Primary Source Of Information Research Articles

Misconceptions about COVID-19 vaccine among adults in Saudi Arabia and their associated factors: A cross-sectional study conducted in 2021.

It is of utmost importance for the elements that influence public compliance with vaccination against COVID-19 to be assessed, including misconceptions, rumors, and conspiracy theories. Hence, in this study, we aimed to estimate the distribution of the most common misconceptions regarding COVID-19 vaccines and their predictors in Saudi Arabia. We distributed an online questionnaire to participants aged 18 years or older. The survey included two sections. The first section comprised questions related to participants' demographic characteristics, level of education, and their sources of information about COVID-19. The second section assessed participants' perceptions regarding 11 of the most common misconceptions regarding COVID-19 vaccines, rated using a 5-point Likert scale. Using ordinal logistic regression, we conducted an evaluation of the relationships among different predictors including age, sex, educational level, and sources of information, as well as acceptance of misconceptions about vaccination. The most widely accepted misconception was that the COVID-19 vaccine had severe side effects, with 34.8% of participants believing this misinformation. Factors that were significantly associated with acceptance or non- acceptance of misconceptions were: 1) sex, with female respondents in this survey accepting rumors significantly more often than male respondents (p<0.001); 2) educational level, especially secondary school, was associated with a significantly lower acceptance of misconceptions (p=0.001). In total, 60.5% of participants used social media as their primary source of information, which was also a significant positive predictor of acceptance of misconceptions (p=0.034). It is of critical importance to increase assurance regarding the safety of COVID-19 vaccines, the issue most likely to involve misconceptions, and to address the elements that affect belief in rumors among the population.

Effectiveness of using archival documents in the primary sources of information about the Irevan Khanate

Archival documents play the role of an irreplaceable source in expanding spiritual wealth, horizons, historical consciousness, national self-awareness and national pride of a person, as well as a reliable information base for conducting historical research. An analysis of information resources about the Iravan Khanate shows that our republic has accumulated significant experience and expanded the scope of this topic. The creation of information sources dedicated to the Iravan Khanate is a contribution to replenishing the documentary fund of our republic, being part of the documentary and information resources of Azerbaijan. Archival documents and archives, which are people's memory and written memory, represent a collection of cultural values of the nation. In the research work devoted to the effectiveness of using archival documents in primary sources of information about the Khanate of Iravan, we see that archival documents are sufficiently used in primary sources - books, periodicals. Archives, which play the role of an important social institution for society, as well as research centers that store multidisciplinary and universal information, provide access to retrospective information of the state and citizens, influence political, socio-economic and cultural life. Development of the country, increase management efficiency, play the role of a guarantor of social rights. The article also provides an analysis of books that use archival documents and provides examples of archival documents.

"Drive for Change: Investigating the Socio-Economic Landscape of Auto-Rickshaw Drivers in Panvel"

This study focus on the often overlooked yet critical socio-economic landscape of auto-rickshaw drivers in Panvel area. Auto-rickshaws serve as a lifeline for transportation in urban and suburban areas, and the drivers operating these vehicles constitute a vital but marginalized segment of society. The study is primarily based on primary source of information. For collection of primary data, we are using a schedule and interview method. The research aims to meticulously examine the multifaceted dimensions of auto rickshaw drivers and their socio-economic conditions, shedding light on their livelihoods, income levels, expenditure pattern, and other social aspects.

Mediating emergencies: Defining the relationship between intimate and distant disaster communication models

Disaster communication mediates how people respond to emergency situations. With the rise of new technologies, emerging media practices are being promoted by the state to govern communities at-risk. This article examines emergency smartphone applications rolled out in Australia during the 2020 black summer bushfires. An autoethnographic analysis of the author’s personal experience of sheltering in and evacuating from the coastal town of Mallacoota is employed to assess how current forms of disaster communication mediate emergencies. Focus is placed on the impact of disaster communications on people’s perception of community resilience. The two primary sources of information accessed by people during the bushfires – the state and close relations, construct a theoretical framework for comparing different models of communication. A comparative methodology that draws on archival material and critical discourse investigates the extent to which competing sources of information generate a productive conflict. I develop a model that defines distant transmissions and intimate exchanges for the shifting media histories of disaster communication, and argue the relationship cultivated by competing forms can generate resilience when disaster strikes.

LINGUISTIC EXPRESSION OF GENDER DISTINCTIONS IN ENGLISH PROVERBS AND SAYINGS

The present study aims at investigating the linguistic expression of gender distinctions in English proverbs and sayings through the lens of paremiology. The investigation focuses on the classification of English proverbs and sayings according to their respective gender component. Our research hypothesis posits that proverbs and sayings, as forms of verbal folklore, have traditionally ascribed specific human traits and activities to individuals based on their gender. To test this hypothesis, over four hundred English proverbs and sayings have been analyzed. The methodology employed in the paper is based on historical research methods, which involve collecting and analyzing information in order to explain past phenomena. The analysis has also employed the data grouping method to organize proverbs and sayings into relevant categories. The data collection has utilized both primary and secondary sources of information. Primary sources include reviews and scientific articles, while in secondary sources are include encyclopedias and dictionaries of proverbs and sayings. The results show that proverbs and sayings reflect gender stereotypes and societal divisions which are often difficult to break. However, the deeper understanding of the ways in which gender roles have been constructed and perpetuated throughout history, can identify areas in which progress towards gender equality is made.

THE PROMINENT ROLE OF HOME CARE AIDES IN END-OF-LIFE CARE DURING A PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY AND BEYOND

Abstract Many patients and families rely on paid aides to provide personal care services at the end of life, but the COVID-19 pandemic caused widespread delays and disruption in this care. Our study examined COVID-related care disruptions among patients in a large, New York City health system who died between March 1, 2020 and March 1, 2021. We linked the electronic health records of 124 patients cared for by a geriatric outpatient practice and referred to hospice to the hospice’s electronic health records, and conducted an in-depth qualitative thematic analysis. We found many home health aides continued caring for existing patients after hospice enrollment, often in tandem with hospice aides. But, patients and families experienced disruption in both usual and hospice aide services due to patient or aide illness, COVID isolation policies, and the exacerbation of ongoing workforce shortages. Aides experienced emotional strain and escalation of care responsibilities including the provision of more clinically-focused end-of-life tasks (e.g., wound care, oxygen administration) usually performed by hospice nurses. When the hospice team was unable to provide home visits, the aide became the primary source of patient information. Hospice staff supported aides in care tasks and provided emotional and spiritual care, often virtually, to aides and patients’ families. Findings highlight the critical role of aides within the care team and its intensification in a crisis, suggesting opportunities to better integrate aides into hospice care teams while providing formal training and support to help aides manage end of life care tasks and emotional demands.

Medium of Instruction and Achievement in Social Studies among the Students of Gogan Secondary School, Pokhara

This conference paper explores factors involved in the achievement of social studies in the basic level students of Pokhara Municipality. The objectives of the paper are to analyze the different factors associated with students’ achievement in learning social studies and to look for associations of mother-tongue education with the students’ achievement. A quantitative and applied research methodology with both primary and secondary sources of information was used. The primary data is collected via an online survey using a structured questionnaire. The data has been collected using researcher-administered online counseling and the distribution of online forms. Similarly, secondary data has been collected from different sources. The survey used a population of 155 students from one of the schools in Pokhara, Shree Gogan Secondary School, conveniently selected. The paper provides a theoretical basis showing that language choices are important for raising interest in the subject matter in students, which further increases the chances of attaining better grades. The students’ achievement is influenced by several factors, including linguistic, educational, social, and economic expediencies. At the time of the survey, it was observed that the students wanted some changes in the uses of the medium of instruction as well as the method of teaching. The study revealed that most respondents do not find English as a medium of instruction comfortable for study. Most respondents prefer their mother tongue as a medium of instruction. The paper concludes that mother-tongue education should be implemented rather than using an imposed medium of instruction (MOI).

Analysis Visitor Journey of Tourists in Garut Regency

Garut Regency has great tourism potential with increasing visits, but there needs to be more information regarding tourists' journeys during their visit. This study aims to understand the journey of tourists before, during, and after visiting Garut Regency using the visitor journey variables in five phases (dreaming, planning, booking, experience, and sharing). The method used is quantitative research with a descriptive statistical approach, using a questionnaire as the research instrument. Most tourists who have visited Garut Regency in the past year are female Gen Z students from West Java, with few tourists from outside West Java. In the Dreaming phase, they plan to travel to other provinces, especially beaches, using private vehicles with their families. In the Planning phase, tourists pay attention to affordable prices, unique and beautiful nature, and local cuisine. Instagram social media serves as the primary source of information. In the Booking phase, tourists are interested in attractive destination photos and prefer offline ticket bookings rather than through OTA. In the Experience phase, tourists are motivated to visit with an average of more than four visits and expenses below IDR 1 million. Natural tourism has become the main image of Garut Regency. In the Sharing phase, most tourists share their experiences through Instagram social media after visiting Garut Regency.

Assessing the readability of online information about jones fracture.

Hand in hand with technological advancements, treatment modalities continue to grow. With the turn of the century, the internet has become the number one source of information for almost every topic. Thus, many patients look toward the internet as their primary source of information to learn about their respective medical conditions. The American Medical Association and National Institute of Health strongly recommend that online medical information be written at the 6th to 8th-grade level to aid comprehension by patients of all literacy backgrounds. To assess the readability of online information regarding Jones fracture. Our hypothesis is that the reading level of medical information published on websites far exceeds the recommended reading level of 6th-8th grade as proposed by the American Medical Associate and National Institute of Health. The result of this study can help us formulate improved recommendations for publishing more comprehensible material and, thus, eventually improve patient compliance and clinical outcomes. The exact phrase "Jones fracture" was queried on the three most common search engines, Google, Yahoo!, and Bing, on December 28, 2022. As of December 2022, Google held 84%, Bing held 9%, and Yahoo! held 2% of the worldwide search engine market share. Web pages uniform resource locator from the first three pages of search results were recorded from each search engine. These web pages were classified according to academic, physician-sponsored, governmental and non-government organizations (NGO), commercial, and unspecified as per formally defined categories. Websites associated with an educational institution or medical organization were classified as academic. Websites with products for sale, corporate sponsorship, or advertisements were classified as commercial. Governmental websites or NGOs comprised those that received government subsidies or grants. Webpages that were independently owned by physicians or physician groups were respectively classed as physician sponsored. The remainder of websites that did not fall under the above categories were classified as unspecified. A total of 93 websites were analyzed for reading assessment. A whopping 44% of websites were commercial, followed by 22% of physician-sponsored websites. Third place belonged to non-government organization websites holding a 15% share. The academic website held a meager 9% portion, while unspecified sites were 3%. The table illustrates mean readability scores, along with average cumulative grade level. The average grade level was 10.95 ± 2.28 for all websites, with a range of 6.18 to 18.90. Since P values were more than 0.05, there was not a significant statistical difference between the first page results and the results of all pages. Thus, we can rationalize that readability scores are consistent throughout all pages of a website. Hand in hand with technological advancements, treatment modalities continue to grow. With the turn of the century, the internet has become the number one source of information for almost every topic. Thus, many patients look towards the internet as the primary source of information to learn about their respective medical conditions. Our study demonstrates that current online medical information regarding Jones fracture is written at an extraordinarily high-grade level, with an average grade level of all websites at 10.95, nearly an 10th-grade educational level. The American Medical Association and National Institute of Health strongly recommend that online medical information should be written at the 6th to 8th-grade level to aid comprehension by patients of all literacy backgrounds. On the contrary, most of the medical information evaluated was at an 10th-grade level, which far exceeds recommendations by AMA and NIH. This is particularly relevant because readability scores are directly proportional to the level of comprehension attained by readers, thus directly impacting patient outcomes. In conclusion, we suggest and encourage that all online reading materials should be re-written at the 6th to 8th-grade level in a public service effort to increase compliance with treatment goals and raise awareness of preventive measures.

Information seeking behavior of university students during 2023 dengue outbreak

Background of the study: Dengue outbreak has become a regular phenomenon Bangladesh. It has created a panic among people from all walks of life. Purpose: The study was conducted to gain insights about the dengue related information seeking behavior of university students of Bangladesh during 2023 dengue outbreak. Method: In this study, a survey was conducted with an online questionnaire here. 532 students from different universities of Bangladesh have participated Mann Whitney and Kruskal Wallis test was applied to determine the relationships between different demographic variables and the choice of information sources, purpose of seeking information. Findings: In this study majority of students Majority of the students use social media platforms as their primary source of information regarding dengue virus. Most of the students seek information to mainly know about the disease and the safety products related to the virus. There was a significant difference between the residence of the respondents and their choice of information sources. The respondents also have identified several barriers to dengue related information. They mostly regarded the lack of medical terminologies and lack of necessary steps by the educational institutions as the primary barriers. Conclusion: Dengue outbreak has become regular phenomenon in Bangladesh. It imperative for studen5tts to seek necessary information regarding the dengue virus. The authorities must take care of the preference of the students regarding the choice information source while giving them proper information.

The first Russian register of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a real-world clinical study

Purpose: data analysis of Russia’s first register of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) — a web-based system for clinical monitoring of nAMD patients designed to collect and accumulate the data on such patients, their demographic, social and clinical characteristics, on the existing practice of treating nAMD, assessing the effectiveness of anti-VEGF therapy and the burden inflicted by the disease. Material and methods. A non-interventional, multicenter prospective study (CRTH258ARU01) was undertaken, which involved primary collection and reuse of data. The study is referred to as “the Russian register of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration”. The patients’ case histories served as the primary source of information as the data contained therein were entered by the doctors into electronic individual registration cards (eIRC). The eIRC were used remotely for dynamic clinical observations and data analysis. 61 ophthalmologists from 34 Russia’s scientific or medical organizations engaged in diagnosing, follow-up and treatment of nAMD patients contributed to the register. The data for the register were collected from December 20, 2020 to December 5, 2022. The register has data on 2665 patients (3460 eyes). Results. The mean age (± standard deviation) of patients at the time of inclusion in the registry was 73.0 ± 8.8 years; the majority of patients (66.2%) were female. The average yearly number of follow-up visits per patient was 3.4 ± 2.7, while the average yearly number of injections of anti-VEGF drugs per eye was 2.0 ± 1.7. Conclusion. With the creation of the register, the main goals of the study have been achieved. On the other hand, the register showed that a significant share of nAMD patients/eyes evaded medical observation, and that the patients’ adherence to treatment was insufficient, which had a notable negative impact on the results of therapy in real clinical practice

U.S. stillbirth surveillance: The national fetal death file and other data sources

The National Vital Statistics System is the primary source of information on fetal deaths of 20 weeks of gestation or more in the United States. Data are cooperatively produced by jurisdiction vital statistics offices and the National Center for Health Statistics. In order to promote the uniformity of data, the National Center for Health Statistics issues The Model State Vital Statistics Act and Regulations, and produces standard certificates and reports, developed in collaboration with the states, to inform the development of jurisdictional vital records laws and regulations and data collection. While there are challenges in collecting national fetal death data, there are ongoing data quality improvement efforts to address them. Improved national fetal death data and data from other sources will continue to add insights into the risks, causes and prevention of fetal death.

Are Female Undergraduates at the University of Calabar Equipped with the Knowledge, Positive Attitudes, and Effective Practices of Contraceptives?

BACKGROUND: The global challenge of rapid population growth necessitates family planning programs to address reproductive health needs and control population increase. However, unintended pregnancies, particularly among adolescents, remain a significant problem, leading to increased risks of sexually transmitted infections and unsafe abortions. In Nigeria, contraceptive use is low among youths, resulting in high incidences of induced abortions and sexually transmitted infections. Barriers such as religious beliefs, cultural factors, limited availability, personal beliefs, and fear of side effects contribute to the under-utilization of contraceptives. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among female undergraduates of the University of Calabar, Cross River State. Data was collected using a 42-item questionnaire after obtaining informed consent. Multi-stage sampling was employed, and data was analyzed with IBM SPSS version 26 using descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS: The mean age of respondents was 21.5 ± 2.72 years. Most participants were in their first (26.7%) or second (22.6%) level of study. 28.8% were in sexual relationships, while 71.2% were not. Approximately a quarter of respondents had experienced symptoms of sexually transmitted infections. 71.5% had no knowledge of emergency contraception. Condoms (71.2%) and pills (54.5%) were the most commonly mentioned methods of contraception, while tubal ligation was the least popular (4.7%). The main benefit cited for contraception was the prevention of unwanted pregnancy (92.2%). 47.3% had no idea about the side effects of contraception, with irregular menstruation being the most commonly mentioned side effect (19.3%). Friends/peers, the internet, and school were the primary sources of information on contraception. 56.4% believed that contraception is not solely for females and should not be reserved for the literate. Over a third of respondents thought contraception encourages promiscuity and has too many side effects, with more than half demanding contraceptive services on campus. Less than half of the respondents (43.9%) reported using contraception at some point, with even smaller percentages using contraception in the last six months (25.2%) or during their last sexual intercourse (23.8%). Of the 101 who used contraceptives in their last sexual intercourse, the majority (83%) used condoms, while pills (7%) and emergency contraception (10%) were less common. Preferred sources for contraception were pharmacies (57.5%) and chemist shops/patent medicine vendors (24.7%). Religion (41.5%), fear of side effects (34.9%), and partner consent (28.3%) were the main influences on contraceptive use. Several factors were significantly associated with contraception utilization, including age, partner's educational level, knowledge of contraception, and level of study (p&lt;0.05). CONCLUSION: The low utilization of contraception among female undergraduates at the University of Calabar despite high awareness and poor knowledge highlights the need for interventions. Factors influencing utilization include age, knowledge, and level of study. Barriers such as religion, fear of side effects, and partner consent must be addressed. Recommendations include sensitization campaigns, establishing a youth-friendly center on campus, incorporating contraception into curricula, collaborating with NGOs, and increasing funding for research.

Pathways to financial fiteracy

Background of the study: This study explores financial behaviors and information sources among off-campus university students, emphasizing challenges in using library materials for financial literacy. Purpose: The research aims to comprehensively understand the financial landscape of off-campus university students, identifying key behaviors, information sources, and obstacles related to financial literacy. Method: A cross-sectional survey involving 245 off-campus university students was conducted to gather pertinent data. A self-administered questionnaire served as the primary data collection tool. The collected data underwent analysis using descriptive statistics to draw meaningful insights. Findings: Off-campus university students' major expenses included school-related costs and food. Common financial behaviors included living within means, avoiding borrowing, and budgeting. Despite these practices, many students expressed financial dissatisfaction. Family members were the primary information source, followed by friends, Google, and online books. Libraries were not a significant source. Limited time emerged as the main hindrance to using library materials for financial literacy. Conclusion: In conclusion, off-campus university students, constrained by limited time, face challenges accessing library resources for financial literacy, necessitating targeted programs to address their unique needs and providing valuable insights for institutions and policymakers.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Prevalence Towards Cervical Cancer Screening Among Women in a Nigerian Urban Municipality

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is a significant global health concern, particularly in less developed regions, ranking as the fourth most common cancer among women. Nigeria faces its crisis, with approximately 15,000 women diagnosed annually, resulting in a two-thirds fatality rate. An alarming 40 million Nigerian women remain at risk, underscoring the urgency of improved screening and disease surveillance, compounded by the absence of a national cancer policy and limited awareness. Cervical cancer can be reduced by more than 90% through regular screening. It is caused by sexually transmitted HPV and risk factors include multiple sexual partners, smoking, long-term oral contraceptive use, and immunosuppression. AIM: The study aimed to ascertain the knowledge, attitude, and practices toward cervical cancer screening and the factors that influence the practice of screening among women of the reproductive age group in Calabar Municipality. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional study design, 414 women were enrolled from two public hospitals, four private hospitals, and a non-governmental women’s center through a meticulous multi-stage sampling technique, employing semi-structured questionnaires. Socio-demographic variables were collected, and a 31-item questionnaire was used to assess the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward cervical cancer. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 26; p-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: The mean ages of respondents were 28.01 ± ((8.8357), 293 were single, while 107 were married. 69.67% had received at least tertiary education. 51.9% were employed, and the rest were unemployed. All 414 respondents were familiar with cervical cancer, but 65.7% lacked adequate knowledge of screening. Approximately 60% were aware of screening tests, with health workers as their primary information source. Most women displayed a favorable attitude toward screening; 97.3% expressed willingness if the procedure was explained and accessible, 96.4% if it was free and safe, and 97.6% supported screening for women under 30 years. Unfortunately, only 8% had undergone screening, with Pap smears as the commonest screening method for 84.8% of those who had received screening. Out of 381 respondents who had never been screened, 101 did not think they were at risk, 89 did not know where to get screened, 75 believed their religion protected them, and 37 found it expensive. In bivariate analysis, age, marital status, employment status, and knowledge of screening significantly correlated with good practice (p&lt;0.05). CONCLUSION: The underutilization of screening services in an urban setting is concerning, signaling the potential for cancer care disparities in rural areas. Urgent interventions are needed to foster more favorable attitudes and practices, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria, where cervical cancer remains a leading women's health concern. With Nigeria's limited healthcare financing and fragile health system, cervical cancer screening promotion is crucial. Community-based strategies should be utilized to promote screening, and medical outreaches organized to eliminate healthcare barriers. The government should increase funding for the health sector and provide more screening centers while empowering healthcare providers.

Investigating the impact of social media platforms use among children on formal and informal learning: From the uses and gratifications theory perspective

Social media has become one of the primary sources of communication, information, entertainment, and learning for users. Children gain several benefits as social media helps them acquire formal and informal learning opportunities. This research also examined the effect of social media on formal and informal learning among school-level children in Ajman, United Arab Emirates (UAE), moderated by social integrative and personal integrative needs. Data was gathered by using structured questionnaires, which were distributed among a sample of 364 children. Results revealed that social media significantly affects Informal and formal learning among children, indicating its usefulness in child education and development. The results also indicated a significant moderation of social integrative needs on social media’s direct effect on informal learning, indicating the relevant needs as an important motivating factor. However, the moderation of personal integrative needs on social media’s direct effect on formal learning remained insignificant. Overall, this research highlighted the role of social media in providing learning opportunities for children in the UAE. It is concluded that children actively seek gratifications from social media, shaping their learning within structured educational contexts in their daily lives. Through the lens of UGT, certain needs play a critical role in strengthening the gratification process, affecting how children derive learning advantages from their interactions on social media platforms. Finally, implications and limitations are discussed accordingly.

Parent-adolescent communication about COVID-19 safety precautions in Nigeria: A qualitative research

Parents remain the primary source of health information for adolescents but their discussions regarding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) safety precautions have not been systematically explored. This study aimed to qualitatively explore the communication between parents and children regarding COVID-19 safety measures. In-depth interviews with 25 parents from different communities in Enugu State, Nigeria, were conducted. The study revealed that parents obtained information about the severity of the virus and the preventive measures from the media. Then, they persuaded their children, sometimes through threat or force and religious allegories, to comply with the preventive measures. The discussions about safety measures between parents and their children proved to be effective since the parents reported that their children obeyed the rules following their communications. Parent-adolescent communication about COVID-19 also instilled the concept of practicing basic hygiene routines into the adolescents. The implications of the parent-adolescent communication for policy and research are discussed.

Potential and Limitations of ChatGPT 3.5 and 4.0 as a Source of COVID-19 Information: Comprehensive Comparative Analysis of Generative and Authoritative Information.

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has necessitated reliable and authoritative information for public guidance. The World Health Organization (WHO) has been a primary source of such information, disseminating it through a question and answer format on its official website. Concurrently, ChatGPT 3.5 and 4.0, a deep learning-based natural language generation system, has shown potential in generating diverse text types based on user input. This study evaluates the accuracy of COVID-19 information generated by ChatGPT 3.5 and 4.0, assessing its potential as a supplementary public information source during the pandemic. We extracted 487 COVID-19-related questions from the WHO's official website and used ChatGPT 3.5 and 4.0 to generate corresponding answers. These generated answers were then compared against the official WHO responses for evaluation. Two clinical experts scored the generated answers on a scale of 0-5 across 4 dimensions-accuracy, comprehensiveness, relevance, and clarity-with higher scores indicating better performance in each dimension. The WHO responses served as the reference for this assessment. Additionally, we used the BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) model to generate similarity scores (0-1) between the generated and official answers, providing a dual validation mechanism. The mean (SD) scores for ChatGPT 3.5-generated answers were 3.47 (0.725) for accuracy, 3.89 (0.719) for comprehensiveness, 4.09 (0.787) for relevance, and 3.49 (0.809) for clarity. For ChatGPT 4.0, the mean (SD) scores were 4.15 (0.780), 4.47 (0.641), 4.56 (0.600), and 4.09 (0.698), respectively. All differences were statistically significant (P<.001), with ChatGPT 4.0 outperforming ChatGPT 3.5. The BERT model verification showed mean (SD) similarity scores of 0.83 (0.07) for ChatGPT 3.5 and 0.85 (0.07) for ChatGPT 4.0 compared with the official WHO answers. ChatGPT 3.5 and 4.0 can generate accurate and relevant COVID-19 information to a certain extent. However, compared with official WHO responses, gaps and deficiencies exist. Thus, users of ChatGPT 3.5 and 4.0 should also reference other reliable information sources to mitigate potential misinformation risks. Notably, ChatGPT 4.0 outperformed ChatGPT 3.5 across all evaluated dimensions, a finding corroborated by BERT model validation.

Making sense of the exotic: the differing impact of travel reports in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century thought

ABSTRACT In his 1681 Discours sur l’histoire universelle, Bossuet declared that Christianity provided the organizing thread of history, and anything that was not guided by it was irrelevant. Nine years later, in Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding, travel reports provided the primary source of information, above all in their demonstration of the extent of moral diversity. During the Enlightenment, reports of thoroughly “alien” worlds, notably the New World and China, began to be treated as offering wholly unprecedented perspectives on the world and our place in it. The paper surveys how interpretation of the reports changed radically between their original appearance in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and when subjected to new templates of understanding in the Enlightenment.

Perception of Senior Citizens towards JeeuniBhag: A Study of Senior Citizens in Makawanpur District

Jeeunibhag is a share in the ancestral property conferred on the person for his/her maintenance, in lieu of the ancestral share. There is the existing practice of providing Jeeunibhag to senior citizens during property partition in Nepali society. This research tends to explore the understanding of the concept of JeeuniBhag among senior citizens, the existing practice system, and changes in the life of senior citizens due to Jeeunibhag. This research paper is prepared by following a descriptive research design among twenty participants in Makawanpur district of Nepal. This research used both primary and secondary sources of information and interviews were conducted of senior citizens and key informants using the qualitative method of data collection. While many factors determine aging care, Jeeunibhag is also found to be one of the dominant factors for senior citizens. Provision of Jeeunibhag were found to be empowering senior citizen providing social and financial security to them which could be used as a better negotiating instrument against family members to receive senior citizen care services. However, Jeeunibhag also brings several adverse effects in the lives of senior citizens as friction in family relationships, loneliness, and a decrease in freedom of decision-making. From this research, it is hoped that senior citizens, policy makers in local government, and future researchers will get a clear picture of JeeuniBhag in the context of Makawanpur district and preserves the best practice of Jeeunibhag to ensure better ageing care services for family and government level.