Primary Stability Of Dental Implants Research Articles

Primary Stability of Dental Implants: A Comparative Evaluation of Five Implant Systems Using Insertion Torque and Resonance Frequency Analysis

Primary Stability of Dental Implants: A Comparative Evaluation of Five Implant Systems Using Insertion Torque and Resonance Frequency Analysis

The Effect of Increasing Thread Depth on the Initial Stability of Dental Implants: An In Vitro Study

Background: The long-term success of dental implants largely depends on achieving primary stability, previously described as crucial to obtaining osseointegration and immediate loading protocol requirements. Implant thread depths seem to be one of the key factors influencing primary stability, particularly in low-density bone. Insertion torque (IT) and resonance frequency analysis (RFA) are considered the most reliable tests to assess primary stability. The aim of this work was to evaluate how different thread depths of commercially available dental implants affect primary stability in low-density D3 bone. Materials and Methods: An in vitro study was carried out between February 2024 and March 2024. Twenty-four dental implants were divided into four groups (six implants each) according to their thread depths (Group A: 4 mm, Group B: 4.5 mm, Group C: 5 mm, Group D: 5.5 mm) and were inserted in D3-type artificial bone blocks. The main outcome variables were the IT and the Implant Stability Quotient (ISQ) measured in four different areas of the implant (buccal, lingual, mesial, and distal) with an Osstel® ISQ reader. Descriptive and inferential analyses of the data were performed, and the significance value was set at 5%. Results: A total of 24 implants were analyzed. The highest IT values were obtained in Group D, with a mean of 54.03 Ncm (standard deviation (SD) = 8.99), while the lowest measurements were observed in Group A (mean = 25.12; SD: 2.96 N.cm). The mean ISQ values were consistently higher in Group D for each analyzed area, with a mean of 70.13 N.cm (SD = 1.12). Conclusions: Taking into consideration the limitations of this in vitro study, greater thread depths seem to increase the primary stability of dental implants placed in soft bone. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between all IT and ISQ values, regardless of the thread depth.

The Importance of Bone Quality Diagnostics in Preventing Displacement of Dental Implants within the Mandibular Body: A Case Report

Abstract Among the immediate complications that can occur after dental implant placement, accidental displacement within the medullary spaces of the mandibular body is a rare clinical situation. This case report describes implant displacements in the posterior mandibular region and emphasizes the importance of assessing bone density and mandibular medullary patterns prior to implant placement according to a new classification by Lekholm and Zarb modified by Rosas et al. The case reports reported three implant displacements in type II bone of the mandibular body, as classified by Lekholm and Zarb. Following the complication, the bone was reclassified as II-B according to the modification by Rosas et al. The implants were extracted from three female patients aged from 37 to 75 years, with only one having a medical history. All complications were treated and resolved without any alteration after implant removal. To reduce the risk of intraoperative complications that affect the primary stability of dental implants, such as implant migration in the mandibular body, it is important to consider factors that may affect the mechanical locking of the implant at the time of placement, such as the pattern and thickness of the bony trabeculae and the size of the medullary spaces in areas of anatomical risk. For this purpose, we recommend using the modified Lekholm and Zarb classification by Rosas et al. This classification considers the trabecular bone biotype, which helps in planning the surgical approach procedure and establishing a regenerative protocol to minimize the risk of complications with the inferior dental nerve.

Homogenized finite element simulations can predict the primary stability of dental implants in human jawbone

Adequate primary stability is a pre-requisite for the osseointegration and long-term success of dental implants. Primary stability depends essentially on the bone mechanical integrity at the implantation site. Clinically, a qualitative evaluation can be made on medical images, but finite element (FE) simulations can assess the primary stability of a bone-implant construct quantitatively based on high-resolution CT images. However, FE models lack experimental validation on clinically relevant bone anatomy. The aim of this study is to validate such an FE model on human jawbones. Forty-seven bone biopsies were extracted from human cadaveric jawbones. Dental implants of two sizes (Ø3.5 mm and Ø4.0 mm) were inserted and the constructs were subjected to a quasi-static bending-compression loading protocol. Those mechanical tests were replicated with sample-specific non-linear homogenized FE models. Bone was modeled with an elastoplastic constitutive law that included damage. Density-based material properties were mapped based on μCT images of the bone samples. The experimental ultimate load was better predicted by FE (R2 = 0.83) than by peri-implant bone density (R2 = 0.54). Unlike bone density, the simulations were also able to capture the effect of implant diameter. The primary stability of a dental implant in human jawbones can be predicted quantitatively with FE simulations. This method may be used for improving the design and insertion protocols of dental implants.

Evaluation of the Correlation Between the Structural Parameters of Trabecular Bone in CBCT and the Primary Stability of Dental Implants.

To investigate the relationship between the structural parameters of trabecular bone obtained from CBCT imaging and the primary stability of dental implants. Sixty patients underwent implant placement followed by primary stability evaluation via measurement of the insertion torque (IT) and the implant stability quotient (ISQ). Gray values (GV) and the fractal dimension (FD) were also measured using pretreatment CBCT images. FD values showed a positive and significant relationship with ISQ and IT values (P = .017 and P = .004, respectively). Additionally, there was a positive and significant correlation between GV and IT (P = .004) as well as between GV and ISQ (P = .010). FD and GV showed a considerable difference between the maxillary and mandibular jaws and were higher in the mandible. Only FD was significantly different between men and women and was higher in men. In the two age groups (older and younger than 45 years), only GV was considerably higher in people older than 45 (P < .05). Both fractal dimension and gray values obtained from CBCT are efficient methods for predicting the primary stability of the implant due to their relationship with ISQ and IT values.

Primary stability with osseodensification drilling of dental implants in the posterior maxilla region in humans: A systematic review.

Currently, a new non-subtractive drilling technique, called osseodensification (OD), has been developed. It involves using specially designed drills with large negative cutting angles that rotate counterclockwise, causing expansion through plastic bone deformation, thus compacting the autologous bone to the osteotomy walls, which improves the primary stability of the implant.The present systematic review aimed to determine whether the OD technique can increase the primary stability of dental implants in the posterior maxilla region as compared to the conventional drilling (CD) technique.Five databases were searched up to June 30, 2022. The inclusion criteria embraced observational clinical studies, randomized and non-randomized controlled trials, human studies in vivo, comparing OD and CD, with the measurement of the primary stability of implants in the posterior maxilla region by means of the implant stability quotient (ISQ). The tools used to assess the risk of bias were RoB 2 and the NewcastleOttawa Scale (NOS).Seven articles met the inclusion criteria, with 4 classified as having a low risk of bias and 3 with a moderate risk of bias. The OD technique consistently demonstrated an average ISQ value of 73 KHz across all studies, whereas CD yielded an average value of 58.49 kHz (p < 0.001 for 5 articles).It can be concluded that in comparison with CD, OD improves primary stability at baseline in low-density bone, such as the maxilla.

One-stage jaw reconstruction and prosthetic rehabilitation with an iliac flap: a case report and literature review

BackgroundOne-stage jaw reconstruction with fibular flap and prosthetic rehabilitation restores bony and dental continuity simultaneously. It was also called as “jaw-in-a-day (JIAD)” technique. However, bone volume and height of fibular flap may be insufficient for dental implant insertion. The provision of a considerable amount of bone makes an iliac flap the ideal choice in these cases. We present the first case report to document the use of one-stage jaw reconstruction and prosthetic rehabilitation with the iliac flap.Case presentationWe modified the conventional JIAD workflow to make it suitable for iliac flap. Two cases were presented who both underwent segmental mandibulectomy for ameloblastoma. Virtual surgical planning was performed in all cases. The iliac crest was positioned upward to provide cortical bone for achieving primary stability of dental implants. Similar to the “all-on-4” procedure, the iliac bone was placed 12 to 15 mm below the occlusal plane to create adequate space for the implant-retained prosthesis. Immediate implant-based dental rehabilitation was performed at same stage. The surgery was successful in all cases without any short-term complications. In the first postoperative week, patients were given a liquid diet through a nasal feeding tube. The liquid diet is advised until 1 month after the surgery. Thereafter, a soft diet is recommended. Patients were advised to resume routine mastication and normal diet 3 months after the surgery. Peri-implantitis occurred in one patient, and additional gingival graft was required. Postoperative function and esthetics were satisfactory at the last follow-up visit.ConclusionsOne-stage jaw reconstruction and prosthetic rehabilitation with the iliac flap are safe and useful for restoring postoperative function and esthetics. It should be used in more cases with a longer follow-up in further studies.

Clinical Use of a Mineral-Organic Resorbable Bone Adhesive: A First Human Case Report with a 3-Year Follow-up.

The ability for clinicians to adequately obtain primary stability in host bone is critical to the success of dental implants. Numerous conditions require dentists to perform multistage approaches to rebuild deficient bone volume prior to surgically placing implants. In many instances, implant placement cannot be achieved due to a lack of primary implant stability. Recently, a novel mineral-organic resorbable bone adhesive (MORBA) has demonstrated promising results in animal studies. MORBA is a synthetic, injectable, self-setting, load-bearing adhesive biomaterial that exhibits osteopromotive properties and bonds bone to bone and metal within 10 minutes and can fully resorb in 30 weeks. Its unique novel formulation was developed from biomimetic proteins found in marine animal creatures that possess distinct adhesive properties underwater. Excellent long-term results have shown its potential use for achieving primary stability in immediate implants. The present case report demonstrates the first use of MORBA in a human patient, utilized on a nonrestorable mandibular first molar. MORBA was utilized after placement of a mobile 5.8-mm implant to achieve stabilization. At 3 months postsurgery, both clinical and CBCT evaluations showed maintained implant stability. One year after implant placement, radiographic bone was seen on the buccal surface of the implant with continued long-term stabilization. This case report extends to 3 years whereby the use of MORBA, in an initially unstable situation, demonstrated an excellent long-term follow-up. MORBA provided immediate implant stability with resorbable characteristics, leading to successful long-term clinical outcomes up to 3 years. This innovative biomaterial offers a more efficient solution to a critical problem in implant dentistry, allowing optimal primary stability during immediate implant placement, thus reducing treatment times and costs.

Optimizing the primary stability of dental implants in type IV bone: in-vitro comparison of machine-driven and ratcheting insertion protocols

Optimizing the primary stability of dental implants in type IV bone: in-vitro comparison of machine-driven and ratcheting insertion protocols

Investigation on primary stability of dental implants through considering peri-implant bone damage, caused by small and large deformations: A validated non-linear micro finite element study

Primary stability of a dental implant is defined as its ability to resist the applied load without showing excessive damage in peri-implant bone, which is a prerequisite for secondary stability, and consequently for implantation success. The main goal of this study was to develop a validated micro-finite element (μFE) approach to assess the primary stability of dental implants in terms of stiffness, stiffness reduction, and irreversible displacement of the bone-implant system, subjected to an increasing step-wise quasi-static compressive loading-unloading test. The μFE models were generated based on the μCT images of bone, taken from extracted bovine tibia trabecular bone samples after drilling and implantation. A tissue constitutive model was considered for trabecular bone by describing elasto-plasticity with a modified von Mises yield criterion and element deletion technique to account for trabecular bone damage behavior. Then, the obtained force-displacement curves from the simulation were compared with the in-vitro mechanical test curves to evaluate the validity of the model. The results showed that the proposed μFE model could be properly predict the bone-implant system mechanical response in terms of irreversible displacement (R2 = 0.99), stiffness (R2 = 0.77), and stiffness reduction (R2 = 0.72) of the bone-implant construct for all the applied displacements without a significant difference from the unit slope and zero intercept of the QQ-plot (p-value<0.05). Moreover, a qualitative agreement was seen between the peri-implant bone damage predicted by the μFE model and the observed from μCT images. The adopted methodology used in this study can predict the mechanical failure response of the bone-implant system, which can be employed as a representative tool to study the effects of various dental implant design parameters on the primary stability with the ultimate goal of optimizing dental implants design.

Determining primary stability for adhesively stabilized dental implants

ObjectivesTo examine factors influencing the primary stability of dental implants when stabilized in over-sized osteotomies using a calcium phosphate-based adhesive cement was the objective.MethodsUsing implant removal torque measurements as a surrogate for primary stability, we examined the influence of implant design features (diameter, surface area, and thread design), along with cement gap size and curing time, on the resulting primary implant stability.ResultsRemoval torque values scaled with implant surface area and increasing implant diameters. Cement gap size did not alter the median removal torque values; however, larger gaps were associated with an increased spread of the measured values. Among the removal torque values measured, all were found to be above 32 Ncm which is an insertion torque threshold value commonly recommended for immediate loading protocols.ConclusionThe adhesive cement show potential for offering primary implant stability for different dental implant designs. In this study, the primary parameters influencing the measured removal torque values were the implant surface area and diameter. As the liquid cement prevents the use of insertion torque, considering the relationship between insertion and removal torque, removal torque can be considered a reliable surrogate for primary implant stability for bench and pre-clinical settings.Clinical relevanceAt present, the primary stability of dental implants is linked to the quality of the host bone, the drill protocol, and the specific implant design. The adhesive cement might find applications in future clinical settings for enhancing primary stability of implants under circumstances where this cannot be achieved conventionally.

Correlation between CT - derived bone density and optimal bone densities acquired from CBCT scans.

It is of interest to explore the correlation between preoperative bone density, assessed via CBCTT, and primary stability of dental implants, assessed by torque ratchet. A total of 100 patients who had implant placed were taken a sample for this retrospective study. The Hounsfield units (HU) derived preoperative bone densities at implant sites that were acquired with the help of the CBCT and the primary stability was achieved during the day of surgery. Both were compared to optimum bone densities. Statistical correlation was done between the HU and Bone density. Data suggests that evaluating HU values, along with other parameters, before performing implant surgery could lead to better primary implant stability.

Analysis of bone stress and primary stability of a dental implant using strain and torque measurements

IntroductionThe consensus among researchers is that early failure of dental implants is due to the lack of primary stability and compressive stress on the peri-implant bone that exceeds the physiological tolerance. ObjectiveThe objective of this work is to propose a new methodology to quantify bone stress during dental implant insertion and to correlate it with primary stability. Materials and MethodsTitanium dental implants with a diameter of 3.75 mm were inserted in a 3.35 mm hole of a synthetic bone of polyurethane (PU) foam with a density of 20 PCF (0.32 g/cm3). During insertion, the insertion torque was measured with a digital torque meter and the bone strain was measured with strain gages located at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mm from the coronal region. ResultsThe tests showed that the compressive strain is maximum in the third coronal region and decreases in the apical direction. The data also showed that there is a relationship between strain, insertion torque, and the primary stability of dental implants. ConclusionThe stress and strain on the bone progressively decreased from the coronal to the apical third. The maximum compressive stress (0.42 MPa) during insertion of the implant did not exceed bone strength. Insertion of 3.75 mm implants in type D2 bone with a 3.35 mm hole provides adequate primary stability without excessive compression of the bone. Clinical SignificanceFor the implant-bone combination used in the present study, the compressive stress generated during implant insertion did not exceed the physiological limit of cortical and medullary bone to the point of impairing osseointegration.

Novel approach to assessing the primary stability of dental implants under functional cyclic loading in vitro: a biomechanical pilot study using synthetic bone.

This pilot study was conducted to develop a novel test setup for the in vitro assessment of the primary stability of dental implants. This was achieved by characterising their long-term behaviour based on the continuous recording of micromotions resulting from dynamic and cyclic loading. Twenty screw implants, each 11 mm in length and either 3.8 mm (for premolars) or 4.3 mm (for molars) in diameter, were inserted into the posterior region of 5 synthetic mandibular models. Physiological masticatory loads were simulated by superimposing cyclic buccal-lingual movement of the mandible with a vertically applied masticatory force. Using an optical 3-dimensional (3D) measuring system, the micromotions of the dental crowns relative to the alveolar bone resulting from alternating off-centre loads were concurrently determined over 10,000 test cycles. The buccal-lingual deflections of the dental crowns significantly increased from cycle 10 to cycle 10,000 (P<0.05). The deflections increased sharply during the first 500 cycles before approaching a plateau. Premolars exhibited greater maximum deflections than molars. The bone regions located mesially and distally adjacent to the loaded implants demonstrated deflections that occurred synchronously and in the same direction as the applied loads. The overall spatial movement of the implants over time followed an hourglass-shaped loosening pattern with a characteristic pivot point 5.5±1.1 mm from the apical end. In synthetic mandibular models, the cyclic reciprocal loading of dental implants with an average masticatory force produces significant loosening. The evasive movements observed in the alveolar bone suggest that its anatomy and yielding could significantly influence the force distribution and, consequently, the mechanical behaviour of dental implants. The 3D visualisation of the overall implant movement under functional cyclic loading complements known methods and can contribute to the development of implant designs and surgical techniques by providing a more profound understanding of dynamic bone-implant interactions.

Correlation between Primary Stability of Dental Implants and Bone Density: A Retrospective Analysis.

Dental implants have gained popularity in recent years. The most important variable in determining the effectiveness of the implant's primary stability is bone density. The success of the implant depends on proper procedure and implant stability. With this background, the aim of the present study was to study the correlation between primary stability and bone density. The present retrospective study was conducted among 2,440 patients who had undergone implant treatment in the Department of Implantology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, from June 2021 to February 2022. Data regarding patient's age, gender, implant location, bone density, and primary stability were taken into consideration. Association between primary stability and bone density was assessed using the Chi-square test. Of the subjects, 33.42% had D2 bone density in the lower posterior region; 13.98% had D3 density in the lower posterior region. Primary stability of 30-40 Ncm was seen in the majority of the subjects; 32.64% who had primary stability of 30-40 Ncm had D2 bone density. There was a statistically significant association between implant site and bone density (p = 0.04) and primary stability and bone density (p = 0.03). Within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that there is a strong association between implant primary stability and bone density.

Preclinical study probing primary stability of dental implants in synthetic and natural bones

AbstractThe natural bone is a biological example of a polymer–ceramic composite with a higher volume fraction of nanosized ceramic (around 65% hydroxyapatite) dispersed in polymer (collagenous) matrix. The loading of a dental implant involves the biomechanical interactions of the implant with such natural composites in the jaw bones of human subjects. In particular, the insertion torque responses of the dental implant are related to the implant design, in particular the external thread morphology, which influences the primary stability of the implant. In this study, the effect of the bone properties (polyurethane‐based synthetic bone, porcine and human cadaver lumbar bone) and clinically relevant implant driving protocols on the insertion and removal torques of newly designed implant variants (hybrid threads with macro‐ and micro‐threads) were assessed, quantitatively and qualitatively. It was observed that torque response increased with an increase in bone density, irrespective of the implant designs. The torque response of the implants in both synthetic and natural bones was benchmarked with the commercially available implant. The implants with bone cutting partial macro‐threads at the apical end without inter thread gap exhibited comparable clinically relevant results with respect to control implants and were found to be most suitable for implantation into natural bone.

Measurement of bone damage caused by quasi-static compressive loading-unloading to explore dental implants stability: Simultaneous use of in-vitro tests, μ-CT images, and digital volume correlation

Primary stability of dental implants is the initial mechanical engagement of the implant with its adjacent bone. Implantation and the subsequent loading may cause mechanical damage in the peripheral bone, which ultimately reduces the stability of the implant. This study aimed at evaluating primary stability of dental implants through applying stepwise compressive displacement-controlled, loading-unloading cycles to obtain overall stiffness and dissipated energy of the bone-implant structure; and quantifying induced plastic strains in surrounding bone using digital volume correlation (DVC) method, through comparing μCT images in different loading steps. To this end, dental implants were inserted into the cylindrical trabecular bones, then the bone-implant structure was undergone step-wise loading-unloading cycles, and μCT images were taken in some particular steps, then comparison was made between undeformed and deformed configurations using DVC to quantify plastic strain within the trabecular bone. Comparing stiffness reduction and dissipated energy values in different loading steps, obtained from the force-displacement curve in each loading step, revealed that the maximum displacement of 0.16 mm can be deemed as a safe threshold above which damages in peri-implant bone started to increase considerably (p < 0.05). In addition, it was found here that peri-implant bone strain linearly increased with decreasing bone-implant stiffness (p < 0.05). Moreover, strain concentration in peri-implant bone region showed that the plastic strain in trabecular bone spread up to a distance of about 2.5 mm away from the implant surface. Research of this kind can be used to optimize the design of dental implants, with the ultimate goal of improving their stability, also to validate in-silico models, e.g., micro-finite element models, which can help gain a deeper understanding of bone-implant construct behavior.

Understanding the thrust force evolution and primary stability for dental implantation - An in-vitro experimental investigation.

The dental implant is challenging due to the unstable quality of the surrounding bone. This study aimed to explore the feasibility of using thrust force characteristics to identify different bone types and the influencing mechanisms of spindle speed and feed rate on primary stability of dental implants through in-vitro experiments. 13 groups of osteotomy experiments were performed on mandibles and maxillae of pigs with different bone types (I, II, and III) under different spindle speeds (600 and 800 rpm) and feed rates (20 and 60 mm/min). The thrust force evolution under different conditions was extracted and analysed to elaborate the distribution and thickness of the cortical and trabecular bone layers on different bone types. Dental implant placements were performed, and corresponding primary stabilities were obtained. Furthermore, histologic observation was conducted to reveal the bone/implant contact morphology. From the results, the amplitude and trend of thrust force show a regular variation during drilling different bone types. The highly dynamic information of thrust force can be analysed to characterise the distribution and thickness of the cortical and trabecular bone layers, hence effectively detecting different bone types. Since a lower feed rate and resulting bone temperature elevation lead to more thermal damages, primary stability decreases with the decrease of feed rate. Spindle speed has no significant effect. This study establishes a more in-depth understanding into the thrust force evolution and also provide a clinical option for reducing the complexity of bone type and drilling parameters determination in osteotomy.

Oblique Cutting Based Mechanical Model for Insertion Torque of Dental Implant

The insertion torque of a dental implant is an important indicator for the primary stability of dental implants. Thus, the preoperative prediction for the insertion torque is crucial to improve the success rate of implantation surgery. In this present research, an alternative method for prediction of implant torque was proposed. First, the mechanical model for the insertion torque was established based on an oblique cutting process. In the proposed mechanical model, three factors, including bone quality, implant geometry and surgical methods were considered in terms of bone-quality coefficients, chip load and insertion speeds, respectively. Then, the defined bone-quality coefficients for cancellous bone with the computed tomography (CT) value of 235–245, 345–355 and 415–425 Hu were obtained by a series of insertion experiments of IS and ITI implants. Finally, the insertion experiments of DIO implants were carried out to verify the accuracy of developed model. The predicted insertion torques calculated by the mechanical model were compared with those acquired by insertion experiments, with good agreement, the relative error being less than 15%. This method allows the insertion torque for different implant types to be quickly established and enhances prediction accuracy by considering the effects of implants’ geometries and surgical methods.

The Importance of Correlation between CBCT Analysis of Bone Density and Primary Stability When Choosing the Design of Dental Implants-Ex Vivo Study.

This study aims to determine the correlation between the mean value of bone density measured on the CBCT device and the primary stability of dental implants determined by resonant frequency analysis. An experimental study was conducted on a material of animal origin: bovine femur and pig ribs. Two types of implants were used in this study: self-tapping and non-self-tapping of the same dimensions. Results of the experimental study showed a statistically significant correlation between bone density expressed in HU units and the primary stability of self-tapping and non-self- tapping dental implants expressed in ISQ units in bovine femur bones and self-tapping implants and pig rib bones. There was no statistically significant correlation between non-self-tapping dental implants in pig rib bones. Self-tapping and non-self-tapping implants did not show statistical significance in the primary stability in bones of different qualities. The analysis of bone density from CBCT images in the software of the apparatus expressed in HU units can be used to predict the degree of primary stability of self-tapping and non-self-tapping dental implants in bones of densities D1 and D2, and self-tapping dental implants in bones of the lower quality D4.