Primary Volatile Organic Compounds Research Articles

Research on the types and toxicity of VOCs released from solvent-based inks in high temperature environment

ABSTRACT During the utilization, blending, transportation, and storage, a significant amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are released from inks, posing risks to both human health and the ecological environment. This study sought to identify the types and structures of VOCs released from four types of solvent-based inks (referred to as CAB, PVB, AKR, and Rs inks) in high-temperature settings and to assess the bioaccumulation factors, developmental toxicity, and acute toxicity of these released VOCs. The findings revealed that all tested inks released substantial amounts of VOCs in high-temperature environments. CAB and PVB inks released fewer types of VOCs with relatively smaller molecular weights, primarily with carboxylic acid groups and hydroxyl groups, while AKR and Rs inks released more types of VOCs with larger molecular weights, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Toxicity analysis indicated that although the primary VOCs released from CAB and PVB ink displayed some developmental toxicity, their bioaccumulation factors were below 100. The principal VOCs from AKR ink did not exhibit developmental toxicity. Conversely, the predominant VOCs from Rs ink not only demonstrated developmental toxicity but also had bioaccumulation factors exceeding 100. Additionally, the VOCs released from CAB, PVB, and AKR inks exhibited stronger acute toxicity to luminescent bacteria, while those from Rs ink showed greater acute toxicity to fish. These results offer a scientific foundation for the safe usage of inks and environmental conservation.

Source Profiles and Impact of Volatile Organic Compounds in Typical Industries in Luohe City

Ten typical industries in Luohe City were selected for the sampling of organized emissions of volatile organic compounds （VOCs）, and 114 VOCs components of each sample were detected to analyze their source characteristics and effects. The results showed that VOCs emissions of packaging and printing were mainly composed of OVOC （60.9%）. In terms of the industrial coating, aromatic hydrocarbons （42.4%） and OVOC （38.9%） were the main VOCs species. The emissions of the footwear, furniture manufacturing, and paper industries were mainly composed of OVOC （32.3% - 42.6%） and aromatic hydrocarbons （20.7% - 33.7%）, with noticeable halogenated hydrocarbons. Chemical and pharmaceutical industries mainly emitted halogenated hydrocarbons, with the proportions of 59.3% and 46.6%, respectively. The emissions of the brick industry were primarily composed of alkane （62.7%）, and OVOC （48.5%）, and halogenated hydrocarbons （19.7%） were the main contributors to VOCs emissions of the thermal industry. OVOC （48.1%） and alkane （29.4%） were the dominant species for the food manufacturing industry. In the packaging and printing industry, acetone （14.8%）, isopropanol （14.0%）, ethylacetate （11.1%）, and toluene （10.2%） were the characteristic VOCs species. The emissions of industrial coating were dominated by isopropanol （25.6%）, toluene （15.0%）, m/p-xylene （12.4%）, and acetone （7.1%）. In the furniture manufacturing industry, m/p-xylene （15.8%）, followed by hexanal （15.1%）, 1,2-dichloroethane （9.6%）, and acetone （8.4%） were the characteristic VOCs species. The emissions of the footwear industry were dominated by acetone （18.9%）, toluene （18.1%）, methylene chloride （8.0%）, and acetaldehyde （6.8%）. The characteristic species of the chemical industry were methylene chloride （23.9%）, 1,2-dichloroethane （14.7%）, acetone （12.7%）, and trichloromethane （11.1%）, and those for the pharmaceutical industry were bromoethane （36.7%）, acetone （19.2%）, benzene （5.0%）, and vinyl acetate （3.0%）. The emissions of the brick industry were mainly ethane, propane, ethylene, and benzene. Acetone, toluene, acetylene, and acetaldehyde were the primary VOCs species in the paper industry. The emissions of the food manufacturing industry were dominated by acetaldehyde, n-pentane, acrolein, and n-heptane. The emissions of the thermal industry were characterized by acetone, acetaldehyde , benzene, and toluene. Although different industries emitted various characteristic VOCs species, in general, acetone, isopropanol, benzene, toluene, m/p-xylene, ethane, acetaldehyde, and methylene chloride were the main characteristic species in most industries in Luohe. OVOC and aromatic hydrocarbons had higher contributions to ozone generation potential （OFP）, and aromatic hydrocarbons contributed over 80.0% to secondary organic aerosol formation potential （SOAP）. The source reactivity of ozone [SR（O3）] of the food and furniture manufacturing industries were higher, with values of 3.7 g·g-1 and 3.5 g·g-1, respectively, whereas the source reactivity of secondary organic aerosol SR（SOA） of the industrial coating, furniture manufacturing, and footwear industries were higher, with the values of 0.021, 0.017, and 0.014 g·g-1. Hence, the food manufacturing, industrial coating, and furniture manufacturing industries should be the primary industries for the collaborative control of PM2.5 and ozone in Luohe City, of which the furniture manufacturing industry was the top priority.

Comprehensive investigation on non-volatile and volatile compounds in Auricularia auricula from different regions by UPLC-MS/MS-based metabolomics and GC-IMS

Auricularia auriculata from two regions of China were studied for their metabolite fingerprints, metabolic pathways, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using UPLC-MS/MS and GC-IMS techniques in conjunction with multivariate statistical analysis approaches. A total of 881 metabolites were identified by UPLC-MS/MS, of which 39 compounds displayed significant differences. Acetyl-l-carnitine, N-acetyl-l-alanine, PC (18:3(9Z,12Z,15Z)/0:0), 4-fumaryl-acetoacetate, S-2-hydroxybutanedioic acid, and 4-guanidinobutyric acid belonged to the characteristic non-volatile metabolites. The umami-tasted amino acid, essential amino acid was abundant in Heilongjiang and Shaanxi province, respectively. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that differential metabolites were mainly enriched in lipid and amino acid metabolism. The GC-IMS study revealed 64 different types of VOCs, including acids, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, and other compounds. A. auricula from Shaanxi province was abundant in 2,3-pentanedione, 1-octen-3-one (dimer), 2-acetylfuran, beta-pinene (monomers, dimers) and alpha-pinene. While the primary distinctive VOCs of A. auricula from Heilongjiang province were butyl acetate, methyl acetate and propyl acetate. PCA and OPLS-DA allowed for clear differentiation between the A. auricula samples from the two regions. This research established foundations for investigating potential biomarkers for A. auricula and has important applications values for the creation and implementation of traceability systems within the edible mushroom industry.

Study of secondary organic aerosol formation and aging using ambient air in an oxidation flow reactor during high pollution events over Delhi

Secondary aerosols constitute a significant fraction of atmospheric aerosols, yet our understanding of their formation mechanism and fate is very limited. In this work, the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation and aging of ambient air of Delhi are studied using a potential aerosol mass (PAM) reactor, an oxidation flow reactor (OFR), coupled with aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM), proton transfer reaction time of flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS), and scanning mobility particle sizer with counter (SMPS + C). The setup mimics atmospheric aging of up to several days with the generation of OH radicals. Variations in primary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) as a function of photochemical age were investigated. Primary VOCs such as benzene, toluene, xylene, trimethyl benzene, etc. decrease and OVOCs like formic acid, formaldehyde, acetone, ethanol, etc. increase substantially upon oxidation in OFR. The highest organic aerosol (OA) enhancement was observed for the 4.2 equivalent photochemical days of aging i.e., 1.84 times the ambient concentration, and net OA loss was observed at very high OH exposure, typically after 8.4 days of photochemical aging due to heterogeneous oxidation followed by fragmentation/evaporation. In ambient air, OA enhancement is highest during nighttime due to the high concentrations of precursor VOCs in the atmosphere. SMPS + C results demonstrated substantial new particle formation upon aging and decrement in preexisting aerosol mass. This is the first experimental study conducting an in-situ evaluation of potential SOA mass generated from the ambient aerosols in India.

Discrimination and characterization of volatile organic compounds in Lonicerae Japonicae flos and Lonicerae flos using multivariate statistics combined with headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry and headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques.

The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of Lonicerae Japonicae flos (LJF) and Lonicera flos (LF) play a pivotal role in determining their sensory characteristics, medicinal properties, and subsequent impact on market pricing and consumer preferences. However, the differences and specificity of these VOCs remain obscure. Hence, it is crucial to conduct a comprehensive characterization of the VOCs in LJF and LF and pinpoint their potential differential VOCs. In this study, headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC/IMS) and headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS) were employed to comprehensively investigate the compositional characteristics and distinctions in VOCs between LJF and LF. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to identify candidate differential VOCs of LJF and LF samples. A total of 54 and 88 VOCs were identified using HS-GC/IMS and HS-SPME-GC/MS analysis, respectively. Primary VOCs detected in LJF include leaf alcohol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol dimer, 2-octyn-1-ol, and (E)-3-hexen-1-ol. Key VOCs prevalent in LF encompass farnesol, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, and valeric acid. Multivariate statistical analysis indicates that compounds such as phenethyl alcohol and leaf alcohol were selected as potential VOCs for distinguishing between LJF and LF. This research conducted a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental volatile components in both LJF and LF. It subsequently elucidated the distinctions and specificities within their respective VOC profiles. And this study enables differentiation between LJF and LF through the analysis of VOCs, offering valuable insights for enhancing the quality control of both LJF and LF.

How do the main components influence the VOCs emission characteristics and formation pathways during moso bamboo heat treatment?

Bamboo heat treatment will cause plenty of release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the atmosphere which are important precursors for ozone (O3) formation. In this study, dewaxed bamboo was heat-treated at 180 °C for 2 h to investigate the emission characteristics and the formation pathways of VOCs during heat treatment by removing different main components. The results showed that aldehydes (22.61%–57.54%) and esters (14.64%–38.88%) are the primary VOCs released during heat treatment. These compounds mainly originate from the degradation of hemicellulose, lignin, cellulose, and the linkage bonds between them in bamboo. During the bamboo heat treatment, the degradation of CO, CH, and CO bonds in hemicellulose results in the release of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 3-furfural, and 1-(+)-ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate. The breakage of benzene ring group and the CO and CH bonds of lignin leading to the emission of VOCs including m-Formylphenol, Vanillin, and Syringaldehyde. The degradation of aliphatic CH, CC, and CO bonds in the amorphous region of cellulose contributes to an enhanced release of alcohols, olefins, and alkanes. It is calculated that acids (28.92%–59.47%), esters (10.10%–22.03%) and aldehydes (17.88%–39.91%) released during heat treatment contributed more to Ozone Formation Potential (OFP).

Effects of driving conditions on aerosol formation from photooxidation of gasoline vehicles exhaust in Hong Kong

The emissions before and after atmospheric oxidation from three gasoline vehicles were characterized under different driving conditions (idling, cruising and New European Driving Cycle (NEDC)). The total quantified volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission factors for the vehicles ranged from 18.4 to 2728.7 mg/kg depending on driving conditions. The organic aerosol mass concentrations showed substantial increase (∼7.6–10.8 times) after ageing process, implying that vehicular emissions were an important source of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). The total quantified organic aerosol mass concentrations in aged samples ranged from 77.7 to 480.5 ng m−3 under different test conditions. Aromatic and alkenoic acids were identified as major organic aerosols after ageing. The emission factors of VOCs were higher under idling condition compared to the other driving modes for all vehicles. High VOCs emissions can potentially lead to high secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation inside the reactor and more robust SOA formation under idling condition in all analysis. The gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicle with latest year of manufacture in EURO 4 standard can pose lower primary emissions of organic substances, but nevertheless the composition of emitted VOCs demonstrates higher SOA yield and SOA formation. Further analysis proposes engine type is the key factor on primary VOC composition under idling. The findings suggest a need to revise existing regulation of composition of organic substances.

Identification of characteristic aroma compounds for spicy in Iris lactea var. chinensis.

Iris lactea var. chinensis (Fisch.) Koidz has a unique floral fragrance that differs from that of other Iris spp.; however, its characteristic aroma composition remains unknown. This study aimed to identify the floral fragrance components of I. lactea var. chinensis during different flowering stages using headspace solid-phase microextraction in conjunction with gas chromatography mass spectrometry, electronic nose, and sensory evaluation. During the three flowering phases (bud stage, bloom stage, and decay stage), 70 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including 13 aldehydes, 13 esters, 11 alcohols, 10 alkanes, 8 ketones, 7 terpenes, 7 benzenoids, and 1 nitrogenous compound, were identified. According to principal component analysis, the primary VOCs were (-)-pinene, β-irone, methyl heptenone, phenylethanol, hexanol, and 2-pinene. A comparison of the differential VOCs across the different flowering stages using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that 3-carene appeared only in the bud stage, whereas hexanol, ethyl caprate, ethyl caproate, linalool, (-)-pinene, and 2-pinene appeared or were present at significantly increased levels during the bloom stage. The phenylethanol, methyl heptenone, 3-methylheptane, and β-irone reached a peak in the decay stage. The odor activity value and sensory evaluation suggested that "spicy" is the most typical odor of I. lactea var. chinensis, mainly due to 2-methoxy-3-sec-butylpyrazine, which is rare in floral fragrances.

Characteristics of Airborne Pollutants in the Area of an Agricultural–Industrial Complex near a Petrochemical Industry Facility

In the area of a petrochemical industrial site, ten monitoring stations are established to determine the airborne pollutants that are emitted, which include criteria air pollutants and 54 species of ozone formation precursors of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The hourly pollutants are increased by human activities, such as traffic flow after 7:00 a.m., and ozone becomes more abundant as solar radiation increases in intensity. Monthly air pollutants are present in low concentrations during the rainy season from May to September and in high concentrations from October to April. Results show that VOC concentrations are low in the summer (average concentration 5.7–5.9 ppb) and more than double in the winter (11–12 ppb), with 52–63% alkanes, 18–24% aromatics, 11–22% alkenes and 4.7–7.1% alkynes. Ethane, toluene, propane, n-butane, ethylene and acetylene are the major VOCs, with an annual average concentration exceeding 0.50 ppb. In 2016–2020, the VOC concentration is decreased from 10.1 to 7.73 ppb, corresponding to the ozone formation potential (OFP) decrease from 84 to 61 μg-O3 m−3, with toluene, m,p-xylene, ethylene and propene being the most abundant species. The primary VOC sources are petrochemical industry sites, fuel combustion, vehicle exhaust emissions and evaporation, solvent application, industrial facilities and emission from farming vegetation.

Quantitative assessments of GHG and VOCs emissions of asphalt pavement contained steel slag

Using steel slag aggregate in asphalt pavement is recognized as novel alternative to enhance the environmental benefits, however, lacking quantitative analysis on its air components emissions largely hinders the fulfilment of sustainable road development. The study conducted the comparative research for the steel slag and the natural aggregate asphalt pavement from asphalt volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The self-assembled gas generator and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC–MS) were used to study the characteristics of asphalt VOCs. Moreover, the GHG emissions of asphalt pavement life cycle have been quantified with a prospective life cycle assessment (LCA). Different from traditional cognition, the research results showed that using steel slag aggregate in asphalt mixture would cause more asphalt VOCs and GHG emissions than natural aggregate in the life cycle of asphalt pavement. Specifically, comparing to the natural aggregate, the asphalt pavement contained steel slag aggregate generated extra 2 % to 30 % concentrations for primary VOCs components, and 11.86 t equivalent CO2 in the 20-year life cycle of asphalt pavement. The study provides valued reference for air pollution controlling and low-carbon development of asphalt pavement.

Anthropogenic VOCs in the Long Island Sound, NY Airshed and their role in ozone production

Cities like New York and areas downwind have poor air quality due to pollution generated by human activity. Ozone (O3), a harmful pollutant, is produced in the atmosphere from photochemical reactions involving volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Aircraft measurements of VOCs obtained during an O3 event in May 2017 over the New York City metropolitan area, Long Island Sound, and Connecticut show concentrations of O3 exceeding 100 ppb between ∼200 and 500 m above the surface. During this campaign, 35 whole air canisters were collected, and 50 VOC species were measured. Biogenic isoprene often dominates VOC reactivity in summer months, but analysis of the chemistry in the middle of the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) indicates that primary anthropogenic VOCs such as propylene and isopentane played a major, possibly dominant role in this Spring 2017 O3 event and are suitable targets for control.The most important measured anthropogenic VOCs ranked by OH reactivity were propylene and isopentane, with n-butane and 1-pentene also playing a substantial role. The most important anthropogenic VOCs ranked by Ozone Formation Potential (OFP) were again propylene and isopentane, but aromatic species like toluene were also large contributors. Isoprene ranked tenth in importance for OFP. For VOC species with short lifetimes, like isoprene and propylene, mixing of air parcels throughout the PBL means air above the surface may quickly become depleted of these VOCs, allowing longer-lived, anthropogenic VOCs to have a proportionally greater impact on photochemical O3 production aloft. Our observations indicate that VOC reactivity was much larger in the morning than in the afternoon, suggesting controls of propylene, isopentane, and aromatics overnight may be useful for reducing morning concentrations of VOCs and therefore possibly reduce maximum concentrations of O3 observed in the afternoon. Finally, because formaldehyde (HCHO) was not measured during these flights, and since oxygenates also contribute to O3 formation, we estimate the relative contribution of isoprene and propylene to HCHO formation using a box model. Propylene produces ∼25% and isoprene produces ∼4% of HCHO within the box model.

Heterogeneous chemistry of ozone with floor cleaning agent: Implications of secondary VOCs in the indoor environment

Human daily activities such as cooking, and cleaning can affect the indoor air quality by releasing primary emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs), as well as by the secondary product compounds formed through reactions with ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radicals (OH). However, our knowledge about the formation processes of the secondary VOCs is still incomplete. We performed real-time measurements of primary VOCs released by commercial floor-cleaning detergent and the secondary product compounds formed by heterogeneous reaction of O3 with the constituents of the cleaning agent by use of high-resolution mass spectrometry. We measured the uptake coefficients of O3 on the cleaning detergent at different relative humidities in dark and under different light intensities (320 nm < λ < 400 nm) relevant for the indoor environment. On the basis of the detected compounds we developed tentative reaction mechanisms describing the formation of the secondary VOCs. Intriguingly, under light irradiation the formation of valeraldehyde was observed based on the photosensitized chemistry of acetophenone which is a constituent of the cleaning agent. Finally, we modeled the observed mixing ratios of three aldehydes, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and 4-oxopentanal with respect to real-life indoor environment. The results suggest that secondary VOCs initiated by ozone chemistry can additionally impact the indoor air pollution.

Source characterization of volatile organic compounds in urban Beijing and its links to secondary organic aerosol formation

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are precursors for ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, thereby playing a vital role in atmospheric chemistry and urban air quality. To characterize the relationship between VOCs and SOA, organics both in gas and particulate phases were concurrently measured in urban Beijing. The VOCs and organic aerosol (OA) were apportioned into factors with different oxidation levels by applying the factorization analysis on their detailed mass spectra. Six factors of VOCs were identified, including four primary VOCs (PVOC) factors and two secondary VOCs (SVOC) factors. The PVOC factors dominated the total VOCs when the air mass originated in the cleaner northern areas, while SVOC factors dominated for polluted southern air masses. The normalized concentrations of PVOC and primary OA factors showed consistent diurnal variations regardless of air mass directions, owing to the relatively stable local emissions during the experimental period. This contrasted with the secondary factors due to more complex transformation processes. The traffic-related VOCs and solid fuel combustion VOCs negatively correlated with SOA, implying that they may have contributed to the SOA formation through photooxidation. The VOCs in lower oxidation levels were found to have poor correlations with the less oxidized SOA, whereas they correlated strongly to the more oxidized SOA. This implied that the less oxidized SOA may be in a transition state, where its production and loss rates were balanced. These served as products of VOCs oxidation and reactants of more oxidized SOA formation, playing important roles on the VOC to SOA transformation. The identified VOC emission sources and their photochemical production of SOA should be considered in air quality policy planning.

The Vertical Distribution of VOCs and Their Impact on the Environment: A Review

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play an important role in atmospheric chemistry. Primary VOCs take part in chemical and photochemical reactions, contributing to ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, which may cause air pollution problems. High VOC concentrations might lead to dizziness, nausea, headaches, genotoxicity, reproductive weakness, and other diseases harmful to human health. Several studies have been performed to analyze the components, variations, or sources of VOCs at the ground level. In contrast, studies of the vertical distribution characteristics of VOCs are scarce, and the VOC potential for O3 formation in the boundary layer is not yet well understood. To better understand the VOC vertical variation regularities and related reasons in temporal and spatial dimensions, thus to deepen the understanding of their effects on O3 and SOA formation in the vertical direction and to identify the existing gaps in VOC vertical distributions, this study reviewed VOC sampling techniques, VOC vertical distribution characteristics, VOC diffusion models, and effects caused by VOCs. This work can be a valuable reference for decision making regarding environmental and health problems.

Characteristics and sources of ambient Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) at a regional background site, YRD region, China: Significant influence of solvent evaporation during hot months

Continuous measurement of 98 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was conducted during 2017–2019 at a regional background site (Shanxi) located at northeast of Zhejiang Province, YRD region, China. The average concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) was 25.4 ± 18.4 ppbv, and an increasing trend (+12.2 %) was observed. Alkanes were the most abundant VOC group among all seasons, accounting for 43.5 % of TVOCs. Oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), aromatics, halides and alkenes contributed 15.9 %, 15.7 %, 11.7 % and 10.3 % of TVOCs concentration, respectively. Biogenic VOCs (BVOCs) and OVOCs showed distinguished diurnal cycle from primary anthropogenic VOCs. Photochemical reactivity analysis based on ozone formation potential (OFP) and OH loss rate (LOH) indicated that aromatics and alkenes were the most significant contributor, respectively. Toluene, xylene (m/p- and o-), ethene and propene were the largest contributor of annual OFP, with the mean OFP being 33.8 ± 44.3 μg·m−3, 31.9 ± 32.1 μg·m−3, 9.29 ± 11.4 μg·m−3, 22.1 ± 21.3 μg·m−3 and 12.8 ± 19.5 μg·m−3, respectively. Seven sources were identified with positive matrix factorization (PMF): petrochemical industry (13.8 %), biogenic emission (1.0 %), solvent usage-toluene (16.9 %), vehicular exhaust (43.8 %), Integrated circuits industry (3.8 %), solvent usage-C8 aromatics (10.9 %), and gasoline evaporation (9.8 %). Vehicular exhaust was the most significant source (43.8 %) during the whole measurement period. Solvent usage, petrochemical industry, and gasoline evaporation showed high temperature dependency. The integrated contribution of solvent usage and industrial processes were higher than vehicular exhaust during hot months. These sources also have higher chemical reactivities and can contribute more on O3 formation. Our results are helpful on determining the control strategies aiming at alleviating O3 pollution.

Tracing the Formation of Secondary Aerosols Influenced by Solar Radiation and Relative Humidity in Suburban Environment

AbstractSecondary particulate matter exerts adverse effects on air quality and human health. The production or reaction rate of secondary aerosols in polluted environments remains uncertain and is complicated by diverse emissions and meteorological conditions. By concurrently measuring the mass spectra of compounds in both particulate (using an aerosol mass spectrometer) and gas phases (using proton‐transfer‐reaction mass spectrometry) in suburban Beijing, we linked the secondary organic aerosol (OA) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to photochemical age (tage) and obtained their reaction or production rates. Factorization analysis of the mass spectra of OA and the 108 VOC species resolved three oxygenated OAs (OOA) and three secondary VOC factors at different oxidation levels. Primary organic aerosols and VOCs from traffic sources were determined to be important sources for secondary aerosol formation. At high pollution levels under the conditions of weaker solar radiation and higher relative humidity, moderately oxygenated OA (O/C = 0.61) and secondary inorganics were coproduced in combination with rapid consumption of all VOCs. At lower pollution levels, the intense solar radiation caused substantial and rapid production of OOA (O/C = 0.81) and intermediate VOCs (both in a high oxidation state) at a rate of 15.0% h−1 and 14.0% h−1, respectively. These results highlight the feedback effects between radiation and moisture in terms of altering the formation mechanism of secondary aerosols. In particular, highly oxygenated secondary airborne products under strong radiation should be considered in regard to their environmental impact.

Composition and reactivity of volatile organic compounds in the South Coast Air Basin and San Joaquin Valley of California

Abstract. Comprehensive aircraft measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) covering the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) and San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California were obtained in the summer of 2019. Combined with the CO, CH4, and NOx data, the total calculated gas-phase hydroxyl radical reactivity (cOHRTOTAL) was quantified to be 6.1 and 4.6 s−1 for the SoCAB and SJV, respectively. VOCs accounted for ∼ 60 %–70 % of the cOHRTOTAL in both basins. In particular, oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) contributed &gt;60 % of the cOHR of total VOCs (cOHRVOC) and the total observed VOC mixing ratio. Primary biogenic VOCs (BVOCs) represented a minor fraction (&lt;2 %) of the total VOC mixing ratio but accounted for 21 % and 6 % of the cOHRVOC in the SoCAB and SJV, respectively. Furthermore, the contribution of BVOCs to the cOHRVOC increased with increasing cOHRVOC in the SoCAB, suggesting that BVOCs were important ozone precursors during high ozone episodes. Spatially, the trace gases were heterogeneously distributed in the SoCAB, with their mixing ratios and cOHR being significantly greater over the inland regions than the coast, while their levels were more evenly distributed in SJV. The results highlight that a better grasp of the emission rates and sources of OVOCs and BVOCs is essential for a predictive understanding of the ozone abundance and distribution in California.

Community Structure of Phyllosphere Bacteria in Different Cultivars of Fingered Citron (Citrus medica 'Fingered') and Their Correlations With Fragrance.

In recent years, plant metabolomics and microbiome studies have suggested that the synthesis and secretion of plant secondary metabolites are affected by microbial-host symbiotic interactions. In this study, six varieties of fingered citron (Citrus medica ‘Fingered’) are sampled to study their phyllosphere bacterial communities and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). High-throughput sequencing is used to sequence the V5–V7 region of the 16S rRNA of the fingered citron phyllosphere bacteria, and the results showed that Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were the dominant bacterial phylum in the phyllosphere of fingered citron. There were significant differences in the phyllosphere bacteria community between XiuZhen and the remaining five varieties. The relative abundance of Actinomycetospora was highest in XiuZhen, and Halomonas, Methylobacterium, Nocardioides, and Pseudokineococcus were also dominant. Among the remaining varieties, Halomonas was the genus with the highest relative abundance, while the relative abundances of all the other genera were low. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to analyze and identify the aroma compounds of six different fingered citron, and a total of 76 aroma compounds were detected in six varieties. Pinene, geraniol, and linalool were found to be the primary VOCs that affect the aroma of fingered citron based on relative odor activity value. The correlation analysis showed 55 positive and 60 negative correlations between the phyllosphere bacterial flora and aroma compounds of fingered citron. The top 10 genera in the relative abundance were all significantly associated with aroma compounds. This study provides deep insight into the relation between bacteria and VOCs of fingered citron, and this may better explain the complexity of the analysis of bacterial and metabolic interactions.

Changes in primary metabolites and volatile organic compounds in cotton seedling leaves exposed to silver ions and silver nanoparticles revealed by metabolomic analysis.

In the area of climate change, nanotechnology provides handy tools for improving crop production and assuring sustainability in global agricultural system. Due to excellent physiological and biochemical properties, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been widely studied for potential use in agriculture. However, there are concerns about the mechanism of the toxic effects of the accumulation of AgNPs on crop growth and development. In this study, the impacts of AgNPs on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) seedlings were evaluated by integrating physiological and comprehensive metabolomic analyses. Potting-soil-grown, two-week-old cotton seedlings were foliar-exposed to 5 mg/plant AgNP or 0.02 mg/plant Ag+ (equivalent to the free Ag+ released from AgNPs). Primary metabolites and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) GC-MS, respectively. AgNPs inhibited the photosynthetic capacity of the cotton leaves. The metabolic spectrum analysis identified and quantified 73 primary metabolites and 45 VOCs in cotton leaves. Both treatments significantly changed the metabolite profiles of plant leaves. Among the primary metabolites, AgNPs induced marked changes in amino acids, sugars and sugar alcohols. Among the VOCs, 13 volatiles, mainly aldehydes, alkanes and terpenoids, were specifically altered only in response to AgNPs. In summary, our study showed that the comprehensive influence of AgNPs on primary metabolites and VOCs was not merely attributed to the released Ag+ but was caused by AgNP-specific effects on cotton leaves. These results provide important knowledge about the physiological and chemical changes in cotton leaves upon exposure to AgNPs and offer a new insight for supporting the sustainable use of AgNPs in agriculture.

Aging of Volatile Organic Compounds in October 2017 Northern California Wildfire Plumes.

In the western United States, the number and severity of large wildfires have been growing for decades. Biomass burning (BB) is a major source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the atmosphere both globally and regionally. Following emission, BB VOCs are oxidized while being transported downwind, producing ozone, secondary organic aerosols, and secondary hazardous VOCs. In this research, we measured VOCs using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) in an urban area 55-65 km downwind of the October 2017 Northern California wildfires. Nonaromatic oxygenated compounds were the dominant component of BB VOCs measured. In the smoke plumes, the VOCs account for 70-75% of the total observed organic carbon, with the remainder being particulate matter (with a diameter of <2.5 μm, PM2.5). We show that the correlation of VOCs with furan (primary BB VOC) and maleic anhydride (secondary BB VOC) can indicate the origin of the VOCs. This was further confirmed by the diurnal variations of the VOCs and their concentration-weighted trajectories. Oxidation during transport consumed highly reactive compounds including benzenoids, furanoids, and terpenoids and produced more oxygenated VOCs. Furthermore, wildfire VOCs altered the ozone formation regime and raised the O3 levels in the San Francisco Bay Area.