulawesi. The data analysis technique used is the first quantitative descriptive of the problem profile of students' academic resilience. Second, qualitative descriptive data analysis was used for FGD result analysis to design achievement motivation training models. The results of the define stage research found student problems related to academic resilience. Descriptive analysis finds aspects of academic resilience, namely problem-facing ability, self-adjustment, resilience, and problem-solving ability. The results of the research design stage have formulated an Achievement motivation Training module for disaster-prone students. The study recommends the primary role of teachers in helping students achieve higher levels of academic resilience. One of the recommended programs is achievement motivation training, which can be adopted by teachers through classical and group approaches.

Interpretation of presynaptic phenotypes of synaptic plasticity in terms of a two-step priming process.

Studies on synaptic proteins involved in neurotransmitter release often aim at distinguishing between their roles in vesicle priming (the docking of synaptic vesicles to the plasma membrane and the assembly of a release machinery) as opposed to the process of vesicle fusion. This has traditionally been done by estimating two parameters, the size of the pool of fusion-competent vesicles (the readily releasable pool, RRP) and the probability that such vesicles are released by an action potential, with the aim of determining how these parameters are affected by molecular perturbations. Here, it is argued that the assumption of a homogeneous RRP may be too simplistic and may blur the distinction between vesicle priming and fusion. Rather, considering priming as a dynamic and reversible multistep process allows alternative interpretations of mutagenesis-induced changes in synaptic transmission and suggests mechanisms for variability in synaptic strength and short-term plasticity among synapses, as well as for interactions between short- and long-term plasticity. In many cases, assigned roles of proteins or causes for observed phenotypes are shifted from fusion- to priming-related when considering multistep priming. Activity-dependent enhancement of priming is an essential element in this alternative view and its variation among synapse types can explain why some synapses show depression and others show facilitation at low to intermediate stimulation frequencies. Multistep priming also suggests a mechanism for frequency invariance of steady-state release, which can be observed in some synapses involved in sensory processing.

Exploring the spatial distribution of social impacts in protected areas

Protected Areas (PAs) are the most widely applied tool for biodiversity conservation. The primary role of these areas is to protect and restore ecosystems, but it has become increasingly evident that in order to designate effective PAs it is also crucial to take into consideration how they contribute to sustainable local socio-economic targets. In the past decade studies focusing on social impacts of PAs have increasingly studied a number of impacts such as on people’s quality of life, income and connectedness to nature. Although the literature on social impacts of PAs has increased there is limited evidence regarding the distribution of these impacts across different locations inside and near PAs. Addressing this gap is useful for practitioners considering that it is now widely accepted that social impacts are a significant predictor for the level of public support for PA. In the current study we explore this topic and analyse the spatial distribution of perceived social impacts in 4 European Protected Areas using primary data from 1,251 households. We apply a new modeling framework using Bayesian statistics revealing that social impacts are often unevenly distributed between local communities and extend outside the boundaries of a PA. Our analysis also shows that spatial proximity with other people (what are the perceptions of people who live nearby) is more important for predicting most perceived social impacts of PAs compared to how close respondents are to a PA. Our results highlight that social impacts may be geographically unevenly distributed in PAs and we present a new way of measuring the spatial distribution of these impacts which can be useful for national park authorities and in general managers of PAs.

AN ‘AUSTRIAN’ THEORY OF ORDER

According to 'Austrian' Liberalism, an order could be defined as the unintentional result of individual choices with which, sometimes in unforeseen situations but supported by experience, individuals have managed to select rules of conduct aimed at reducing unintended, unexpected consequences and undesirables of human actions. In this order – which is therefore a provisional 'state' that no one in particular wanted and whose future is open to unexplored possibilities – knowledge and time play a primary role. However, not only has this type of order never existed (because the political regimes we have experienced were formed above all through acts of oppression, of power and through collective and political choices), but today it also has little chance of being realized . In fact, in situations characterized by the continuous emergence of new circumstances and scientific, technological and moral innovations, the time in which individual and social expectations are formed, modified and spread tends to increasingly diverge from that which institutions use to make choices. policies that favor or maintain a dimension of order understood as predictability of the outcomes of behaviors and choices in a non-ergodic world. Nonetheless, starting from 'Austrian' themes such as the theory of exchange, institutions, catallaxy and above all time, the author believes that a perhaps unorthodox but fruitful elaboration of a liberal theory of order is still possible.

The syntactic status of V-final conjunct clauses in Old English: the role of priming

This study is a corpus-based investigation of the use of the V-final (VF) order in Old English conjunct (or coordinate) clauses. The aim of the analysis is to determine which of the two hypotheses formulated in earlier studies of the subject finds more convincing data support in the available corpora of Old English. According to one interpretation, conjunct clauses are a subtype of main clauses, and the VF order is used in both groups to signal continuation in discourse, especially with punctual, dynamic and relatively heavy verbs. Under the other view, VF conjunct clauses are syntactically subordinate, with the coordinating conjunction blocking verb movement like a complementiser. The present study shows that while both hypotheses are descriptively adequate, the main mechanism responsible for the use of the VF order in conjunct clauses is syntactic priming, with the VF order activated by a trigger clause (usually subordinate) and spreading to the following conjunct clause(s), which often results in long chains of subsequent VF clauses.

IMUT-seq: high-resolution DSB-induced mutation profiling reveals prevalent homologous-recombination dependent mutagenesis

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most mutagenic form of DNA damage, and play a significant role in cancer biology, neurodegeneration and aging. However, studying DSB-induced mutagenesis is limited by our current approaches. Here, we describe iMUT-seq, a technique that profiles DSB-induced mutations at high-sensitivity and single-nucleotide resolution around endogenous DSBs. By depleting or inhibiting 20 DSB-repair factors we define their mutational signatures in detail, revealing insights into the mechanisms of DSB-induced mutagenesis. Notably, we find that homologous-recombination (HR) is more mutagenic than previously thought, inducing prevalent base substitutions and mononucleotide deletions at distance from the break due to DNA-polymerase errors. Simultaneously, HR reduces translocations, suggesting a primary role of HR is specifically the prevention of genomic rearrangements. The results presented here offer fundamental insights into DSB-induced mutagenesis and have significant implications for our understanding of cancer biology and the development of DDR-targeting chemotherapeutics.

A nursing perspective on inpatient sleep and circadian disruptions for pediatric stem cell transplant patients.

Children treated with stem cell transplant (SCT) are routinely hospitalized for long periods where they are exposed to significant sleep and circadian disruptions. As nurses play a primary role in symptom management during SCT, we sought to understand their perspective on patient sleep and circadian disruptions, perceived barriers to a good sleep and circadian environment, and suggestions for improvement. Four focus groups were conducted with pediatric SCT nurses (N=25 participants). A semistructured focus group guide was administered, with the discussions recorded and transcribed. A multistage thematic analysis combining prefigured and emergent dimensions was conducted. Our analysis focused on drawing comparisons within and across focus groups to understand the unique work experiences that participants had related to the patient's sleep and circadian environment. Three key themes emerged. First, nurses expressed a high awareness of how disruptive the hospital environment is for patients. Second, nurses described their extensive efforts to try to minimize the impact of these disruptions. Finally, they provided clear recommendations for how to improve upon these concerns, along with barriers that they perceive could impede implementation. Front-line caregivers on a pediatric SCT unit describe key contributors to sleep/circadian disturbances for patients. Within the constraints of the considerable medical needs of this patient population and the physical room/hospital environment, nurses strive to minimize these disruptions to the best of their ability. It is crucial that hospitals assess and remediate these disturbances for these children that have important implications for overall health.

Current status and prospect of PET-related imaging radiomics in lung cancer.

Lung cancer is highly aggressive, which has a high mortality rate. Major types encompass lung adenocarcinoma, lung squamous cell carcinoma, lung adenosquamous carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma together account for more than 80% of cases. Diverse subtypes demand distinct treatment approaches. The application of precision medicine necessitates prompt and accurate evaluation of treatment effectiveness, contributing to the improvement of treatment strategies and outcomes. Medical imaging is crucial in the diagnosis and management of lung cancer, with techniques such as fluoroscopy, computed radiography (CR), digital radiography (DR), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET)/CT, and PET/MRI being essential tools. The surge of radiomics in recent times offers fresh promise for cancer diagnosis and treatment. In particular, PET/CT and PET/MRI radiomics, extensively studied in lung cancer research, have made advancements in diagnosing the disease, evaluating metastasis, predicting molecular subtypes, and forecasting patient prognosis. While conventional imaging methods continue to play a primary role in diagnosis and assessment, PET/CT and PET/MRI radiomics simultaneously provide detailed morphological and functional information. This has significant clinical potential value, offering advantages for lung cancer diagnosis and treatment. Hence, this manuscript provides a review of the latest developments in PET-related radiomics for lung cancer.

Statistically guided grading judgements: contextualisation or contamination?

ABSTRACT Different sources of assessment evidence are reviewed during International Baccalaureate (IB) grade awarding to convert marks into grades and ensure fair results for students. Qualitative and quantitative evidence are analysed to determine grade boundaries, with statistical evidence weighed against examiner judgement and teachers’ feedback on examinations. A trial was conducted to explore how examiners’ grading decisions were influenced by having access to statistical evidence. Grade awards were replicated in nine exams across five subjects, with examiners accessing all available evidence in one model, and only scripts and grade descriptors in the other. Preliminary findings suggest that both approaches lead to broadly comparable grading outcomes. Focus group feedback indicates that examiners consider judging the grade-worthiness of student work to be their primary role in grade award. Whilst they found item-level data helpful for prioritising questions for review, participants reported that access to evidence such as statistically recommended boundaries can cloud their judgement or encourage strategic grading. This study also raises further questions about the purposes and uses of different forms of statistical evidence, as well as how and when they should be integrated with qualitative evidence in grade awarding.

Model development of patient\'s dental and oral health care in raden mattaher hospital, Jambi Province

Dental and oral health care is the primary role and authority of the Dental and Oral Therapist. This study aims to develop a dental and oral health care model for patients in the dental polyclinic of Raden Mattaher Hospital. This quantitative study used an applied research design to develop a model of dental and oral health care. Eleven dental nurses were involved as informants, and three dentists as key informants. This research was conducted at the dental polyclinic of the Jambi Provincial Hospital from March to November 2022. The data were obtained through interviews, focus group discussions (FGD), observations, and trials of the draft model of the patient's dental health examination. Furthermore, a trial of the dental health care model was carried out on people with a mental health conditions. The total score on the questionnaire results of the HELISIDI dental and oral health care model was 546, with a presentation of 76% based on the eligibility criteria. These results mean that the HELISIDI Model is eligible but with revisions. The total score for the HELISIDI dental and oral health care status card was 546, with a presentation of 87% based on the eligibility criteria. According to the respondent, the HELISIDI Status Card is eligible but with revisions. After revision, the model and the HELISIDI status card were declared eligible without further revision. The model of dental and oral health care for patients at the dental clinic of Raden Mattaher Hospital is suitable for mental patients.

Szociális és pszichológiai tényezők szerepe a középiskolások dohányzásában és alkoholfogyasztásában

The study aimed to research background factors and motivations for smoking and alcohol consumption among Hungarian adolescents. 501 students from Debrecen participated in the survey. Among the social variables, the best friend's smoking (EH=16.72; p&lt;0.001) and alcohol consumption (EH=22.77; p&lt;0.001) as well as the harmful passions of peers acted as risk factors in the sample. Among the psychological variables, high self-esteem is a risk factor (alcohol: EH=1.04; p&lt;0.05), while shyness (alcohol: EH=0.97; p&lt;0.01; smoking: EH=0.97; p&lt;0.05) and the feeling of loneliness (alcohol: EH=0.96; p&lt;0.001) also proved to be protective factors. The behavior of psychological variables is explained by the primary role of social variables. The results highlight the importance of teaching young people how to behave assertively in social situations, avoiding peer pressure, before they start using drugs for self-strengthening and coping.

Rome Better Than Christ: Levinas’s (Negative) Political Theology

ABSTRACT This paper delves into Emmanuel Levinas’s political theology, as found in his Jewish writings, positing an analysis of a philosophical historiography, termed “eschatology” by Levinas. Within this framework, the narrative revolves around two pivotal entities: the West and Israel. Levinas contends that Israel embodies the ideal and telos of the West, portraying Judaism as the essence of Western civilization. The focus here centers on the adverse aspects, particularly three figures identified by Levinas’s eschatological political theology as problematic embodiments of Western civilization: Hitlerism, Christianity, and Rome. The paper asserts that, contrary to common assumptions, Levinas places Rome, not Christianity, in the closest and most significant rivalry with Judaism. Levinas posits that Judaism's primary role is political, not religious, and its historical struggle pertains more to the Empire than to matters of faith.

Preliminary analysis of the irradiation deformation of a typical molten salt reactor graphite component

Nuclear graphite commonly serves as the moderator and constructs the coolant flowing channel in liquid fuel molten salt reactors. Under irradiation and high temperature, graphite components will experience obvious deformation due to irradiation creep, thermal expansion, dimensional change, elastic deformation, and thermo-mechanical properties change. The lifespan of graphite components is a limiting parameter of liquid fuel molten salt reactors, determining by the deformation of the graphite components. An improved approach based on the finite element method for graphite deformation analysis was proposed in this paper. Then this method was utilized to analyze a 10-year deformation history of a typical graphite component. The findings show that the stress-strain field of the graphite component significantly varies with the increasing irradiated neutron fluence. The dimensional change plays a primary role in influencing the deformation of the graphite components, determining the overall deformation trend. The irradiation creep plays a secondary role in influencing the deformation, alleviating the deformation of the graphite components to prolong the graphite lifespan. The improved method, which considers various factors like irradiation creep, thermal expansion, dimensional change, and elastic deformation, tends to provide more accurate results compared to the traditional method that focuses solely on the dimensional changes. Over 10 years, the contraction deformation of graphite components results in a reduction in graphite volume of up to 3.87%. The space for graphite contraction is filled with molten salt, resulting in a maximum increase of 22.49% in fuel volume. The alteration in volume of both graphite and fuel leads to a reduction in reactivity of up to 840 pcm.

Managers and future educational managers-character traits

This paper represents the synthesis of some investigations presented in the literature, regarding the character traits of managers and future educational managers. Numerous authors have demonstrated that at the basis of good educational management, a primary role is played by the profile and character traits of the person in charge of the leadership position at the level of the school unit. The paper also contains the results of a personal research, through which I proposed to investigate self-esteem, perseverance, personal autonomy, self-acceptance and acceptance of others, and, within current managers and future educational managers. The research was carried out using a set of questionnaires containing: personal autonomy assessment questionnaire, Rosenberg self-esteem interpretation questionnaire, 1965, the scale of acceptance of others, and, the Emanuel M self-acceptance scale. Berger and the interpretation questionnaire of the level of perseverance. The research was attended by 40 people of different ages, including 20 current managers and 20 emerging managers. The paper is organized in three chapters, the first two of which approach the theoretical part, related to character, character traits, but also what it means to be an educational manager, and the third is the practical part, the research part, where we presented the objectives, the assumptions, the sample, the methodology used and the results of the research, the, where we compared the results obtained by managers and future managers in terms of character traits.