Prime Mode Research Articles

NORTH‐SOUTH PARTNERSHIPS — THE EVANGELICAL PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN SOUTH AFRICA AND THE DÉPARTEMENT MISSIONNAIRE IN LAUSANNE

Phases north-south relations Discussion about how north are to relate to south (and vice versa) is far from finished. Formerly, discussion appeared form of debates about autonomous younger In this regard, names of Henry Venn and Rufus Anderson, both of whom were influential Protestant missions nineteenth century, are significant. The two men coined what later became known as i.e., self-support, self-government and self-propagation. The selves formula, proposed both as goals and tests of autonomy, initiated heated debates about north-south ecumenical relations. From 1971, debate shifted gears when a Kenyan by name of John Gatu proposed a moratorium on missionaries to Africa. Various solutions to older church-younger church problems have been proposed and experimented with. The Evangelical Presbyterian Church South Africa (EPCSA) -- Departement missionnaire (DM) relationship is one such experiment. North-south church relations may, for sake of simplification be divided into three distinguishable phases (Bosch & Saayman 1987:123). During first phase, all decisions relating to church life were taken country of sending church. The second phase is characterized by a situation where the missionary is no longer one who knows everything.... No longer is younger church merely an object.... Now older and younger churches(1) address each other first and second person terms (Bosch & Saayman 1987:124). Negotiations become prime mode of mutual interactions. The third phase is time in which younger take initiative whether older like it or (Bosch & Saayman 1987:124). In many African countries, third phase seems to be triggered off by political independence or advent of nationalism. According to Bosch and Saayman, this phase is most traumatic terms of heightened tensions between older and younger churches. I want to use this simplified scheme of phases suggested by Bosch and Saayman as a lens through which to review partnership relations of EPCSA and her partners over years. Although Bosch and Saayman attached time frames to phases, I shall not subscribe to these as they are not entirely compatible with EPCSA-DM relations. In South Africa this debate has national as well as international overtones. The north is both distant and local. Such a situation is due to gross internal imbalances created by apartheid over many years. Some South African engaged missionary activity both inside country and also some neighbouring states. As a result some black mission churches are fruit of internal churches' missionary work, while others derive from north-to-south missionary awakening that began during nineteenth century. The EPCSA belongs to latter group. Phases EPCSA's relations with The EPCSA's relations with Protestant are now a hundred and twenty odd years old.(2) This church was initially known as Swiss Mission South Africa, after its founding missionary society -- La Mission Suisse dans l'Afrique du Sud.(3) Later (in 1962) it became Tsonga Presbyterian Church, and 1982, it became known as Evangelical Presbyterian Church South Africa. These changes name are fairly indicative of changing relations between EPCSA and her partners north; they also illustrate changes EPCSA's self-understanding as it gradually took control of its own life. Phase one DM-EPCSA relations -- missionary control For EPCSA, this phase began 1875 with establishing of church, extending through period when church existed as Swiss Mission South Africa, that is, eighty-five odd years (1875-1962). …

Radionuclide Hepatobiliary Scanning in Patients with AIDS-Related Sclerosing Cholangitis

Biliary disease, primarily manifesting as papillary stenosis or sclerosing cholangitis, is being increasingly recognized as a problem in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and may be amenable to specific treatment. Ultrasound, followed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for definitive diagnosis, is currently the prime mode of investigation of suspected hepatobiliary diseases in AIDS. There are few published reports of the use of radionuclide cholescintigraphy in the assessment of these patients. This report presents Tc-99m DISIDA cholescintigraphy data from three patients with AIDS-related hepatobiliary disease confirmed by ERCP. Radionuclide cholescintigraphy was abnormal in all three patients. In two of the subjects, there was focal duct dilation with strictures in the biliary tree. The third patient demonstrated diffuse hepatic parenchymal retention with marked delay in tracer washout. Two of the subjects, treated with specific anticryptosporidial therapy, subsequently underwent progress cholescintigraphy. In one of these patients with initial diffuse parenchymal retention, there was marked improvement in scan appearances. The second patient with initial duct dilation had no significant change in scan appearances, but quantitative analysis did demonstrate improvement in hepatobiliary tracer clearance rate. In conclusion, although ERCP remains the gold standard in the diagnosis of AIDS-related biliary disease, radionuclide cholescintigraphy may be a useful modality in these patients as a screening test before proceeding to more expensive and invasive techniques. In addition, quantitative analysis of cholescintigraphy may allow assessment of patient response to specific antimicrobial or surgical intervention.

On the Deformation of the Pipe Wall During Propagation of a Ductile Crack in a High-Pressure Gas Pipeline

Abstract Long-running ductile fractures have been observed in high-pressure gas pipelines. These fractures propagate at nearly constant speeds and are accompanied by a large amount of plastic deformation of the pipe wall. In particular, the pipe wall displacement is large, and of the order of one pipe radius. The phenomenon of ductile fracture propagation is very complex. In consequence, most of the existing theoretical investigations into ductile fracture propagation have used an energy balance method as a first approach. Various energies involved in the fracture propagation process depend strongly on the mode of pipe wall deformation and in particular on the geometry of the deformed pipe wall. The major theme of this paper is a proper consideration of the pipe wall deformation during the propagation of a constant-velocity ductile crack. Axial stretching is considered to be the prime mode of deformation of the pipe wall. It is shown that the mode of deformation can be adequately described by two parameters which define the pattern of the pipe wall mid-surface stretching. A shell theory approach is then used to obtain the deformed geometry of the pipe wall in terms of these two parameters; and physical models of the deformed pipe wall are constructed in order to study the large displacement of the pipe wall.

Studies on the hot corrosion of a nickel-base superalloy, Udimet 700

The hot corrosion of a nickel-base superalloy, Udimet 700, was studied in the temperature range of 884 to 965 C and with different amounts of Na2SO4. Two different modes of degradation were identified: (1) formation of Na2MoO4 - MoO3 melt and fluxing by this melt, and (2) formation of large interconnected sulfides. The dissolution of Cr2O3, TiO2 in the Na2SO4 melt does not play a significant role in the overall corrosion process. The conditions for the formation of massive interconnected sulfides were identified and a mechanism of degradation due to sulfide formation is described. The formation of Ns2MoO4 - MoO3 melt requires an induction period and various physiochemical processes during the induction period were identified. The factors affecting the length of the induction period were also examined. The melt penetration through the oxide appears to be the prime mode of degradation whether the degradation is due to the formation of sulfides or the formation of the Na2MoO4 - MoO3 melt.

Effects of water blanching on pea seeds.

SummaryLaboratory scale experiments were conducted to elucidate the main mechanisms responsible for changes in the proportions of ascorbic acid (AA) and dehydroascorbic acid(DHA) in peas during water blanching. Studies utilized hand‐harvested peas from specially grown Dark Skinned Perfection (DSP), Swan and Swift cultivars. The influence of pea size/maturity, blanch time and damage to the pea were studied over the temperature range 35–97°C.With increasing DSP pea size/maturity, the proportion of AA oxidized increased, and the proportion of AA leached into the water decreased when blanching between 45 and 65°C. Maximum AA oxidation occurred at 60°C and leaching became the prime mode of loss above 70°C. Leaching of AA from DSP peas increased almost linearly from 40 to 97°C.Damaging peas by bruising and slitting the testa, induced enhanced AA oxidation below 60°C and allowed immediate leaching of vitamin C largely as DHA even at the lowest blanch temperatures. Results suggested that the oxygen content of the tissues was a factor limiting the amount of AA oxidation. Cultivars Swift and Swan contained higher proportions of DHA particularly in the testa tissues, and calculations indicated that greater proportions of vitamin C were leached as DHA. A negligible proportion of AA was oxidized and some 28% of the initial AA was leached into the water when undamaged DSP peas were blanched at 97°C for 1 min. Bruised plus slit peas lost significantly more AA than undamaged peas when blanched at 97°C. Further evidence indicated that the micropyle serves as a major pathway for leaching losses.

The Singer-Blom voice restoration procedure.

The Singer-Blom tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) technique is an effective and safe surgical method for speech rehabilitation of the alaryngeal patient. The silicone prosthesis, which is fitted in the TEP tract, allows pulmonary air to be used for voice production but prevents aspiration. In a series of 63 patients, 56 (89%) were able to develop fluent speech, but only 45 patients (71%) currently use tracheoesophageal speech as their prime mode of communication. Of the 18 patients (29%) who no longer use tracheoesophageal speech, 11 experienced either inadvertent dislodgement of the prosthesis or were noncompliant, five patients failed to develop fluent speech after adequate trial, and two patients failed because of aspiration. Almost all of the successful patients have voice quality and fluency that are as good or better than accomplished esophageal speakers, despite the fact that most of these patients were unable to learn esophageal speech. Since the Singer-Blom technique has eliminated most of the problems associated with other forms of surgical speech rehabilitation, it is considered to be the best surgical technique presently available for restoring speech in the alaryngeal patient.

The use of parenteral nutrition in the management of external gastrointestinal tract fistulae.

Malnutrition is common in patients with gastrointestinal tract fistula, and is an important cause of the high mortality seen with this surgical complication. A prospective review of three years' experience in the management of fistulae with parenteral nutrition was undertaken, and the results obtained were compared with those in a group of patients treated prior to the introduction of this form of therapy. The use of parenteral nutrition resulted in a reduction of the mortality from 63% to 23% in unselected cases. The mortality was zero where parenteral nutrition was used in patients under 65 years of age with non-malignant disease. With parenteral nutrition therapy, the fistulae in almost all cases closed spontaneously, in contrast with a high proportion requiring operation (20 in 38 cases) where parenteral nutrition was not used. It is concluded that all patients with significant gastrointestinal fistula should be given appropriate parenteral nutrition as their prime mode of therapy.

Four deaths due to intravenous injection of cocaine

Cocaine is a potent psychotropic drug that alters mood and behavior by stimulating the central nervous system. Deaths from abuse of cocaine are relatively rare. Most such deaths appear to be related to the intravenous injection of the drug. Acute fatal cocaine intoxication is characterized by headache, cold sweats, rapid pulse, tremors and nausea, followed by convulsions, unconsciousness and death. The prime mode of death appears to be respiratory paralysis, secondary to the effects of cocaine on the medullary portion of the brain. This paper presents four deaths due to acute cocaine intoxication following intravenous injection. Blood concentrations of cocaine were 0.11, 0.37, 0.36 and 0.75 mg/dl.

Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation: A New Approach to Weaning Patients from Mechanical Ventilators

Mechanical ventilatory support has become a prime mode of therapy for patients with acute respiratory insufficiency. Some patients who have had their ventilation controlled are difficult to wean from mechanical to spontaneous ventilation. We have developed a method of ventilatory support which allows the patient to breathe spontaneously as desired, but which also delivers a mechanical hyperinflation at regular preset intervals: intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV). The mechanical hyperinflations can gradually be reduced in frequency until weaning is complete. We have used IMV to facilitate weaning from mechanical ventilation in over 50 patients. The case histories of six of these patients, who failed to wean with conventional techniques, are presented in detail. Our experience suggests that IMV is more efficient, safer, more readily accepted by the patient and, therefore, preferable to conventional ventilatory and weaning methods. Mechanical ventilatory support has become a prime mode of therapy for patients with acute respiratory insufficiency. Some patients who have had their ventilation controlled are difficult to wean from mechanical to spontaneous ventilation. We have developed a method of ventilatory support which allows the patient to breathe spontaneously as desired, but which also delivers a mechanical hyperinflation at regular preset intervals: intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV). The mechanical hyperinflations can gradually be reduced in frequency until weaning is complete. We have used IMV to facilitate weaning from mechanical ventilation in over 50 patients. The case histories of six of these patients, who failed to wean with conventional techniques, are presented in detail. Our experience suggests that IMV is more efficient, safer, more readily accepted by the patient and, therefore, preferable to conventional ventilatory and weaning methods.

A note about base shear

Californian and Japanese seismic analysis rules have in common with New Zealand seismic rules a relation between the base shear coefficient and the prime mode vibration period. The prime mode period may be assessed by a rational method or it may be approximated.

Digital Video Data Transmission System for Photometric Television

A television system to measure broadband spectral intensities of stars and their coordinates has been developed for an experiment in the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory. The satellite provides three different methods of telemetry data transmission, but none of them is really suited for video transmission: real-time digital transmission is too slow; on-board data storage has too small a capacity; and real-time analog transmission is not sufficiently accurate. By development of special digital scan techniques for television, real-time data processing on board became feasible, and real-time digital video transmission was chosen as the prime mode. Also, additional small modifications of the television system made it possible to utilize the other two remaining available methods for video transmission as backup modes of operation. The particular technique is applicable to many space experiments, and many existing satellites can be converted to a television carrier without major modification.