Enamel Of Primary Teeth Research Articles

Remineralizing Potential of Natural Hydroxyapatite from Snakehead (Channa striata) Fish Bone on Remineralization of Primary Teeth Enamel: An In Vitro Study

Abstract Objective This study aimed to investigate the effect of hydroxyapatite from snakehead (Channa striata) fish bone on the surface hardness of the enamel of the primary teeth. Materials and Methods Twenty-six primary maxillary incisors were mounted on self-cured acrylic resin, divided into two groups, and demineralized. Remineralization was performed using hydroxyapatite paste synthesized from C. striata fish bone by the precipitation method. The case group was subjected to 15% hydroxyapatite paste and subsequently submerged in artificial saliva, while the control group was only exposed to artificial saliva. Enamel hardness was measured by the Vickers hardness tester after 7 days of treatment. The statistical analysis used in this research was an independent t-test. Results The case group had a surface hardness of 356.192 ± 25.218, and the control group had a surface hardness of 269.686 ± 22.931. Statistical tests showed a significant difference between the case and control groups. Conclusion Hydroxyapatite paste from snakehead (C. striata) fishbone stimulates remineralization of primary teeth, as evidenced by an increase in the enamel surface hardness of the teeth.

The Potential of Silver Diamine Fluoride in Non-Operative Management of Dental Caries in Primary Teeth: A Systematic Review

Background and Objectives: Dental caries has seen an increase in untreated cases, leading to significant health and quality-of-life impacts, necessitating innovative approaches like the promising non-operative management with silver diamine fluoride. This study aimed to evaluate the mechanisms of action of silver diamine fluoride on arresting dental caries in primary teeth. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted across MEDLINE (PubMed), Google Scholar, and Wiley Online Library, including both in vivo and in vitro studies published from 1 January 2017 to 16 October 2022. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool assessed bias in in vivo studies, while the Quality Assessment Tool for In Vitro Studies evaluated the methodological quality of in vitro studies. Results: Nineteen publications met the inclusion criteria. Two studies indicated that silver diamine fluoride application significantly alters oral microflora, contributing to caries arrest. Additionally, two studies reported increased mineral density and mineral content in demineralised primary teeth, emphasising silver diamine fluoride’s role in promoting remineralisation. Three studies demonstrated significant improvements in surface microhardness, enhancing tooth resistance. However, no significant qualitative changes in bacterial species composition were noted. Modified silver diamine fluoride application techniques, including light curing or laser irradiation, enhanced efficacy, with light curing notably increasing surface microhardness. Based on a limited number of studies, no statistically significant differences in clinical effectiveness were observed with higher silver diamine fluoride concentrations or extended application durations. Conclusions: Silver diamine fluoride effectively induces quantitative changes in oral microflora and enhances the microhardness and mineral density of enamel and dentine in primary teeth, with modified application methods showing potential for improved outcomes.

Assessment of the Radiopacity of Different Fissure Sealants Compared to Dental Hard Tissues

Aim: The radiopacity of dental materials is crucial for assessing the radiographic success of restorations and can significantly influence clinicians' choice of materials. The objective of our study is to compare the radiopacity of five fissure sealants with that of compomer, composite, glass ionomer filling, and dental hard tissues using digital imaging techniques. Material and Method: Five different fissure sealants (Fuji Triage, BeautiSealant, Grandio Seal, Helioseal F Plus, Embrace Wetbond), compomer (Compoglass F), composite (Solare X), and glass ionomer filling (Equa Forte) materials were prepared as 5 samples each in disk form with a thickness of 2 mm. As controls, sections of primary and permanent teeth with a thickness of 2 mm, along with an aluminum step wedge were utilized. The mean gray values of the samples were measured using Image J software, and the equivalent aluminum thickness was subsequently determined. Statistics analysis using Kruskal-Wallis test at p<0.05. Results: The equivalent aluminum thicknesses related to the radiopacity of fissure sealants are ranked as follows: Fuji Triage (5.2±0.2) > Grandio Seal (3.9±0.2) = permanent tooth enamel (3.7±0.2) = Embrace Wetbond (3.6±0.6) = primary tooth enamel (3.6±0.3) = BeautiSealent (2.1±0.3) > Helioseal F Plus (1.1±0) (p<0.05). The radiopacity equivalent aluminum thicknesses of restorative materials are ranked as follows: Compoglass F (7.3±0.4) > Solare X (4.7±0.3) = Equa Forte (4.4±0.4) = permanent tooth enamel (3.7±0.2) = primary tooth enamel (3.6±0.3) (p<0.05). Conclusion: Materials like Fuji Triage and Compoglass F exhibit high radiopacity values, which can significantly aid clinical monitoring and restoration success.

Evaluation of Wear on Primary Tooth Enamel and Fracture Resistance of Esthetic Pediatric Crowns Manufactured from Different Materials

Background and Objectives: Advances in dental materials and CAD-CAM technology have expanded crown options in primary teeth due to their improved appearance and mechanical properties. Thus, this study aimed to assess the enamel wear and fracture resistance of prefabricated, milled, and 3D-printed esthetic pediatric crowns. Materials and Methods: The study involved 60 extracted maxillary second primary molars and 60 3D-printed resin dies, divided into six groups based on different crown materials (n = 10): prefabricated zirconia, prefabricated composite, milled composite, milled resin matrix ceramic, milled PEEK, and 3D-printed resin. Prefabricated crowns were selected after the preparation of the typodont mandibular second primary molar tooth, while milled and 3D-printed crowns were custom produced. The specimens underwent mechanical loading of 50 N at 1.6 Hz for 250,000 cycles with simultaneous thermal cycling. The 3D and 2D wear amounts were evaluated by scanning the specimens before and after aging. Then, the fracture resistance and failure types of the restorations were recorded. Results: The results showed that the milled PEEK group had superior fracture resistance compared to the other groups, while prefabricated zirconia crown group had the lowest value. Milled resin matrix ceramic crown group displayed the lowest 3D wear volume, while 3D-printed crown group showed the highest 2D wear. Conclusions: The restorative material type did not have a significant effect on the wear of primary tooth enamel. The fracture resistance of the tested materials differed according to the material type. Although the milled PEEK group showed the highest fracture resistance, all tested materials can withstand chewing forces in children.

Surface Prereacted Glass Ionomer Varnish as a Multifaceted Anticaries Agent: Investigating its Inhibitory Effects on Demineralization and Biofilm Formation on Primary Tooth Enamel

Surface Prereacted Glass Ionomer Varnish as a Multifaceted Anticaries Agent: Investigating its Inhibitory Effects on Demineralization and Biofilm Formation on Primary Tooth Enamel

Comparison of various chitosan-based in situ forming gels with sodium fluoride varnish for enamel biomineralization: an in-vitro pH cycling model

This study aimed to evaluate chitosan (CS)-based formulations loaded with 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) and/or 10% nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) to remineralize the demineralized primary tooth enamel surface. Ninety enamel blocks were demineralized and were divided into six groups (n = 15): (1) CS-based hydrogel, (2) CS-based hydrogel loaded with NaF, (3) CS-based hydrogel loaded with nHA, (4) CS-based hydrogel loaded with NaF and nHA, (5) 5% NaF varnish, and (6) negative control with no intervention. After intervention, the specimens were pH cycled by 2 h immersion in demineralizing solution and 22 h immersion in remineralizing solution for 8 days. The remineralization effects were evaluated by Vickers microhardness measurements and field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (FESEM-EDS). The best mean ± SD percentage microhardness recovery in remineralized enamel (%REMH) was found in group 4 (56.90 ± 5.49). The %REMH of groups 2 (30.74 ± 3.51) and 5 (29.23 ± 5.65) were statistically the same (p = 0.943). FESEM images confirmed partial coverage of the porous demineralized enamel with a newly formed mineralized layer. Based on EDS findings, the Ca/P ratio values of the treated enamel surfaces with CS-based hydrogels ranged between 1.71 and 1.87, and the highest F content was noticed in group 2 (1.02 ± 0.03). Although, all tested CS-based hydrogels demonstrated the potential to repair demineralized enamel, nHA- and NaF-containing CS-based hydrogel showed the highest remineralization effect. We infer that this new hybrid hydrogel is a potentially useful dental material for tooth biomineralization.

Evaluation of the efficacy of various remineralization agents and grape seed extract on microhardness and lesion depth of primary tooth enamel: An in vitro study.

This study evaluated the efficacy of grape seed extract (GSE) on the remineralization of primary tooth enamel alone or in combination with remineralizing agents. The initial microhardness value of 90 primary tooth enamel samples was calculated; then, the samples were demineralized. The post-demineralization hardness of the samples was measured and the samples were randomly divided into 6 groups as follows: G1: negative control, G2: GSE, G3: NaF, G4:Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), G5: GSE+NaF, and G6: GSE+CPP-ACP (n=15). Oral environment pH cycle was applied and hardness measurements were repeated after treatments. The samples were stained with 1% rhodamine B dye and sectioned, and the lesion depth was measured. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. The hardness decrease of the GSE and GSE+NaF groups was less than the other groups (P<0.05). The decrease was also less in the other groups than in the control group (P>0.05). GSE showed a positive effect when combined with NaF in maintaining microhardness but did not show the same effect when combined with CPP-ACP (P<0.05). Concerning penetration depth, all the groups had statistically lower values than the control group (P<0.05). The lowest penetration rates were observed in the GSE+NaF and GSE+CPP-ACP groups (P<0.05). The lowest hardness decrease was observed in the GSE and GSE+NaF groups, and the lowest penetration rates were observed in the GSE+NaF and GSE+CPP-ACP groups. It has been determined that a 15% GSE solution might be used as an alternative to fluoride in primary tooth remineralization and can increase the effectiveness of fluoride when used together.

A comparison of conventional sodium fluoride varnish and nano-sodium fluoride varnish regarding enamel microhardness of deciduous teeth: an in-vitro study.

Dental caries is the most common chronic disease worldwide, and various forms of fluoride are considered useful preventive tools. The production of nanoscale materials can significantly improve their mechanical and chemical properties. The present study compared the microhardness of primary tooth enamel after applying sodium fluoride varnish (conventional) and nano-sodium fluoride varnish. Sixty-eight sound canine teeth were selected in this experimental study. The teeth were mounted so that the buccal surface was exposed. A 3 × 3mm square was obtained on the buccal surface of the crown of each tooth. Enamel surfaces were polished using sandpaper in the presence of water as a coolant. The samples were randomly divided into four groups (n = 17): G1, conventional 5% NaF; G2, 1% nano-NaF; G3, 5% nano-NaF; G4, control. The initial microhardness was measured. Before surface treatment with different fluoride compounds, the samples were placed in a demineralizing solution for two days, and the microhardness of all the samples was re-measured. Then G1, G2, and G3 were treated with the fluoride type specified for each group, and G4 was treated as a control (without treatment). Finally, pH cycling was applied, and the microhardness was measured again. Data were analyzed with SPSS 20, using Repeated measure ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey tests. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Repeated measure ANOVA showed that microharness of G1, G2, G3, and G4 was statistically significant different. Tukey tests showed that the microhardness of G1, G2, and G3 were not significantly different. However, these three groups exhibited significantly more microhardness than the control group (P = 0.024, P = 0.027, and P = 0.010). There was no significant differences in enamel microhardness of deciduous teeth between conventional 5% NaF,1% nano-NaF and 5% nano-NaF.

Surface and Mineral Changes of Primary Enamel after Laser Diode Irradiation and Application of Remineralization Agents: A Comparative In Vitro Study.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the remineralization potential of primary teeth enamel after being exposed to different laser diode therapies. Ninety-six vestibular primary teeth enamel samples were divided into eight groups (n = 12) with varying treatments: control (G1), CPP-ACP-fluoride varnish (G2), diode lasers at 980 nm (G3), 808 nm (G4), 450 nm (G5), 980 nm + CPP-ACP-fluoride varnish (G6), 808 nm + CPP-ACP-fluoride varnish (G7), and 450 nm + CPP-ACP-fluoride varnish (G8). Each sample was assessed using a DIAGNOdent® (KaVo Dental, Biberach, Germany), at baseline, post-treatment, and post-pH cycle remineralization. SEM imaging was performed before and after treatment and following the pH cycle. The results indicated that the 980 nm and 808 nm diode lasers, both alone and in combination with CPP-ACP-fluoride varnish, either maintained or increased the calcium (Ca) weight percentage (Wt%) in the enamel. The 980 nm diode laser combined with CPP-ACP-fluoride varnish (G6) showed a significant increase in Ca Wt%, suggesting a strong remineralization effect. Similarly, the 808 nm diode laser alone (G4) also promoted a substantial increase in Ca Wt%. In contrast, the 450 nm diode laser, whether applied alone or in combination with CPP-ACP-fluoride varnish, resulted in a lower Ca Wt% and an increase in phosphorus (P) Wt%. Most groups, except for the CPP-ACP-fluoride varnish alone (G2), demonstrated an increase in P Wt%, indicating a complex interaction between laser therapy and enamel remineralization. The combined use of laser therapy with CPP-ACP-fluoride varnish significantly enhanced the remineralization of temporary teeth enamel. The 980 nm diode laser + CPP-ACP-fluoride varnish showed the most pronounced improvement in remineralization, while the 808 nm diode laser alone also effectively increased calcium solubility. These findings suggest that higher-wavelength diode lasers, particularly when combined with remineralizing agents, can effectively enhance the mineral content of primary teeth and promote enamel remineralization.

Effects of silver diammine fluoride with/without potassium iodide on enamel and dentin carious lesions in primary teeth.

To assess the effects of SDF and SDF+KI treatment on enamel and dentin carious lesions in primary teeth using x-ray Microtomography (XMT) and back scattered scanning electron microscopy (BSE-SEM). Artificial enamel caries of 3 caries free primary teeth were created by immersion of the samples in 50 ml demineralization solution for 72 h. Three other teeth with natural dentin caries were selected. Both groups were divided into 3 subgroups: EC-Enamel Control; ES-Enamel with SDF application; ESK-Enamel with SDF followed by KI application; DC-Dentin Control; DS-Dentin with SDF application; DSK-Dentin with SDF followed by KI application. Each tooth was imaged using XMT at 3 time points: (1) Pretreatment; (2) after immersion in remineralization solution for 120 h, with or without SDF or SDF+KI; (3) after subsequent immersion in demineralization solution for 72 h. The change of radiopacities of the lesions in these time points were assessed from the XMT images. After the XMT scans, all teeth were investigated microscopically using BSE-SEM. In EC, no change in linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) was observed after remineralization, but LAC reduction was observed after subsequent demineralization. For ES, thin layer of high LAC material was deposited on the enamel surface after remineralization, and further reduction of LAC was observed after demineralization. In ESK, the surface layer was lost after SDF+KI, and small reduction of LAC was observed after demineralization. In DC, no LAC change was observed after remineralization, but reduction of LAC was detected after demineralization. In DS, high LAC material was formed on the carious dentin surface and randomly inside the lesion. No further LAC change was found after demineralization. In DSK, thick layer of high LAC material was deposited on the carious surface and inside the dentinal tubules. No further LAC reduction was found after subsequent demineralization. SDF and SDF+KI did not protect artificial enamel under acid attack even though Ag products were deposited in the porous enamel. However, SDF and SDF+KI shows protective properties against acid challenges and Ag products are deposited in carious dentin lesion without tubular structure randomly; and within dentinal tubules when these structures are retained.

Effects of Five Different Toothpastes on Remineralization and Surface Roughness of Primary Tooth Enamel with Artificial Initial Caries

Effects of Five Different Toothpastes on Remineralization and Surface Roughness of Primary Tooth Enamel with Artificial Initial Caries

Evaluation of the optimal etching times and fissure sealant materials for bonding on primary teeth enamel: An in vitro study

The recommended 15-s acid etching time expands the enamel surface and facilitates the infiltration of restorative materials. Because of this clinical advantage, 15 and 30 s have become the most prevalent acid etching times in recent years. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of conventional and self-adhesive flowable composites (SAFCs) that were etched for different durations on primary molar teeth. Teeth were divided into eight groups (n = 16) and restored either with Vertise™ Flow and orthophosphoric acid or with Conseal F and orthophosphoric acid for 15, 30, 45, or 60 s. Then, the specimens were subjected to shear stress at a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min until the bond failed. After conducting the microshear bond strength (μSBS) test, failure modes were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy at 80 × magnification. Statistical analysis was performed using Independent sample T-tests and other T-tests (p < 0.05). According to the μSBS results, a statistically significant difference was observed among all groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, there were statistically significant differences between both restorative materials after etching for 15 s (p = 0.011; p < 0.05) and 60 s (p < 0.001; p < 0.05). While adhesive-type fractures were mostly observed in the SAFC groups, mixed-type fractures analyzed by scanning electron microscopy were determined to be relatively common in the Conseal F groups. An etching time of 15 s for primary tooth enamel was recommended instead of 60 s for all fissure sealants. In addition, the application of Vertise™ Flow after 15 s of acid etching was preferred over the application of Conseal F.

The Relationship Between Maternal Nutrition During Pregnancy and Primary Tooth Caries in Stunted Toddlers: A Study at Umbulsari

Particularly during the 5th week of gestation when primary tooth enamel begins forming. Disruptions during this crucial period can lead to suboptimal enamel structure, increasing susceptibility to cavities in toddlers. A study conducted observed dental examinations of 10 stunted toddlers, all of whom exhibited dental caries. This prompted an investigation into whether maternal nutrition during pregnancy correlates with primary tooth caries in stunted toddlers. The research, a retrospective case-control study using purposive sampling of 90 respondents, utilized maternal BMI data and assessed primary tooth caries incidence. Analysis using Spearman's non-parametric correlation test indicated a significant relationship (p=0.001, r=0.351) between maternal nutritional status and primary tooth caries. Findings from the Umbulsari Community Health Center revealed that most mothers had below-normal nutritional status during pregnancy, and stunted toddlers averaged 7.3 dental caries. It was concluded that there was a relationship between maternal nutritional status during pregnancy and primary tooth caries in stunted toddlers at the Umbulsari Community Health Center with a weak correlation coefficient and the direction of correlation between variables was negative or inversely proportional.

Influence of Different Application Modes of a Universal Adhesive System on the Bond Strength of Bulk-Fill Composite Resin to Enamel and Dentin in Primary Teeth.

The objective of this study was to assess how the application mode of a universal adhesive system affects the microshear bond strength (μSBS) of bulk-fill and conventional composite resins to enamel and dentin in primary teeth. A total of 80 caries-free primary second molars were randomly assigned to eight experimental groups (n = 10) based on the bonding substrate (enamel or dentin), the application mode of the universal adhesive system (etch and rinse [E&R], or self-etch [SE]), and the type of composite resin used (bulk-fill or conventional). After bonding the composite resin to enamel or dentin, the μSBS of the bonded composite resins was measured. The mean μSBS value of bulk-fill composite resin was significantly higher than that of conventional composite resin for both enamel and dentin substrates, regardless of the application mode (p < 0.001). An interaction effect between the bonding substrate and the application mode of the adhesive system was observed, indicating a significant relationship (p < 0.001). The highest μSBS values for primary teeth enamel were achieved using the E&R mode with bulk-fill composite resin, while for dentin specimens, the SE mode with bulk-fill composite resin yielded the highest μSBS values. The μSBS of the E&R group was significantly higher than that of the SE group for enamel specimens (p < 0.001), whereas the μSBS of the SE group was significantly higher than that of the E&R group for dentin specimens (p < 0.001). Bulk-fill composite resin demonstrated higher μSBS in comparison to conventional composite resin. The universal adhesive system exhibited superior performance in the SE mode compared to the E&R mode on primary dentin. Pre-etching the enamel before the application of the universal adhesive enhanced the μSBS to primary teeth enamel, highlighting the importance of selectively acid etching the enamel of primary teeth.

Evaluation of adhesive bond strength of restorative materials to hard tissues of deciduous teeth based on adhesion technique

Relevance. Treating caries in deciduous teeth remains one of the most complex challenges in pediatric dentistry. The bond strength between the enamel and dentin of deciduous teeth and restorative materials is crucial for the durability of hard tissue restorations in these teeth. This article evaluates the adhesive strength of restorative materials to the enamel and dentin of deciduous teeth using a universal adhesive system, both with and without prior etching with orthophosphoric acid.Purpose. To assess the adhesive bond strength of dental filling materials to the hard tissues of deciduous teeth, contingent upon the enamel and dentin etching techniques used with a universal adhesive system.Materials and methods. This study measured the adhesive strength of a composite filling material to the enamel and dentin of deciduous teeth using a universal adhesive system. The methods included both the absence of preliminary etching with 37% orthophosphoric acid (self-etch technique) and the application of preliminary etching of enamel and dentin with 37% orthophosphoric acid (total-etch technique). Sixty extracted deciduous teeth from children aged 6-8 years were used. Adhesive strength was assessed using the shear test of the filling material in cylinder form against the substrate surface.Results. Significant differences were observed in the adhesive bond strength of the composite material to the hard tissues of deciduous teeth when using 37% orthophosphoric acid before applying the adhesive system (total-etch technique) compared to no preliminary etching (self-etch technique). When filling carious lesions in deciduous teeth, if the defect is within the enamel, etching the surface with 37% orthophosphoric acid significantly (by two-fold) enhances the adhesive strength of the bond with the composite material using a universal adhesive. However, when repairing defects located deeper than the enamel layer in deciduous teeth, no statistically significant differences were observed in the adhesive strength with or without dentin etching. The optimal adhesive bond strength of composite materials to the hard tissues of deciduous teeth under laboratory conditions was attained by selectively etching the enamel with 37% orthophosphoric acid, followed by the application of a universal adhesive system to both the enamel and dentin.

Comparative Evaluation of the Remineralizing Potential of Flaxseed Paste, Chicken Eggshell Paste, and Fluoride Toothpaste on the Enamel of Primary Teeth Using Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis: An In Vitro Study

Comparative Evaluation of the Remineralizing Potential of Flaxseed Paste, Chicken Eggshell Paste, and Fluoride Toothpaste on the Enamel of Primary Teeth Using Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis: An In Vitro Study

Enamel remineralisation prospect of Moringa Oleifera hydrogel, eggshell hydrogel versus sodium fluoride varnish on artificially demineralised primary teeth: in vitro study.

The purpose of the present in vitro study is to investigate and compare the remineralising potential of Moringa Oleifera extract, eggshell, and sodium fluoride varnish on microhardness of artificially demineralised enamel of primary teeth with biomimetic minimally invasive approach following the world paradigm shift towards natural products in paediatric dentistry. Sample size included 44 primary molars. The mineral content and surface microhardness of all specimens were initially assessed using energy dispersive x-ray examination (EDX) and Vickers microhardness. The specimens were artificially demineralised for 96 h at a temperature of 37°C and then reassessed directly after demineralisation. The demineralised enamel specimens were randomly divided into four groups according to the remineralisation regimen utilised. Group 1: Artificial saliva (control); Group 2: Sodium fluoride varnish; Group 3: Eggshell hydrogel; and Group 4: Moringa Oleifera hydrogel. The specimens were stored for 8 days and then subsequently evaluated using EDX and microhardness assessment by Vickers microhardness test and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results: Regarding the microhardness test, there was a significant difference between the Moringa Oleifera group and Eggshell group compared to fluoride varnish (p < 0.05). Regarding EDX analysis, there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between Moringa Oleifera group and Eggshell group compared to fluoride varnish as the highest values were for Moringa Oleifera and Eggshell. On the other hand, there was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) between Moringa Oleifera and Eggshell in both the measurements. Moringa Oleifera and Eggshell might be considered as a biomimetic natural material capable of guiding enamel tissue remineralisation in early carious lesion of primary teeth. This research demonstrated the capability for early enamel caries to be remineralised using novel materials with a naturally counterpart implicated in biomineralisation as proved to be more effective than traditionally used fluoride varnish in primary teeth.

Effect of radiotherapy on microhardness and surface morphology of pretreated primary teeth with silver diamine fluoride: an in vitro study

Abstract Background: Children with head and neck cancer undergo radiation therapy, which has proved to be a successful treatment option. One of the common side effect of radiation therapy has been radiation induced caries. This is not as a result of the decreased salivary flow, but rather as a result of the direct impacts of these harmful rays on the enamel of the teeth. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is an effective remineralising agent for initial carious lesions and prevents demineralisation of the already deep carious agent. Various studies have also proved its effectiveness in improving the microhardness of the teeth. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate whether radiotherapy causes changes in the microhardness and surface morphology of enamel in primary teeth pretreated with SDF. Method: 22 primary teeth samples were divided into two groups with 11 samples in each group. The study group samples were pretreated with SDF and in the control group no pretreatment was done. Both groups were subjected to radiotherapy of 60 Gy radiation for a duration of 30 days. The samples were tested using the Vickers microhardness test and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis for surface morphological changes post radiotherapy. Results: It was found that there was a statistically significant difference (p&lt;0.001) in mean microhardness values between the two groups. The mean microhardness of the SDF group (254.07 ± 35.84) was significantly higher that the control group (88.18 ± 6.79). SEM image of enamel of control teeth displayed loss of smooth homogeneous surface and more amorphous structures were seen which was very evident in comparison to the SDF group. Conclusion: Following radiation therapy, SDF application led to greater microhardness of the enamel surface and less morphological alteration in the surface enamel of primary teeth.

Prenatal exposure to environmental toxins and comprehensive dental findings in a population cohort of children.

Environmental toxins are known to have many impacts on growth and development in humans, starting in utero. Alterations in amelogenesis, caused by chemical and physical trauma that occur during the antenatal, perinatal and postnatal time periods, may result in developmental defects in deciduous and permanent tooth enamel, as demonstrated in animal studies. These defects can be clinically visible and result in a variety of morphological and functional problems in the dentition. Since enamel does not remodel after formation, it may serve as a permanent record of insults during organ development.Our primary purpose was to investigate any possible relationship between intrauterine exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (phenols and phthalates) and developmental defects in enamel in children, while also accounting for fluoride exposure. Our secondary purpose was to report descriptively on findings from comprehensive dental examinations performed on 356 children that were drawn from the general paediatric population. A cohort of children from the Utah Children's Project (N = 356) that had full medical exams, comprehensive medical and family histories and available biospecimens were given extraoral and intraoral examinations. They also completed an oral health questionnaire. Standardized intraoral photographs were taken of the teeth and viewed by standardised examiners and the dental observations were recorded for a full inventory of findings, including: tooth morphology, caries, restorations, colorations, attrition, erosion, fractures and hypomineralization. Perinatal maternal urine samples were assessed for the concentration of fluoride, phenols and phthalates, including bisphenol A (BPA).Pairwise statistical analyses were done to correlate the dental findings with one another and with the presence of environment chemicals found in the urine samples. Hypomineralization was the most common finding (96% of children; 37% of deciduous teeth, 42% of permanent teeth), consistent with molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) described in other human populations. No consistent correlations were seen between dental findings and the presence of phenols and phthalates in prenatal urine, but the number of samples available for the assessment was limited (n = 35).In conclusion, we found a high proportion of dental hypomineralization in a population based paediatric cohort, but did not find an association with prenatal exposure to phenols and phthalates.

Effect of Nano-hydroxyapatite Toothpaste on Microhardness of Primary Teeth Enamel in Comparison with Two other Toothpastes “An in Vitro Study”

Effect of Nano-hydroxyapatite Toothpaste on Microhardness of Primary Teeth Enamel in Comparison with Two other Toothpastes “An in Vitro Study”