Primary Stakeholders Research Articles

Improving startups through excellence initiatives: addressing circular economy and innovation.

This study analyses how startups implement circular business models supported by innovation and Industry 4.0, in which strategic stakeholders for value creation are to be found in this specific business ecosystem. The theoretical framework of circular business models supported by innovation was used for analysing the startups based on some assumptions of stakeholder theory. Fifty-one startups were selected, which correspond to the unit of analysis for this study on the improvement of supply chains through circular business models supported by innovation aimed at sustainability in organizations. We conducted a multiple case study whose results suggest that: (i) circularity is strategic for the business to assume its commitment to a sustainable development agenda, especially regarding pollution prevention and proactive action; (ii) visionary entrepreneurs are actively engaged with circular economy practices and technological innovation to promote a circular flow for their business ecosystem; (iii) Industry 4.0 is still incipient, but it is synergistic and beneficial for a successful circular economy in startups; and (iv) primary stakeholders are the activators of circular cycles in the startups surveyed. The present study contributes to the literature in four ways by: (i) presenting a framework which brings together exploratory theoretical propositions on strategic stakeholders for startups, innovative capabilities and assumptions of circular business models; (ii) validating exploratory theoretical propositions with 51 startups; (iii) providing lessons learned so far by the startups which are in line with the assumptions of circular business models for triggering their innovation capabilities and promoting Industry 4.0; (iv) providing an original typology of circular economy assumptions and technological innovations adopted by startups. The originality of this study lies in presenting useful insights for motivating managers to: (i) invest in circular business to become one of the first entrants and earn extra profits; (ii) make investments in circular business and technological innovations to obtain efficiency, practicality and process optimization; (iii) internalize Industry 4.0 technologies concomitantly with technological innovations and circular economy to generate systemic effects; (iv) integrate relevant stakeholders of the business ecosystem to generate a synergistic and effective effect for sustainable development.

Mahusay! (Beautiful!): Assessing a community-based festival management in the antecedent and subsequent COVID-19 pandemic – the case of Daramsiyao Festival in Daram, Samar, Philippines

This analysis of festival management before and during the COVID-19 pandemic focused on the Daramsiyao Festival, a local event in Daram, Samar, Philippines. Utilizing a qualitative phenomenological approach, the study identified the role and impact of the festival on its stakeholders and how management processes changed during the pandemic. To gather data, a content analysis of written festival documentation and Hybrid Focus Group Discussion (HFGD) with twelve (n = 12) Daram stakeholders were conducted, utilizing tabular reconnaissance and a semi-structured aide-mémoire. The information was assessed through a Repertory Grid and Thematic Network Analysis. Upon analyzing the stakeholders’ collective and individual experiences, the findings suggested themes that explored the implications of the changing management practices, leading to the development of the SAYAW Framework on Sustainable Community-based Festival Management. The proposed intervention program titled: “Tayo’y MagSAYAW! (Let’s Dance!)” was conceptualized to develop the festival management for future celebrations of the Daramsiyao Festival. The framework introduces five (5) main themes: Substratum, Adaptation, Yare Governance, Acclimation, and Workmanship. Through the comprehensive analysis of the festival subject, primary and secondary stakeholders could adapt to improve the related projects and activities. It also leads to strengthening collaboration and partnership between stakeholders.

Exploring Parental Perspectives on Dropout from Treatment for Adolescent Depression

ABSTRACT Talking therapies are the first line of treatment for adolescent depression, yet dropout rates are high. Despite parents being considered primary stakeholders in a child’s mental health treatment, there is a lack of qualitative research on their perspectives on adolescent dropout. This study aimed to explore parents’ perspectives on why their adolescent children dropped out of therapy. Interviews with 12 parents whose adolescent children had dropped out of therapy were purposively selected from a larger dataset to explore their understanding of why their children had stopped going to therapy. Interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis and five key themes were identified: practical barriers to therapy; adolescent’s readiness to work with the therapist; relationship difficulties between adolescent and therapist; perceived helpfulness of the therapy; and parents being unaware of why their child ended therapy. Involving parents throughout the therapeutic process could be helpful as they are uniquely positioned to suggest how best to support their child. Services should provide information on the types of therapy, and different therapists, available to adolescents prior to treatment starting. Difficulties in the therapeutic relationship should be addressed in the moment to reduce rupture and, therefore, risk of drop out.

233 Uganda-based Survey of Challenges in Breast Cancer Detection in Low and Middle Income Countries

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Low and middle income countries (LMICs) face challenges in early detection of breast cancer resulting in high breast cancer mortality. This study serves to identify gaps and opportunities for innovators seeking to address problems in early detection of breast cancer in Uganda and other LMICs. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Two methods were used: 1) Three weeks of ethnographic research in Uganda through primary stakeholder interviews and clinical observations. Interviews were conducted with patients, clinicians, NGOs, and key opinion leaders from the Uganda Cancer Institute, Makerere University, and JHPIEGO. Clinical observations were performed to note the workflow and availability of resources across diverse health centers ranging from village health teams in rural settings to the national referral hospital in the urban center. 2) A targeted literature search focused on breast cancer detection in LMICs. Keywords included breast cancer’, screening’, and diagnosis’. Identified challenges were validated through stakeholder interviews and categorized. Potential solutions to each challenge were explored. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Three broad categories of challenges and suggested innovation targets were identified. 1) Ineffective clinical processes: deskilling and improving training around the process of clinical breast examinations, imaging operation and interpretation, and pathology preparation and interpretation; 2) Accessibility: increasing screening throughput, improving rural community access to breast cancer care, and increasing opportunistic screening; 3) Sensitization: increasing patient and health worker awareness of clinical presentations of breast cancer, reducing cultural barriers, and improving trust in the medical community. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Innovators seeking to solve problems in early breast cancer detection in LMICs should focus on ineffective clinical processes, accessibility, and sensitization. In conjunction with prompt treatment, there is potential to reduce breast cancer mortality rates in line with the Global Breast Initiative.

Stakeholder Involvement in Implementing CHSE-Based Health Protocol in Penglipuran Tourism Village

Purpose: This study aims to identify the implementation and analyze the extent of stakeholder involvement in the implementation of the CHSE-based health protocol in Penglipuran Tourism Village, Bangli Regency, Bali, Indonesia.
 Research methods: Data collection methods were in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. The technique for determining informants used a purposive sampling technique with qualitative data analysis techniques.
 Findings: CHSE-based health protocol in Penglipuran Tourism Village was implemented based on a guidebook from the government where, the implementation of the CHSE was divided into several zones which were considered crucial because there was direct contact with tourism actors, namely, homestay zones/tourist cottages, home zones dining, souvenir shop zones, and cultural zones that have been implemented properly by tourism entrepreneurs and tourists so that they are CHSE certified. Stakeholders involved in implementing CHSE are divided into three, namely: Primary Stakeholders (Tourism Managers) act as Coordinators and Facilitators, then (Tourism Entrepreneurs and Local Communities) as Implementers; Key Stakeholders (Kelian Adat/ Head of the area) act as Policy Creator, Coordinator and Accelerator; Secondary Stakeholders (Tourism and Culture Office) play a passive role as Facilitators.
 Implication: This research is expected to be a consideration for tourism entrepreneurs to work together with the government and the community to participate in implementing CHSE-based health protocols, as well as provide information regarding the involvement of tourism entrepreneurs who are able to have a positive influence on the progress of Penglipuran Tourism Village in carrying out tourism activities in pandemic period.

Managing rain-fed uplands of cascaded tank village systems: What stakeholders really suggest?

CONTEXTAchieving land degradation neutrality through sustainable land management requires stakeholder collaboration. Understanding of stakeholders' worldviews facilitates fostering stakeholder collaboration. Reported lack of stakeholder collaboration in CTVS-related conservation and development programs may be due to stakeholders' competing worldviews and marginalizing primary stakeholders' viewpoints. OBJECTIVEThis study systematically investigates stakeholders' worldviews on sustainable management of the rain-fed uplands of CTVS. METHODSThe Q-Methodology was used with a Q set of 54 land management activities. Twenty-seven respondents with different expertise were given a forced-choice distribution grid (Q-sorts): an 11-point scale (ranging from −5 = least important I think to +5 most important I think) to rank the Q-Set. Using the principal component analysis with varimax rotation in Ken-Q Analysis Desktop Edition Q sorts were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSStakeholders' worldviews towards sustainable rain-fed uplands are four-fold (extension-driven approaches, community-driven approaches, solution-based approaches and punitive control approaches), based on power and facilitation and irrespective of their social backgrounds. Many worldviews do not compete and can facilitate stakeholder collaboration, whereas the worldview that relies on coercion to achieve conservation behavior may be a potential bottleneck for stakeholder reconciliation. SIGNIFICANCEThis study has demonstrated how useful it is to utilize a systematic investigation to understand stakeholders' worldviews towards conservation solutions. As a result, it facilitates exploring challenges and opportunities by policymakers to facilitate cooperation between stakeholders while avoiding bottlenecks to achieve sustainable management of rain-fed uplands in CTVS.

A mixed methods approach to obtaining health care provider feedback for the development of a Canadian pediatric dental caries risk assessment tool for children

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a chronic but preventable disease affecting young children worldwide. Many young children face access to care barriers to early preventive dental visits for a variety of reasons, which can increase their risk for ECC. Non-dental primary health care providers are well positioned to assist in assessing a child's risk for ECC by performing caries risk assessment (CRA). The purpose of this project was to report on primary health care provider and stakeholder feedback in order to refine a drafted CRA tool for Canadian children <6 years of age intended for use by non-dental primary health care providers. In this mixed methods project, we conducted six focus groups with primarily non-dental primary health care providers followed by a short paper-based survey to quantify preferences and feedback. Data were thematically and descriptively analyzed. Participants' feedback on the drafted CRA tool included the need for it to be relatively quick to complete, easy and practical to score, easy to implement into practitioners' clinic schedules, and to include anticipatory guidance information to share with parents and caregivers. All participants (100%) welcomed a CRA tool. Many (85.4%) liked a layout that could be added to tools they already utilize. Most (73.2%) wanted the tool to be in colour, and many (90.2%) wanted the tool to include pictures. Non-dental primary health care providers informed the final development and layout of the newly released Canadian CRA tool. Their feedback resulted in a user-friendly CRA tool with provider-patient dynamics and preferences.

Priorities for Artificial Intelligence Applications in Primary Care: A Canadian Deliberative Dialogue with Patients, Providers, and Health System Leaders.

Artificial intelligence (AI) implementation in primary care is limited. Those set to be most impacted by AI technology in this setting should guide it's application. We organized a national deliberative dialogue with primary care stakeholders from across Canada to explore how they thought AI should be applied in primary care. We conducted 12 virtual deliberative dialogues with participants from 8 Canadian provinces to identify shared priorities for applying AI in primary care. Dialogue data were thematically analyzed using interpretive description approaches. Participants thought that AI should first be applied to documentation, practice operations, and triage tasks, in hopes of improving efficiency while maintaining person-centered delivery, relationships, and access. They viewed complex AI-driven clinical decision support and proactive care tools as impactful but recognized potential risks. Appropriate training and implementation support were the most important external enablers of safe, effective, and patient-centered use of AI in primary care settings. Our findings offer an agenda for the future application of AI in primary care grounded in the shared values of patients and providers. We propose that, from conception, AI developers work with primary care stakeholders as codesign partners, developing tools that respond to shared priorities.

Multi-site comparison of clonal arrangements for tropical and subtropical hybrids of Eucalyptus

The definition of the ideal eucalyptus clonal arrangement directly affects the forest industrial chain, quality of products, and stand yield. The impact of eucalyptus in mono- versus multiclonal stands on plantation production and sustainability has been frequently discussed by primary stakeholders within the pulp industry, but few studies have examined this topic through direct comparison. In this study, we evaluated the differences in genotype ranking and yield of Eucalyptus spp. and clones displayed in mono- and multiclonal arrangements. In this context, the objectives addressed were: (i) to estimate genetic parameters in multi-environment and site-by-site analyses; (ii) to predict genotypic values of clones and the effects of species in mono- and multiclonal experiments, and (iii) to compare the similarity between the ranks of clones and species in the two types of clonal stands. The study was conducted in 2018 at four different sites of the CMPC Celulose Riograndense company, located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Mono- and multiclonal arrangements were tested at each site, involving 33 eucalyptus clones belonging to 10 species and hybrids. Multiple-tree-plot (MTP) and single-tree-plot (STP) experiments were used to simulate monoclonal stands and multiclonal or composite stands, respectively. In each experiment, a randomized block design was set with three repetitions, 16 plants per plot for MTP, and 24 repetitions and one plant per plot for STP. Traits monitored were diameter at breast height (DBH), total height (H), tree volume (VOL), mean annual volume increment (MAI), and survival (SUV). Data were analyzed using mixed model approaches, considering a normal distribution for growth traits and a binomial family for survival. There was a strong genotype × site interaction for all traits, indicating that edaphoclimatic conditions must be considered for the successful establishment of clonal composites of differing genotypes. There was high similarity in the classification of clones in both mono- and multiclonal experiments, with genetic correlation values above 0.90. The performance of clones differed in mono- and multiclonal experiments, which correlated with their competition behavior toward each other (aggressive, suppressed, or homeostatic). Thus, clonal composites can be recommended based on clonal competition and genetic heterogeneity to maximize the yield of the stand and safeguard the plantations from biotic and abiotic disturbances. This study allowed us to identify the differences between the two types of commercial stands and provide direction for future research regarding the performance of Eucalyptus spp. in differing clonal arrangements. Novel information about competition categories for different eucalyptus tropical and subtropical species were provided.

Challenges in implementing GP clusters in Scotland: a qualitative study comparing the views of senior primary care stakeholders in 2016 with those in 2021.

Formation of GP clusters began in Scotland in April 2016 as part of a new Scottish GP contract. They aim to improve the care quality for local populations (intrinsic role) and the integration of health and social care (extrinsic role). To compare predicted challenges of cluster implementation in 2016 with reported challenges in 2021. Qualitative study of senior national stakeholders in primary care in Scotland. Qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with 12 senior primary care national stakeholders in 2016 (n = 6) and 2021 (n = 6). Predicted challenges in 2016 included balancing intrinsic and extrinsic roles, providing sufficient support, maintaining motivation and direction, and avoiding variation between clusters. Progress of clusters in 2021 was perceived as suboptimal and was reported to vary significantly across the country, reflecting differences in local infrastructure. Practical facilitation (data, administrative support, training, project improvement support, and funded time) and strategic guidance from the Scottish Government was felt to be lacking. GP engagement with clusters was felt to be hindered by the significant time and workforce pressures facing primary care. These barriers were considered as collectively contributing to cluster lead 'burnout' and loss of momentum, exacerbated by inadequate opportunities for shared learning between clusters across Scotland. Such barriers preceded, but were perpetuated by, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Apart from the COVID-19 pandemic, many of the challenges reported by stakeholders in 2021 were predicted in 2016. Accelerating progress in cluster working will require renewed investment and support applied consistently across the country.

Adoption of Local Peer-to-Peer Energy Markets: Technical and Economical Perspectives for Utilities

Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy markets constitute a promising approach for locally coordinating the increasing amount of distributed energy resources (DERs) in the distribution system. Although the benefits of P2P markets for the prosumers are already well understood, their impact on utilities is not well discussed nor well understood. This hinders the development of regulatory frameworks, which are still needed to allow for the widespread adoption of decentralized energy markets in any interested country. So far, research has been conducted in specific isolated aspects, making it difficult to understand the overall implications for utilities. The present study aims to tackle this research gap by comprehensively evaluating P2P markets’ effects, considering utilities as primary stakeholders. A qualitative roadmap with the overall benefits and challenges of adopting P2P by utilities is outlined to reach this purpose. Technical and economic criteria are assigned for comparing a P2P market to the current regulatory framework. Each criterion is evaluated in a co-simulation platform connecting a market model to a power flow model. Market performance is assessed by revenue analysis, and grid operation indicators evaluate grid performance. Furthermore, network fees are introduced as compensation mechanisms for the net revenue loss. Comparison scenarios encompass network fees and the number of agents, PV, and storage penetration. Results demonstrate that there is no possible benefit for both utilities and prosumers simultaneously if looking exclusively at the financial balance of the market. An equilibrium in benefits for all stakeholders is achievable if non-financial metrics are considered in an integrated market and fee structure analysis. Moreover, results demonstrate that the design of market structures must be sensitive to network configurations and DER penetration changes. This study contributes toward comprehending how the utilities could embrace P2P markets as a feasible solution for grid coordination challenges, opening a new set of questions for further research.

Drivers and barriers to digitalisation: a cross-analysis of the views of designers and builders in the construction industry

The construction industry around the world has identified the significance of digitalisation, and a wide range of research has explored the drivers and barriers of digitalisation within the construction industry. However, none has compared the views of designers and builders separately. Hence, this research critically reviewed drivers and barriers that affect the digitalisation of construction for designers and builders with an in-depth cross analysis. A detailed survey was conducted to capture drivers and barriers to digitalisation impacting the building sector in NSW, Australia. The survey captured the views of 542 respondents (347 designers and 195 builders), enabling the interpretation of results at a 95% level of confidence. Descriptive statistics were interpreted and cross analysis between designers and builders, and within different organisation sizes were conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H test. The survey findings were further verified through a series of primary stakeholder interviews (designers, builders, and software service providers). The findings of the survey, the cross-analysis, and the interviews were triangulated and collectively discussed to derive an in-depth understanding of drivers and barriers. ‘Greater level of accuracy and trustworthiness’ was rated the most important driver by both designers and builders, despite having significantly different response profiles. On the other hand, ‘high cost of software’ was rated the greatest barrier to digitalisation by both parties, whereas their response profiles were similar according to the cross analysis. In contrast to the designers, all builders had rated the top barriers in a similar way, irrespective of the size of the organisations. The results provide a greater understanding on the diverse views of designers and builders on drivers and barriers to the digitalisation of construction in NSW. This will direct government programmes and policy decisions to avoid considering both designers and builders as a monolithic block, when aiming at improving the state of digitalisation and performance of the construction industry.

Predicting primary and secondary stakeholder engagement: A CEO motivation-means contingency model

Our research predicts different stakeholder engagement emphases through a CEO motivation-means contingency model. Drawing upon regulatory focus and power theories, we argue that higher levels of CEO prevention focus and informal power (firm experience, knowledge, and board connections) are associated with stronger primary stakeholder engagement, whereas higher levels of CEO promotion focus and formal power (CEO duality and equity ownership) are associated with stronger secondary stakeholder engagement. By analyzing a panel dataset of S&P 500 firms, we found support for our hypotheses. These findings accentuate our contributions by emphasizing the importance of considering both CEO motivation (regulatory focus) and means (power) to understand how CEOs’ characteristics influence their firms’ stakeholder engagement. Our study extends recent work in the strategy and upper echelons literatures by showing that executives’ regulatory focus does not operate in a vacuum; rather, its effects on managerial decision-making and firm strategies are context-specific.

The environment and climate change as a primary stakeholder for accommodation suppliers: Stakeholder engagement for Koh Tao and Koh Phi Phi, Thailand

AbstractThis study investigates the potential recognition and engagement of the natural environment as an important factor in strategic investment decisions by accommodation suppliers in a small island context. The investigation, based on empirical data from two Thai islands, Koh Tao and Koh Phi Phi, contributes to the debate if the environment, by focusing on climate change, can be identified as a primary stakeholder for accommodation suppliers. The findings show that strategic investment decisions are influenced by impacts commonly associated with climate change, although a conscious recognition of climate change as a strategic stakeholder or important factor in strategic investment decisions could not be confirmed. Conversely, the element of unconsciousness in the process of recognising climate change in investment decisions sparks questions regarding the degree to which the recognition of business stakeholders requires being a conscious process and if the focus on investments could be another element for stakeholder identification frameworks for businesses.

Ranking and Weighting Effective Project-Based Communication Indicators for Primary and Secondary Stakeholders in Construction Projects

Effective communication is essential to the successful completion of construction projects, but achieving it can be difficult when there are several stakeholders. Various studies have identified and analyzed effective project-based communication indicators (EPCIs), but most have not addressed their impact. This paper strives to fill that knowledge gap by investigating the impacts of EPCIs on primary (owners, designers, and contractors) and secondary (subcontractors and suppliers) stakeholders in construction projects. To this end, a comprehensive study of the previous literature was performed to identify and classify the EPCIs. Data from 40 case studies of regional and global construction projects were collected, and a survey questionnaire was designed and disseminated to collect additional data. Cohen’s d method was employed to weight each of the EPCIs for all five stakeholders’ groups, and the findings revealed that a lack of financial resources, high turnover of craft labor, the owner’s lack of understanding of the project’s goals and objectives, a large number of approvals needed by primary stakeholders, and the number and depth of quality requirements significantly impact the quality of communication. The findings of this research will help management teams understand how project parameters impact the quality of communication among stakeholders and will enable them to develop strategies to prevent unintended consequences caused by miscommunications.

Energy Demand Unawareness and the Popularity of Bitcoin: Evidence from Nigeria

Abstract Decentralized cryptocurrency networks, notably those with high energy demand, have faced significant criticism and subsequent regulatory scrutiny. Despite these concerns, policy interventions targeting cryptocurrency operations in the pursuit of sustainability have largely been ineffective. Some were abandoned for fear of jeopardizing innovation, whereas others failed due to the highly globalized nature of blockchain systems. In search of a more effective angle for energy policy measures, this study adopts a consumer-centric perspective, examining the sentiments of Nigerian cryptocurrency users ($n=158$) toward Bitcoin’s sustainability, a representative cryptocurrency known for its high electricity demand. Three main findings emerged: 1) Even among those self-identifying as highly knowledgeable, most considerably underestimated Bitcoin’s electricity consumption. 2) Participants with a more accurate understanding of Bitcoin’s energy demand were more inclined to support sustainability measures. 3) Most of this supportive cohort viewed private entities as the primary stakeholders for implementing such measures. Given these findings, we suggest that consumer education should be at the forefront of policy initiatives aimed at cryptocurrency sustainability.

The Influence of Primary Stakeholder, Secondary Stakeholder, and Regulatory Stakeholder on Carbon Emission Disclosure

This research aims to analyze about direct and indirect influence between internal primary stakeholders, external primary stakeholders, secondary stakeholders and regulatory stakeholders on carbon emissions disclosure. The population of this research are non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2019-2021 period.&#x0D; The sample in this research was 196 samples with purposive sampling method. The type of data in this study is secondary data, and panel data regression analysis with the eviews 10. The results of this research showed that investor-oriented industry, industry close to consumers, media exposure, and government pressure have a positive effect on carbon emission disclosure. Meanwhile employee-oriented industries and creditor pressure have a negative effect on carbon emission disclosure. Environmentally sensitive industries and the audit by KAP Big 4 had no influence on carbon emissions disclosure.

Investigating the stakeholder influence on environmentally sustainable practices of Thai restaurant chains in Bangkok

PurposeThis study investigates the relationship between stakeholders and implementing environmentally sustainable practices (ESPs) by Thai restaurant chains.Design/methodology/approachA survey method using the questionnaire was used to collect data from 400 owners/managers of Thai restaurant chains. The structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to determine the relationship between stakeholders and the implementation of ESPs by Thai restaurant chains.FindingsThe finding revealed that both primary and secondary stakeholders significantly influence implementing ESPs, with no moderating effect of environmental knowledge on primary stakeholders regarding implementing ESPs.Practical implicationsThe results can help restaurant chain businesses understand how stakeholder power, in response to their regular interactions and societal expectations, affects the implementation of ESPs.Originality/valueThis study is among the first study to investigate the effects of stakeholder pressure on the implementation of ESPs in Thai restaurant chains in Thailand. By looking at restaurant chains, the authors add to the body of knowledge on ESPs in the hospitality sector and offer insights on the role of stakeholders and the moderating role of environmental knowledge.

Creating space to talk about patients’ personal goals: experiences from primary care stakeholders

BackgroundTo address the many challenges health systems and communities face, primary care is constantly searching for new strategies to improve quality of care. One of the strategies is to focus on patients’ personal goals to direct the care process. To adopt an explicit focus on patients’ personal goals, actions at different levels are required. As a first step in this process, this study aims to explore the experiences of primary care stakeholders (i.e., scholars, primary care providers, and policy makers) and develop a comprehensive understanding on the idea ‘putting patients’ goals first’. This will help to formulate suggestions about what these actions should include.MethodIn this study, 41 primary care stakeholders participating in six focus groups between January 2020 and September 2020, were recruited via maximal variation purposive sampling. Data collection was done through an open-ended semi-structured interview guide. Focus groups were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed following a phenomenological-hermeneutical philosophy of Lindseth and Norberg.ResultsAll participants expressed a strong fundamental belief for putting patients’ personal goals first. The primary care providers shared that they created space for patients’ personal goals by letting them talk about their values and stories. They reported to integrate their medical expertise with patients’ personal goals in order to develop a balanced relationship. In this context, they also talked about the importance of taking into account the perspectives of patients’ significant others. Primary care providers also talked about how they used patients’ personal goals as a guide in interprofessional collaboration. Scholars denoted that (future) care providers need more training to acquire competencies to discuss patients’ personal goals. The providers and policy makers talked about organizational limitations in terms of time restrictions and the lack of registration systems to support a workflow oriented towards patients’ personal goals.ConclusionsThis study can be used to support the coherence of the development of different actions and strategies to get primary care stakeholders fully on board to support the adoption of patients’ personal goals in care delivery at different levels. However, models of practice and policy plans are needed to work towards a person-centered integrated system.

On COVID-19 Pandemic-Induced Attitudinal Changes in Software Engineering Teaching and Learning

This note outlines certain notable changes observed in the attitudes towards and approaches in teaching and learning software engineeringrelated courses following the end of the COVID-19 pandemic. It views these changes from the interrelated perspectives of the primary stakeholders of software engineering education (SEE), namely administrators, educators, and students. It seems that while some changes may be ephemeral and transient, the others may be essential and permanent. From a students' perspective, the transformation of SEE appears to be generally for the better.