Primary Data Sources Research Articles

Longitudinal interactions of L2 learners’ motivations and strategic behavior in strategies-based writing instruction

Abstract Strategic behavior for self-regulated learning (SRL) is crucial for academic success in L2 writing. Yet little is known about how learners’ motivation-related factors develop as their strategic behavior progresses during classroom instruction in L2 writing contexts. Informed by SRL theory, this longitudinal case study adopted multiple assessment approaches to explicating the development trajectories of two Chinese L2 writers’ motivational factors relating to expectancy, value, and goal orientation (i.e., self-efficacy, task value, and goal orientations) and strategic behavior in the classroom ecology of self-regulation strategies-based instruction. Participants were one high-proficiency writer and one low-proficiency writer who were enrolled in the self-regulation strategies-based writing course. They voluntarily participated in this study and completed semi-structured interviews and reflective journals at the beginning (T1), the middle (T2), and the end of the instruction (T3). Field notes were used to complement the primary data sources. The qualitative analyses revealed both students’ limited understanding of SRL strategies at the initial stage. Their strategic behavior progressed with the social and metacognitive scaffolding at T2, but only the high-proficiency writer sustained active engagement at T3. With different goal orientations and linguistic self-efficacy at the initial stage, both students reported noticeable increases in their intrinsic goal orientation, task value, and self-efficacy in classroom performance at T2 and T3. Their motivational states were also affected by linguistic proficiency, metacognitive scaffolding, and social interactions during the instruction. This study is expected to provide insights into how L2 writers’ strategic behavior progresses with their changes in motivations.

Domestic and Marital Relationships Among Muslim Couples in Northwest Geopolitical Zone, Nigeria from 2013-2023: A Case Study at Ringim Localgovernment Area

This research investigated marital relationship among Muslim Couples in Ringim Local Government Area; The Institution of marriage occupied highest position in Islam, the importance of marital relationship plays significant role within the frame work of Islam.This research investigated and provided some solution to address these issues among Muslim couples in Ringim Local Government Area. The methodology employed in the conduct of this research is ethnography of communication method which comprises the use of observation and interview as primary sources of data. More so, secondary sources of data collection such as: written literature, textbooks, journals and browsed materials on challenges of marital relationship among Muslim Couples was also used. The findings propose valued perceptions and recommendations bring into line with best practices of marital relationship, contributing to the advancement of institution of marriage among couples in the Area.

Hybrid security in Nigeria–Benin borderlands: Formal and informal security actors’ collaboration and implication for cross-border security (2010–2023)

ABSTRACT In the borderland of Nigeria and the Republic of Benin there are both formal and informal security actors operating to curb trans-border crimes that extant literature is yet to adequately consider. Most empirical studies on the relations between security actors have largely focused on the nature of relations between formal security agencies and the implications of their relations for border security governance. This study fills the gap in the knowledge by investigating the nature of relations between formal and informal security actors. Utilising mixed-method research design and drawing on primary and secondary sources of data, the study contends that non-states security actors of different nomenclature such as Kelebe, Smugglers Association, Night Guards and Aja Custom, Social Safety Orientation Corps (So Safe Corps) exist in the borderland areas of Seme and Idi Iroko between Nigeria and the Republic of Benin. It is also argued that functional, dynamic and interest-based cordial relations between state and non-state security actors significantly contribute to curbing smuggling, drug trafficking, illegal migration with the exception of human trafficking. Thus, the study recommends that the Nigerian government should re-organise the border security order to include non-state security actors in the governance of borders between Nigeria and the Republic of Benin.

The Role of Local Wisdom in the Governance of Nunkurus Village

This research, entitled "The Role of Local Wisdom in the Governance of Nunkurus Village," addresses the issue of how local wisdom influences the governance of Nunkurus Village. The objective of this study is to ascertain the role of local wisdom in the governance of the village. The research employs an empirical legal study approach, utilizing both primary and secondary data sources. Data collection techniques include document studies and interviews, with data analysis conducted through descriptive qualitative methods. The findings reveal that local wisdom plays a dual role: for the community, it functions as an unwritten rule or law, while for the village government, it acts as a social norm regulating community behavior concerning livestock, and as a sociological/anthropological legal source in the formation of village regulations.

Characteristics and development of steepland gullies in the dry valleys of Southwest China

In semi-arid and arid areas, gully erosion is one of the most destructive forms of erosion and causes serious land degradation and resource destruction. Steepland gullies are widely distributed in the dry valleys of southwest China, and their formation is one of the main causes of soil erosion and the destruction of sloping farmland in the region. Previous research on the development of steepland gullies is limited, and further study is needed. In this study, 11 steepland gullies at various stages of development located in Guobu Village, Xide County, Liangshan, Sichuan Province, were selected for investigation using a digital elevation model (DEM) derived from unmanned aerial vehicle data as the primary data source. These data had a spatial resolution of 0.1 m. Fundamental parameters such as the gully length, width, depth, area, and volume were extracted from the remote sensing data. Other characteristic parameters, including the coefficient of main and tributary gullies, vertical gradient, gully elongation, and gully openness, were also investigated. The results indicate a significant linear positive correlation between the gully’s degree of openness and elongation as the gully’s length, width, and depth increase. Furthermore, the vertical gradient and coefficient of main and tributary gullies exhibit power-law relationships with these gully dimensions. The development of steepland gullies was divided into infancy, youth, maturity, and old age based on the use of the gully length as an ergodic indicator in space-for-time substitution. The morphological characteristics of these different stages were quantitatively analyzed, and a proposed mechanism for how the evolution of the gullies proceeds was developed. An empirical model of volume–length erosion was established to investigate the development process of steepland gullies in the dry valleys. It has been observed that the development law of steepland gullies is essentially consistent with the very active stage of typical gully formation, suggesting that steepland gully may represent the initial stage of gully development. The results show that these steepland gullies have their origin in high-intensity rainfall events that are accompanied by the formation of steps and drop water. The effects of gravity erosion and hydraulic erosion then cause the gullies to expand rapidly, forming gullies with a large head and a small tail before they gradually stabilize. The results of this study will help with the understanding of the formation and evolution of steepland gullies and will be of practical significance for the prevention of gully erosion and the protection of sloping farmland in the dry valley region of southwest China.

Analisis laporan keuangan dalam menilai kinerja keuangan pada Marketing Office CitraLand Winangun Manado

Financial reports are very helpful and very important for companies to know how a company's financial performance is in the current year and previous years. This research aims to analyze financial performance using the profit and loss report at the CitraLand Winangun Manado Marketing Office from 2021-2023. The type of research that will be used in this research is descriptive with a quantitative approach using primary data sources and secondary data. The research results based on liquidity ratios are not good enough because in fulfilling its obligations the company experiences several obstacles on the side of the company's current liabilities and for trend analysis it is also not good enough because in fulfilling its obligations the company experiences several obstacles such as the income generated is not enough to cover existing expenses but to Trend analysis can be said to be good because in the following year it has increased and the activity ratio from the first to the third year has decreased but it is also quite good because the fixed asset turnover has increased every year, while the solvency ratio, profitability ratio and trend analysis can be said to be good every year. year because the decrease in profit only occurred in the first year and the following year there was an increase.

THE CONSEQUENCES OF DEFAMATION IN HAMKA’S NOVEL TERUSIR

Defamation is an act that harms an individual’s reputation through the spread of false statements. It is commonly categorized into two forms: libel, which involves written defamation, and slander, which refers to spoken or direct defamation. This research focuses on slander as a form of defamation that deeply impacts Mariah, the protagonist in Hamka’s novel Terusir. The study examines the consequences of defamation on Mariah, who, as a victim, endures severe hardships and social alienation. Adopting a sociological approach to literature, this research situates defamation within the context of real-world social dynamics, emphasizing its destructive potential within both fictional and actual communities. Using a descriptive qualitative method, data were gathered from the novel’s narrative, as well as from monologues and dialogues. Terusir by Hamka serves as the primary data source, supplemented by secondary references that enhance the contextual analysis. Findings reveal that Mariah suffers extensively from defamation: she is publicly shamed and expelled from her home by her husband during a stormy night, symbolizing her isolation and loss of dignity. This defamatory act not only tarnishes Mariah’s identity as a respected mother and wife but also severs her relationship with her son, leading her into a state of near madness fueled by profound emotional turmoil and an overwhelming sense of loss.

TABOO WORDS IN STEPHEN KING’S NOVEL THE SHINING

This study investigates the use of taboo words by characters in Stephen King’s novel The Shining through a sociolinguistic approach, focusing on their types and functions. The novel follows Jack Torrance, his wife Wendy, and their son Danny, whose stay at the Overlook Hotel leads Jack into a spiral of psychological instability and violence. This research categorizes and quantifies the types and functions of taboo words, applying a descriptive qualitative method complemented by quantitative analysis. The primary data source was the novel itself, with the researcher as the primary instrument and a data sheet as a secondary tool. Results indicate four types of taboo words: epithets, profanity, obscenities, and vulgarities, totaling 300 instances. Profanity appears most frequently (123 instances, 41%), with obscenities following at 79 instances (26.33%). Epithets account for 63 instances (21%), while vulgarities occur least often at 35 instances (11.67%). Further, analysis of the functions of taboo words reveals that characters use them in auxiliary (126 instances, 42%), expletive (101 instances, 33.67%), abusive (63 instances, 21%), and humorous (10 instances, 3.33%) capacities. The dominance of the auxiliary function suggests that characters frequently incorporate taboo language into regular speech patterns rather than using it for direct insult. The minimal presence of the humorous function aligns with the novel's intense psychological horror and supernatural atmosphere, which limits comedic expression.

Rainfall Variability, Flood Hazards and Adaptation Strategies in Douala IV and V Municipalities, Littoral Region of Cameroon

Excessive rainfall resulting to floods remain a thorny problem in developing countries including Cameroon. This follows the negative impacts of floods on the population, infrastructure and public services. This study examines rainfall variability, population vulnerability to floods and measures put in place by the population and other stakeholders to adapt to the situation in the Douala IV and V municipalities in Littoral Cameroon. The study exploits both primary and secondary sources data for its realization. Heads of households, quarter’s heads, municipal authorities and its personnel, and public administrative officials were contacted for data collection. The data focused on floods manifestation, their effects on the city, and adaptation strategies put in place to mitigate the negative outcomes. Data from semi structured interview conducted were analyzed using content analysis methods. Sociological and spatial data also collected were analyzed using remotely sensed techniques and statistical tools such as SPSS and Microsoft excel. Climatic data were collected from the urban council, the meteorological units in the town and the National Observatory on Climate Change of Cameroon. Sequential analyses (linear trend curves, standard deviations, and cumulative balances) were used to evaluate the evolution of rainfall and correlation to floods events. The result revealed that floods in Douala IV and V result from rainfall variability, characterized by deficit and excessive rains in the months of June, July, August and September. These heavy rains accompanied by human induced factors such as uncontrolled urbanization, anarchy in construction and occupation of wetlands, poor waste management, pollution of water ways and lack of drains for stagnant water evacuation leads to floods. Also, natural drivers such as the low relief of the area, a dense hydrographic network and contact with the Atlantic Ocean via the Wouri estuary result to floods. These floods are a problem to the health of the population, public services and infrastructure and sustainability of the city. Faced with the numerous damages caused by floods, remediation strategies such as: the construction of traditional dikes, solid house foundations, water embankments, and periodic weather forecasting by the National Observatory on Climate Change of Cameroon to reduce the negative outcomes of flooding has been ineffective in reduction of floods outcomes. Consequently, floods still remains a concern in Douala town. Good environmental practices such as civil education on hygiene and sanitation, periodic cleaning of drains, combats on deforestation of mangroves and afforestation campaigns, government investment on decentralization of waste collection and management will be productive in reducing the effects of floods in Douala. The implementation of all these remedial measures will not only ensure the safety of vulnerable civilian populations but the protection of their activities.

The Role of the Federal Institutes of Education, Science and Technology in Forming a Workforce Aligned with Circular Economy Principles and Strategies

Objective: This study aims to assess the adherence of the themes and the current curricular matrices of the courses after high school at the Brazilian Federal Institutes of Education, Science, and Technology regarding the principles and strategies of the Circular Economy (CE). Theoretical Framework: In the current scenario of resource scarcity and climate emergency, CE emerges as a viable alternative. In Brazil, the Federal Institutes (FIs) can play a crucial role in training a qualified workforce for CE, offering professional education that meets market demands. Method: The methodology adopted is classified as qualitative and applied. Regarding its classification, it is descriptive. Regarding the design, it is classified as a documentary since the primary data source was the IFs' websites. Results and Discussion: The results reveal that 26.17% of the 554 courses evaluated have content related to CE. The analysis showed a predominance of disciplines, such as Environmental Management, but a gap in specific CE courses. Research Implications: From a practical perspective, this study provides insights into the need for changes in the current economic model regarding public education policies adopted in Brazil to prioritize areas of study. As for the theoretical contribution, the study discusses conceptual issues of CE based on findings from the Brazilian context in order to fill a research gap. Originality/Value The research highlights the importance of training professionals with critical and practical skills in CE, highlighting the need for curricular reform that meets new market demands and promotes a circular mindset.

Population Activation Service Through Digital Civil Identification App

Digital population identity is a government innovation for the digitization of population documents as stated in the Minister of Home Affairs Regulation No. 72 of 2022 concerning standards and specifications for hardware, software and electronic identity card forms as well as the implementation of digital population identity. This study describes the quality of population activation services through the IKD application. The type of research used is empirical which is descriptive with a qualitative approach, primary data research data sources and secondary data. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews and documents. Data analysis techniques use data reduction, data recitation and conclusion research. The quality of service in this study uses the theories of Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry (2013:23), namely tangibles, reability, responsivess, assurance and empathy. The result of this research is that the quality of IKD services is not optimal, as seen from the tangibles dimension (realized) in the infrastructure and facilities of IKD services and there are still obstacles, namely in the IKD activation procedure due to limited public knowledge.

Stop! Marriage at Child Age

Marriage at a young age remains a significant social issue requiring special attention, particularly in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Child Marriage Prevention Policy in Majalengka Regency, as regulated by Regent Regulation Number 54 of 2021, which focuses on the prevention of child marriages. The research employs a qualitative descriptive method, utilizing primary and secondary data sources through observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings reveal that the rate of child marriages in Majalengka Regency is still increasing, despite the government's efforts to implement preventive measures, including socialization strategies aimed at reducing the incidence of child marriages. One of the main challenges in effectively preventing child marriages is the limited human resources available for implementing the program. This research highlights the need for strengthened resources and better coordination among stakeholders to effectively reduce the prevalence of child marriages in the region. The study also suggests that additional interventions, such as enhanced education and community involvement, are essential to complement the ongoing efforts and address this persistent issue comprehensively.

Surface ablation laser surgery: Bibliometric and visualized analysis from 2004 to 2023.

Surface ablation laser surgery has resurged in popularity recently because of its safety in correcting myopia and favorable postoperative corneal biomechanical properties. This study aimed to investigate the current focal points and future trends in surface ablation laser surgery over the last 2 decades. The Web of Science Core Collection was used as the primary data source to retrieve literature related to surface ablation laser surgery. All records, including full records and reference details, were exported in plain text format. VOSvivewer, CiteSpace, and Pajek were used to perform the bibliometric and visual analyses of the countries/regions, institutions, authors, journals, and keywords of relevant publications. A total of 3415 articles on surface ablation laser surgery were published in 253 journals. These articles were authored by 9681 individuals from 2751 institutions across 79 countries. The United States leads in terms of productivity and influence in this field. The Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Kymion GD were the most productive institutions and authors, whereas the University of Crete and Randleman JB were the most influential. The Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery was the most productive and influential in this area, and citation analysis revealed that the top 10 most-cited references focused primarily on postoperative wound healing and wavefront aberration. The keywords were grouped into the following 5 clusters: clinical effects and complications, special indications, iatrogenic corneal ectasia, haze, and pain management. High-frequency keywords in recent years included transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy, retreatment, transepithelial phototherapeutic keratectomy, and biomechanical properties. This bibliometric analysis examined the development trends, global cooperation, research hotspots, and future directions of surface ablation over the past 20 years.

Perceptions of Telehealth in the United States: Are There Racial/Ethnic Differences?

Introduction: Telehealth, a beneficial and safe option for in-person medical patient visits, has the potential to significantly improve patient health outcomes. While its use increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, there is limited research on the perception of telehealth compared with in-person care among different racial and ethnic groups in the United States. We aimed to investigate the relationship between race/ethnicity and the perception that telehealth is similar to in-person care. Methods: The study used the Health Information Nation Trends Survey Cycle 6, a nationally representative survey conducted between March and November 2022, as its primary data source. The analytic sample included 2,384 participants of age 18 years and older. The primary outcome, perceived telehealth equivalency, was measured as the self-reported perception that telehealthis equivalent to in-person care. Logistic regression examined the association between race/ethnicity and perceived telehealth equivalency, adjusting for several potential confounding factors. Results: The findings indicated that being non-Hispanic Black or African American, relative to non-Hispanic White, was significantly associated with the perception that telehealth is similar to in-person care (odds ratio [OR] = 2.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14-3.57, p = 0.016). High school graduates (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.02-3.25, p = 0.04) and those insured (OR = 2.98, 95% CI = 1.29-6.91, p = 0.01) were significantly more likely to report a perception that telehealth is similar to in-person care. The different modalities, such as video or audio, were not significantly associated with perceived telehealth equivalency. Conclusions: These findings suggest that understanding demographic and contextual factors may help enhance telehealth acceptance and utilization and inform efforts to increase equitable access to health care.

Effect of Teachers Attitudes towards Teaching on Students’ Performance in Mathematics Subject in Public Day Secondary Schools in Rwanda: A Case of Huye District

The study investigated how teachers' attitudes toward teaching influenced students' academic progress in mathematics in a public secondary school in Huye District. Specifically, the research identifies the teachers' attitudes toward teaching that could influence the achievement of pupils in Mathematics-related subjects in public day secondary schools in Huye district. Guided by the Theory of Planned Behavior, this study used a combined method approach to collect both quantitative and qualitative data to examine how teachers' attitudes influence their teaching practices in Mathematics. Purposive and random sampling were applied to select sectors, schools, and participants, allowing for systematic data collection and analysis on teachers' attitudes and their influence on students’ performance. The target population for this study was 200, including 3 sector educational officers, 5 head teachers, 25 mathematics teachers and 167 Mathematics students; and the Yamane method was used to calculate a sample size of 134 respondents including 2 sector educational officers, 3 Head teachers, 15 teachers and 114 students. Primary data sources included surveys, while secondary data came from observation and interview methods. This study used purposive, stratified and simple random sampling procedures to create a sample group of respondents. The research collected and analyzed data using both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Content analysis helped with qualitative data analysis, while quantitative data was presented in SPSS Version 21.0 utilizing statistical methods such as descriptive (frequency, percentage, imply and deviation from the mean) and inferential statistics (correlational and regression analysis). For the study objective, the results show that 76.3% strongly agreed that teachers' communication skills, 69.3% strongly agreed that effective goal-setting, 64.9% strongly agreed that lesson preparation, 61.4% strongly agreed that lesson preparation, 78.1% strongly accepted that professional commitment, and 68.0% highly agreed that adaptability and flexibility reflect my teachers' attitudes toward teaching. 64.9% strongly agreed that early arrival in class during the teaching lesson reflects the teachers' attitudes toward teaching. The study found a strong positive correlation between exams, test results, and factors like interpersonal skills, goal-setting, lesson preparation, and professional commitment, which all contributed to improved student performance. The researcher concluded that early attendance and communication skills of teachers were also linked to positive educational outcomes, with tests enhancing performance across subjects. With a p-value below 0.05, the study showed that active class participation boosts effectiveness. Recommendations included improving teacher attitudes towards math, enhancing confidence, making Math enjoyable, investing in teacher training, providing resources and encouraging community involvement in Math careers. Regular follow-ups and ongoing professional development for teachers were also advised.

PRAKTIK JUAL BELI BIBIT LELE DENGAN SISTEM TAKARAN PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM DAN HUKUM POSITIF

The growing public interest in catfish farming has resulted in an increased demand for catfish fingerlings. This trend has led many individuals to engage in the trade of catfish fingerlings, either as a primary source of income through the establishment of fisheries groups or as a supplementary means of generating additional revenue. This study aims to investigate the implementation of the catfish fingerling trading system based on volume measurement from the perspectives of Islamic law and positive law. Utilizing a qualitative research approach, primary data were collected through interviews and documentation. The primary data sources include informants from fisheries business groups and individuals involved in the trade of catfish fingerlings using the volume-based measurement system. The findings reveal that the volume measurement system is employed to simplify the calculation process, although the initial reference measurement is not consistently aligned with subsequent measurements. Nonetheless, both parties agree to add an additional volume as compensation for potential mortality of the fingerlings. From the perspective of Islamic law, the catfish fingerling trading practices in Gunung Sembung Village, Pegaden Subdistrict, Subang Regency, fulfill the essential elements and conditions required for lawful transactions under Islamic law and are deemed valid according to positive law, as they conform to existing legal regulations.

Predicting Physics Students’ Academic Performance: The Impact of Attitude, Self-Efficacy, and Personality Traits

The study examined the predictive impact of attitude, self-efficacy, and personality traits on the academic performance of high school students in physics. A multistage random sampling technique was used to select 210 research subjects between the ages of 16 and 22 (SD=1.80) from three high schools in the Berekum East Municipality of Ghana. Three standardised questionnaires as primary data sources, namely: Attitude Toward Physics Learning (ATPL), Physics Learning Self-Efficacy (PLSE), and Students’ Personality Trait Inventory (SPTI), and additionally, Students’ Physics Mock Examinations scores as a secondary data source, were used for data collection and analysis through multiple regression. Data collected from respondents were compiled, sorted, edited and coded into the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. The results revealed a joint impact of 21.100% of the variance in attitude, self-efficacy, and personality traits in predicting the academic performance of students in physics. Furthermore, the multiple regression analysis revealed that student attitudes, self-efficacy, and personality traits significantly impact student academic performance in physics. The analysis further revealed that students’ personality traits best explained students’ academic performance in Physics (β = 0.232, t = 3.423; p < 0.050), followed by self-efficacy (β = 0.192, t = 2.738; p < 0.050), and attitude (β = 0.121, t = 2.011; p < 0.05). Based on the results obtained, the study recommended that physics students in the Berekum East Municipality’s attitudes, self-efficacy, and personality traits should be given greater attention by physics teachers, and other stakeholders because of their positive impact on students’ academic performance in physics.

To ride-hail or not to ride-hail? Complementarity and competition between public transit and transportation network companies through the lens of app data

AbstractTransportation Network Company (TNC) services have become a prominent factor in urban transportation in recent years, and there is an ongoing debate regarding their relationship with public transit. While many argue that TNCs draw passengers away from public transportation, others believe the two modes complement each other. However, due to the inadequate sample size of rider surveys as primary data sources, our understanding of how riders choose between these two modalities remains limited. This study uses nine months of trip planning data generated by the Transit App, which captures how travelers engage with multiple options in real time, including TNC and public transit services. We extract measures from Transit describing the travel options and the habits of each individual user for sessions in which the user “tapped” on one of these two modes, indicating consideration of it as an option. Machine learning models predict the likelihood of a rider tapping TNC based on features of the available public transit options and other contextual factors (e.g., time of day, weather conditions). The models find that these taps are driven by factors that highlight the convenience of TNC, such as the waiting time, walking distance, and the number of transfers for public transportation trips. We also find that the majority of TNC trips tapped by app users combine the two modes when using the Transit App, with TNC acting as a connection to or from public transit. These results provide detailed additional evidence for current arguments for both competition and complementarity between TNC and public transit from a population that uses an app to navigate public transit.

Pengawasan Penyelenggaraan Parkir Tepi Jalan Umum di Kawasan Wisata Jalan Tunjungan pada Dinas Perhubungan Kota Surabaya

The large number of public roadside parking arrangements in the Jalan Tunjungan Surabaya Tourist Area that are not in accordance with existing regulations has caused a lot of anxiety among road users. This research aims to analyze how supervision is carried out by the Surabaya City Transportation Department in the implementation of public roadside parking to find out whether existing supervision makes public roadside parking comply with existing regulations, increases PAD resulting from parking fees, increases parking attendant compliance, as well as sanctions. given for existing violations. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach with primary and secondary data sources. Data collection methods used were observation, interviews and documentation. Data analysis techniques use data collection, data condensation, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. This research uses the theory of implementation of supervision according to Soekidjo Notoatmodjo which consists of three, namely the object of supervision, the method of supervision, and the process of supervision. The results of this research indicate that supervision of the implementation of public roadside parking in the Jalan Tunjungan Tourist Area is not yet fully optimal because it does not meet the criteria in terms of supervision objects and supervision methods. This is due to the low level of discipline of parking attendants, in addition to the lack of socialization regarding parking management regulations to the public so that complaints are rarely made by the public. However, the criteria for the supervision process show that the process of carrying out supervision by the Surabaya City Transportation Service is in accordance with the established flow and the imposition of sanctions for violations by parking attendants is determined in accordance with applicable regulations. It is hoped that the results of this research can make supervision more optimal.

Implementasi Program Tikasim (Tirta Kencana Siap Minum) di Lapas Kelas II B Kabupaten Jombang

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the TIKASIM (Tirta Kencana Siap Minum) program in Class II B Correctional Institution Jombang Regency. Using the theory according to George C. Edwards III by looking at four indicators which include communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. This research was compiled using a qualitative approach. Obtaining primary data sources from interviews and observations is complemented by secondary data such as images, journals, reports, previous research, and other archives that have relevance. The research locus is in Class II B Correctional Institution of Jombang Regency. The results of the study show that the communication indicators in the implementation of the TIKASIM Program have been running well, explained by the clear and consistent transmission of information between Perumdam Tirta Kencana Jombang and Class II B Jombang Correctional Facility. Then the resource indicator is also quite well supported by a sufficient number of staff and adequate facilities. The disposition or attitude of policy implementers also shows communication and commitment among the entire implementation team. The bureaucratic structure has been running according to the guidelines of PERMENKUMHAM number 40 of 2017 concerning Guidelines for the Implementation of food for Prisoners, children and Prisoners.