Primary Source Material Research Articles

Bloody Island Investigation

This article explores an educational unit, developed for the secondary classroom, that critically examines state-led military campaigns against California Indians. The unit, titled “Bloody Island Investigation,” scrutinizes the May 1850 massacre of Pomo Indians by U.S. Army soldiers at Clear Lake, California. Today known as the Bloody Island Massacre, this event exemplifies a pattern of indiscriminate civilian- and military-led violence against Indigenous peoples in the American conquest of California. Although this history is well known among scholars, the scholarship is absent from the California Department of Education’s content standards. The Bloody Island Investigation unit provides educators with models for including this history in middle- and high-school classrooms. The unit consists of a range of primary source materials, including U.S. Army orders and internal reports, newspaper articles, survivor recollections, and disconcertingly varied death-count estimates. By applying to primary sources the rigorous evaluative skills central to historical work, students can decide for themselves what happened at Bloody Island: massacre of innocents, military encounter between armed combatants, or something in between.

Wiley Digital Archives: Environmental Science and History

Wiley Digital Archives: Environmental Science and History covers material from the late eighteenth through the early twenty-first century that focuses on critical aspects of the impact of human activity on the natural world. It comprises several unique and rare archival collections from various global sources, including the Royal Botanical Gardens, UK National Archives, Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Centre for International Bioscience International (CABI), Royal Entomological Society, and Ecological Society of America.Upon completion, this archive will contain approximately one million images of primary source material featuring data-heavy collections on deforestation, agriculture, livestock, and fisheries (food production); ecology, botany, biodiversity, and extinction: insect science; and water sources, irrigation, wetlands, and hydrology. This collection is anticipated to be completed by the end of 2023.The database’s most significant achievement lies in the heft of the organization’s materials that form its foundation. However, there is room for improvement regarding its functionality related to its search capabilities. This resource would benefit undergraduate and graduate students, faculty, and professional researchers.

Investigating weathering signatures in terrestrial muds: Can climatic signatures be separated from provenance?

Siliciclastic muds (clay- and silt-sized sediment) concentrate physical and chemical weathering products. However, both rock composition and climate can affect the mineralogy and geochemistry of these sediments. We quantitatively assessed the influence of provenance and climate on muds collected from end-member climates to test, which, if any, of these potential weathering signatures are indicative of climate in fine-grained, fluvial sediments. Granulometry, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the studied muds indicated that provenance and mineral sorting hinder interpretation of (paleo)climate signals. These issues also affect chemical index of alteration (CIA) values, as well as mafic-felsic-weathering (MFW), Al2O3−(CaO* + Na2O)−K2O (A-CN-K), and Al2O3−(CaO* + Na2O + K2O)−(FeOT + MgO) (A-CNK-FM) ternary plots, decreasing their utility as paleoclimate proxies. CaO content is heavily weighted within the calculations, resulting in even felsic-sourced sediment commonly plotting as mafic owing to the relative enrichment in CaO from preferential sorting of Ca-rich minerals into the mud-sized fraction during transport. These results cast doubt on the indiscriminate use of CIA values and ternary plots for interpreting chemical weathering and paleoclimate within muds, particularly from glacial systems. Most notably, the positive correlations between CIA and climatic parameters (mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation) diminished when sediments that had formed in nonglacial settings were filtered out from the data sets. This implies that CIA may only be applicable when used in nonglacial systems in which the composition of the primary source material is well constrained—such as soil/paleosol profiles. Within this end-member climate data set, CIA was only useful in discriminating hot-humid climates.

Semantic Mapping of the Geologic Time Scale: A temporal reference

The Geologic Time Scale is an ordered hierarchical set of terms representing specific time intervals in Earth's history. The hierarchical structure is correlated to the geologic record and major geologic events in Earth’s history (Gradstein et al. 2020). In the absence of quantitative numeric age values from absolute dating methods, the relative time intervals in the geologic time scale provide us with the vocabulary needed for deciphering Earth’s history and chronological reconstruction. This temporal frame of reference is critical to establishing correlations between specimens and how they fit within the Earth’s 4.567 Ga (giga annum) history. Due to spatial and temporal variations in the stratigraphic record, the terminology used in conjunction with geologic time scales is largely inconsistent. For a detailed discussion regarding term use in geologic timescales, see Cohen et al. (2013). As a result, published values for geologic timescale terms are often ambiguous and highly variable, limiting interoperability and hindering temporal correlations among specimens. A solution is to map verbatim geologic timescale values to a controlled vocabulary, constructing a single temporal frame of reference. The harmonization process is governed by an established set of business rules that can ultimately become fully or partially automated. In this study, we examined the Global Biodiversity Information Facility’s (GBIF) published distinct verbatim values for Darwin Core terms in the GeologicalContext Class of Darwin Core to assess the the use of chronostratiphic terms, a process highlighted in Sahdev et al. (2017). Preservation of these verbatim values, the initial unmapped set of published values, is important. Many are derived directly from primary source material and possess special historical and regional significance. These include land mammal ages (e.g., Lindsay (2003)), biostratigraphic zones, regional terms, and terms with higher granularity than the International Commission of Stratigraphy’s (ICS) timescale allows (e.g., subages/substages). For the purposes of this study, we selected the 2023/6 version of the ICS chronostratigraphic timescale as the controlled vocabulary (Cohen et al. 2023). The ICS is the most widely adopted timescale, comprising the most generalized and universally applicable intervals of geologic time. After semantic analysis of the verbatim values (see Table 1 for comparative statistics), we established a comprehensive set of business rules to map to the ICS timescale controlled vocabulary. This process yielded a collection of documented procedures to transform the heterogeneous collection of published terms into a semantically consistent dataset. The end result is a single temporal frame of reference for published geologic and paleontological specimens through semantic mapping to improve the temporal correlations between geologic specimens globally through data interoperability. This talk will highlight the process of harmonizing a heterogeneous collection of published verbatim Geologic Time Scale values with an established controlled vocabulary through semantic mapping.

Transatlantic strategic convergence on China and the scramble for critical minerals

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the trend of transatlantic strategic convergence and policy coordination in response to Chinese trade practices and technological competition, specifically in the critical minerals sector. Design/methodology/approach The research draws on primary and secondary source material to identify evidence of and examine the drivers, manifestations and prospects for effective US-European efforts to advance the shared aim of reducing vulnerabilities in critical minerals supply chains. Findings The interests of the USA and Europe would be best served by prioritizing their own security, diversification and resilience strategies while seeking areas of common ground and constructive engagement with China. Research limitations/implications The research offers a fresh perspective on the growing alignment and persistent gaps in US and European perspectives on China’s rising influence and assertive behavior. Originality/value The research highlights the vital role of critical minerals in national security, economic competitiveness, technological advancement and sustainable resource management. It underscores the shared recognition on both sides of the Atlantic that securing a stable supply of critical minerals – essential for maintaining strategic capabilities, driving innovation and ensuring long-term economic prosperity – necessitates tighter transatlantic coordination as well as constructive engagement with China.

Documentary Poetry: A Study of Amiri Baraka's "Somebody Blew up America"

The modern age is prolific of literary movements and literarygenres. Documentary poetry, which can be considered a new genre,combines both primary source material, such as war, political events,terrorism, people in detention and many other events with poetry.Amiri Baraka is a contemporary American poet whose poem"Somebody Blew up America" belongs to this genre. It records theSeptember 11 blowing up of the Trade Centre from a perspectivedifferent from what the American propaganda and mass media tell theworld. The recent paper attempts to shed light on Amiri Baraka'sattitude towards this event, the reasons behind it, the real terroristsand the intentions behind this terrorist event according to this poem.The poet argues that the American government knew beforehand thatthe Trade Centre was going to be blown up and they took no action toprevent the catastrophe and, in this sense, they were partners in thecrime. Furthermore, he accuses the Americans of blowing up the tradecentre. The paper is divided into three sections and a conclusion.Section One is Introductory; it sheds light on documentary poetry, itscharacteristic features and practitioners. Section Two is a biographicalnote of Amiri Baraka paying special attention to his attitude toAmerican politics based on domination, persecution and genocide.Section Three gives a detailed analysis of "Somebody Blew upAmerica" as a documentary poem recording the September 11 blowingup of the Trade Centre with the aim of finding a pretext to invadeother countries. The paper concludes that this event happenedaccording to a well-made plan in cooperation with the Americangovernment and the CIA as partners.

Synthesis of 2D type A molecular sieves by alkaline removal of natural kaolin

Type A molecular sieves have been extensively employed in various fields. It is noteworthy that the direct synthesis of type A molecular sieves from natural kaolin is a common practice among researchers. Traditional type A molecular sieves are characterized by a three-dimensional cubic lattice structure. In this study, our objective is to facilitate the transformation of type A molecular sieves into a two-dimensional layered configuration by employing a two-dimensional layered material as a templating agent. In this research, natural kaolin serves as the primary source material. To eliminate impurities including quartz, illite, and dolomite, an alkali-based solvent extraction method is employed, yielding amorphous silicon and aluminum compounds. Subsequently, a graphene-based templating agent is introduced, and a hydrothermal synthesis process is employed to fabricate two-dimensional type A molecular sieves. The method described herein yields two-dimensional layered type A molecular sieves with a crystallinity exceeding 90%, thereby resulting in a specific surface area that is approximately 11-fold greater compared to their three-dimensional type A counterparts. The applicability of this methodology can be extended to the valorization of low-grade natural mineral resources, optimizing their utility. Furthermore, the approach presented herein for the synthesis of two-dimensional molecular sieves is of a universal nature, offering valuable insights that can serve as a reference for the synthesis of various other categories of two-dimensional molecular sieves.

Tracing Disabled Children’s Lives in 19th-Century Scotland through Public and Institutional Records

Records of asylums, schools, and benevolent organisations that intervened in the lives of disabled children in Scotland during the long nineteenth century have survived to varying degrees in public and institutional archives. This might suggest the existence of detailed primary source material that stands in contrast to the sparse data about those disabled children who ‘escaped’ the attention of organisations that aimed to support and direct their lives. However, the records of these formal organisations are inconsistent in what they reveal about the lives of the children under their patronage. This article explores the challenges presented by the records of three organisations, namely, the Scottish National Institution for the Education of Imbecile Children in Larbert, Edinburgh’s Gayfield Square blind school, and East Park Home for Aiding Infirm Children in the Maryhill district of Glasgow. Among the deficiencies of surviving institutional records are the frequent paucity of insights into the lives of their young residents. This article will consider how some of their life journeys can nonetheless be researched by marshalling data from the likes of mandatory registration records and decennial census enumerators’ books. In addition to benefits afforded to genealogists, such records provide historians with materials from which disabled lives can be reconstructed and analysed.

Cystersi z klasztorów skasowanych w 1819 r. w diecezji sandomierskiej. Studium biograficzno-prozopograficzne

The subject of the biographical and prosopographical analysis were the convents of three Cistercian monastery, in Koprzywnica, Sulejów and Wąchock, which during the dissolution in 1819 were within the borders of the Sandomierz diocese. The personal composition of the monasteries in the initial period of suppression consisted of a total of 55 monks. In the first stage of the research, a biographical index was prepared, which was used to analyze the social, national and territorial origins as well as the numerical and age structure of the discussed communities. The post-dissolution fate of the monks was also the subject of scientific reflection. The primary source material is comprised by general and personal files of the clergy, diocesan and monastic schematisms, as well as parish files and record books.

Istiḥsān Method and Its Relevance to Islamic Law Reform: Content Analysis of Fatwa of Majelis Ulama Indonesia on Corneal Transplant

The progress of science in the field of medicine has brought immense advantages to human existence. Nonetheless, these advancements have both positive and negative consequences for humanity. They also give rise to deliberation and disagreement, particularly concerning Islamic jurisprudence, as not all medical technological breakthroughs can be embraced without reservation in society. This study is a descriptive, analytic, and comparative literature review. The ushuliy approach is employed to examine the methodology utilized by the two organizations in determining their stance on human corneal transplants. The primary source material used in this research is the fatwa issued by Majelis Ulama Indonesia in 2009 regarding Corneal Transplants. The data for this research was collected through a documentation method, which involves gathering information from various articles and books. The collected data was then analyzed using content analysis, which involves a descriptive and scientific examination of the key messages. The findings of this study reveal that Majelis Ulama Indonesia holds the view that corneal transplants can be performed on individuals in need, with the intention of Tabarru' (acts of charity), if there are no alternative medical options available, based on the principle of Maslahah (benefit or public interest).

The Role of Mass Media in Crisis Management in Nigeria

The role played by the media in the resolution of conflicts and crises cannot be overemphasized. The media has been a vital channel for resolving crises in society. The media has been construed as a two-edged sword that can either instigate a crisis or provide an avenue for resolving it. In other words, the influence of the mass media can be both positive and/or negative, depending on the mode and direction of use. Apparently, media influence has increased tremendously in the last decades, but there is no agreement among scholars and researchers on the degree and tenacity of its influence in managing and resolving conflicts and crises in society. The media, by right and duty, must provide citizens with accurate, comprehensive, unbiased, and high-quality information on the causes, effects, and possible resolutions to avert a further deepening of the crisis, which could lead to the destruction of lives, properties, and the economy. Put differently, the media are always known to set agendas for the public to follow; they do this by raising salient and critical issues as they unfold in society and bringing them to the public. The media set an agenda of peace, love, unity, etc. In recent times, Plateau State, especially Jos, has been characterized by one form of crisis or another, which in turn leads to the loss of lives and properties. This research work therefore attempts to examine the relevant role played by the media in resolving the lingering crises in Northern states, particularly Plateau State. In addition, the research examines the way and manner in which the media have been used to manage the crises in Nigeria. The aim of this study is to analyse the role of the media in crisis management in Nigeria. The specific objectives were to establish the media accessibility level and the various types of media coverage; to establish the extent to which media escalated and/or de-escalated violence; and to determine how media could influence selected human factors towards crises. The research utilized both primary and secondary source materials. Other reference materials, such as newspapers, the internet, and journals, were used to gather information about the activities carried out by the media in times of crisis. The research concludes that the media have a crucial role to play in de-escalating crises.

루소의 자연주의 교육론 고찰

Objectives In this study, it was examined that Rousseau's natural education, which had a great influence on modern child education, was not an education cut off from society, but premised on educational principles for society, reason, and morality, which are the main pillars of civic education.
 Methods To this end, this thesis derives three concepts of nature by analyzing the primary source material, Rousseau's work, and secondary literature dealing with the interpretation of Rousseau's education. And based on the concept of nature, Rousseau's principles of nature education were analyzed.
 Results Through this, Rousseau was able to find not only the primitive primary nature as opposed to the artificial, but also the concept of a second nature as a normative principle that re-establishes society. Based on this, it is analyzed that Rousseau's nature education is acting as an educational principle for the formation of a new society with the connection with society in mind. Rousseau emphasized the role of the family as a mediator between the individual and society, and suggested a passive education that creates a respite space free from social customs and prejudices. Furthermore, Rousseau's nature education can be said to be an education that forms a second nature as an educational norm for a new future. In this regard, in order to form a natural person in society, we examined the need for education based on necessity, not excessive desire, and education based on things that can judge the value of things themselves.
 Conclusions Through the above contents, it was possible to examine that the nature education that Rousseau was trying to suggest does not consist in the formation of human beings cut off from society, but rather lies in the formation of human beings as moral beings that can contribute to the formation of a new society.

Editor’s Note

Editor’s Note

Reflections on digitising the tear sheets in the Walt Reed Illustration Archive

The D.B. Dowd Modern Graphic History Library is a repository of primary source materials that supports faculty scholarship and teaching in the field of visual culture. One of its cornerstone collections is the Walt Reed Illustration Archive, which consists of materials amassed at Illustration House, a business founded around collecting and selling key pieces of narrative art, in addition to related materials, of some of the most notable illustrators of the 20th century. The materials in this collection were used to create a publicly accessible digital collection of over 150,000 assets. Administrative metadata have been added to the collection, but work has been ongoing to enhance the descriptive metadata, which is crucial for research and discovery. Presently, only 30,000 records contain fully descriptive data. This paper discusses the challenges and successes of the project, as well as the innovative systems created to enhance image records and increase accessibility.

The Madagascar Youths: British Alliances and Military Expansion in the Indian Ocean Region by Gwyn Campbell

In 1974, Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam, the prime minister of independent Mauritius, observed that in the wake of the decolonization of East Africa and South and Southeast Asia, the Indian Ocean was “no longer a European lake.”1 This defiant observation, which he couched in the spirit of Afro-Asian solidarity that sought to dismantle the political and economic binds that the British Empire had established across the ocean, has been echoed repeatedly throughout the historiography of the Indian Ocean World. For example, in The Indian Ocean in World History, Alpers notes that the consolidation of British power in India, particularly in the wake of the 1857 mutiny, effectively transformed the Indian Ocean from an “Islamic Sea” into a “British Lake.”2Campbell’s The Madagascar Youths is an engaging and rigorous study of the making of this “British Lake”—the rise of British economic and political hegemony—from the viewpoint of the southwest Indian Ocean. With a tight focus on Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, the book revolves around the political relationship between Sir Robert Farquhar, the first governor of British Mauritius after the French ceding of the island, and King Radama I of the Imerina Kingdom of the central highlands of Madagascar. As part of the diplomatic rapprochement between the Imerina and the British, Radama and Farqhuar signed a treaty in 1820 that, among other things, allowed around 100 young Malagasy to travel throughout the British Empire in an effort to build closer ties between the two political entities. Readers learn that although the treaty between Radama and Farqhuar suggested a meeting of equals, it was always Farqhuar’s intention to use his governorship to transform Mauritius into a beachhead for British power in the Indian Ocean. Deeply researched and filled with extended excerpts of primary source material, the book follows the travels of these youth from the highlands of Madagascar to the streets of Port Louis and to the English countryside as British power grew.Campbell embeds the peregrinations of these youths within the political and economic circuits of a changing Indian Ocean: Some of the youths went to Mauritius and the United Kingdom to learn military discipline or naval strategy and others even to study music. More than a handful of them perished on their journeys; those who did return to Imerina often encountered a politically turbulent kingdom reckoning with British regional ascendancy. In fact, not long after the 1820 Imerina–British treaty was signed, Radama, recognizing the duplicity of British cultural diplomacy, began to restrict British penetration into Madagascar. Campbell explains, however, that Ranavalona I, Ramada’s successor, could not pursue autonomous economic modernization because the expertise that the “Madagascar Youth” had learned abroad was incongruous with fanompoana—a form of “obligatory service to the sovereign” that hindered the restructuring of labor necessary to drive industrial growth. The experience of the “youth,” however transformative for them, was not always well-received in Imerina.The Madagascar Youths adds to a body of work that disputes narratives of uncontested European political ascendancy in the southwest Indian Ocean by foregrounding the political work done by non-European actors. Although the book is a testament to Campbell’s research prowess and expansive knowledge, its analytical interventions are unstated, left for readers to deduce. In the opening chapter, “The Context,” Campbell suggests that the book’s contribution is purely additive. In his words, the story of the Madagascar youths is “an additional facet … that is almost completely absent from the historiography” (1).Regional specialists will surely see the place of this story within a historiography aimed at properly situating Madagascar within the field of Indian Ocean World studies. Curious readers from outside of this arena, however, may be left wondering about the book’s larger context. In addition to Larson’s work, which reconstructed the intellectual and cultural web of Madagascar and the Mascarenes, Hooper’s Feeding Globalization comes to mind as an example of work that explicitly aimed to place Madagascar “within an incipient world system” of “transoceanic trade networks.”3 The cosmopolitan experiences of the Madagascar youths, though lived after Hooper’s study, further illuminates the author’s conclusions. Such connections, however, are readers’ to make; Campbell does not venture into them.

Henry VIII and Martin Luther: The Second Controversy, 1525–1527 ed. by Richard Rex

Reviewed by: Henry VIII and Martin Luther: The Second Controversy, 1525–1527 ed. by Richard Rex Korey D. Maas Henry VIII and Martin Luther: The Second Controversy, 1525–1527. Edited by Richard Rex. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2021. xvi + 306 pp. The bad blood between Henry VIII and Martin Luther has long held a prominent place in narratives and interpretations of the early English Reformation. The King's 1521 salvo against Luther's Babylonian Captivity, rewarded with the ultimately ironic "Defender of the Faith" title, never goes without mention. Nor do the hard feelings resulting a decade later from Luther's refusal to endorse the dissolution of Henry's first marriage, and from the intransigence attending England's bid to enter the Schmalkaldic League. Less well-known is the subject of Richard Rex's latest volume, what he dubs the "second controversy" between Henry and Luther. That this conflict has received less sustained attention is largely understandable, as it revolved around only two relatively brief letters. Luther wrote privately to Henry, expressing his belief that the King was becoming favorable to the Wittenberg theology and hoping that the imprudence of his earlier invective might be forgiven. Henry then replied publicly, saying, in effect, "You're badly [End Page 246] misinformed about my inclinations toward your still damnably heretical doctrines—but I'm glad we now agree about the foolishness of your earlier writings." Although the brevity and straightforwardness of the exchange itself might not demand extended scholarly analysis, Rex emphasizes that it quickly (if briefly) became an international affair, with more than a dozen editions of the two letters being published almost immediately across continental Europe. He highlights especially "the level of attention it attracted from leading Catholic scholars in Europe" (40), who "gave it all the publicity they could" (x), and who leveraged the opportunity to heap "praise on the king and scorn on Luther" (23). In addition to the texts of the original letters, the bulk of the volume is given over to transcriptions, translations, and annotations of the various pamphlets, letters, and prefaces produced in the months after the initial correspondence was made public. As such, it makes readily accessible to scholars a valuable cache of primary source material. The author's own 54-page introductory essay sheds further light on some important contextual questions. Perhaps the most obvious and baffling of these: What possible reason could Luther have had for suspecting a royal change of heart? Rex rightly notes that all objective indicators militated against that supposition, and that the most frequent explanation—that Luther had been misled by the exiled Christian II of Denmark—is unsupported by any extant evidence. Intriguingly, though, especially in light of long-running debates about who might have helped draft the King's contribution to the "first controversy" of 1521 (which the introduction illuminates), the author points to evidence indicative of Thomas More having a hand in Henry's 1526 reply to Luther. Similarly relevant to the earlier controversy, Rex deftly demolishes the "abiding myth" (2) that Henry was already at work on anti-Lutheran polemic as early as 1518. One significant question is unfortunately left unaddressed. While emphasizing that the attention given the correspondence by Catholic polemicists is one of the "remarkable features" (40) of the exchange, the author nowhere indicates—aside from the inclusion of one further contribution by Luther himself—whether the exchange [End Page 247] provoked any similarly polemical reactions from European Protestants. If it elicited only silence that is surely worth highlighting, if only because it further bolsters the implicit thesis that Luther's original missive constituted an unforced error and handed his detractors an embarrassingly lopsided rhetorical triumph. If, on the other hand, Protestants did weigh in against the King's letter, those interventions, too, surely deserve some attention. [End Page 248] Korey D. Maas Hillsdale College Hillsdale, Michigan Copyright © 2023 Johns Hopkins University Press and Lutheran Quarterly, Inc.

Review: Revisiting Visionary Utopia: Katherine Tingley’s Lomaland, 1897–1942, by Kenneth R. Small

Book Review| May 01 2023 Review: Revisiting Visionary Utopia: Katherine Tingley’s Lomaland, 1897–1942, by Kenneth R. Small Revisiting Visionary Utopia: Katherine Tingley’s Lomaland, 1897–1942. By Kenneth R. Small. Theosophical History Occasional Papers, Volume XV, 2022. 257 pages. $30.00 softcover. W. Michael Ashcraft W. Michael Ashcraft Truman State University Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Nova Religio (2023) 26 (4): 128–130. https://doi.org/10.1525/nr.2023.26.4.128 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation W. Michael Ashcraft; Review: Revisiting Visionary Utopia: Katherine Tingley’s Lomaland, 1897–1942, by Kenneth R. Small. Nova Religio 1 May 2023; 26 (4): 128–130. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/nr.2023.26.4.128 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentNova Religio Search This volume would not exist without the diligence of Kenneth R. Small, who saved items that his parents, W. Emmett and Carmen Fick Small, collected during the many years that they were residents of the Theosophical community called Lomaland and, later on, as former members of that community. Some of the primary source materials published in Revisiting Visionary Utopia were on display for four years in an exhibit at San Diego State University that Small co-curated with SDSU archivist Robert C. Ray. The presentation contained art works and three-dimensional objects as well as documents, photographs, and other ephemera. In conjunction with this exhibit, Small collaborated with Ray and worked with Theosophical History editor James A. Santucci to create the book under review, an occasional paper that contains a wealth of materials relevant to the history of the Lomaland community. By way of background, Katherine Tingley (1847–1929), a social reformer, became... You do not currently have access to this content.

Voices from Beyond: Physiology, Sentience, and the Uncanny in Eighteenth-Century French Literature by Scott M. Sanders

Reviewed by: Voices from Beyond: Physiology, Sentience, and the Uncanny in Eighteenth-Century French Literature by Scott M. Sanders Logan J. Connors Sanders, Scott M. Voices from Beyond: Physiology, Sentience, and the Uncanny in Eighteenth-Century French Literature. UP of Virginia, 2022. ISBN 978-0-813-94733-4. Pp. 236. In this book, Scott Sanders shows that the material, embodied voice (vocal folds, fibers, tissue, etc.) played an important role in eighteenth-century theories of human sound and its emotional qualities. At first glance, this goal seems modest, but Sanders' book is also a study of how the voice and its mechanisms informed core Enlightenment debates on sensibility, sentience, identity, Cartesianism, vitalism, and more. At the crux of Sanders' study is the tripartite notion of the "sentimental voice," the "vitalist voice," and the "uncanny voice"—all three of which show in different ways that eighteenth-century authors "represented the voice as both a physiological organ and a sound" (180). Sentimental voices (chapters 1 and 2) were windows into a person's character or, as Sanders writes in an analysis of Rousseau's novels and polemics, "organs through which it was possible to modify and improve a person's mental and emotional well-being" (169). Vitalist voices, which were also linked to the body of the speaker or singer, developed "out of a physiological model" where organs, connective tissue, and other material sources interact with each other to produce sound (107). Sanders describes vitalist voices (mostly in chapters 3 and 4) in Diderot's scientific translations, novels, and philosophical dialogues. Sanders situates Diderot's Le neveu de Rameau at the heart of eighteenth-century physiological debates. Sanders shows that understanding the "diaphragmatic" voice—an internal organ in a constellation of physical systems and intellectual faculties—is key to comprehending Enlightenment models of mind-body interaction. Lastly, the uncanny voice, discussed in chapter five, differs from the sentimental and the vitalist voices in that it "does not serve as a guarantor of the speaker's physiological temperament." Instead, uncanniness separates voice from the "physiological truth" of the speaker or singer (139). Sanders' discussion of the uncanny voice is contextualized by a clever reading of Jacques Cazotte's Le diable amoureux—a supernatural novel and attack against philosophe positions on sensibility, rationality, and identification. Sanders tackles challenging primary source materials, including eighteenth-century scientific discoveries about which, perhaps, most students of the period's literature and music know little. A less elegant writer would lose readers in discussions about vocal fold anatomy or the differences between "iatromechanical and vitalist approaches to sentience" (90). But Sanders' prose is jargon-free, light, and fluid. Like the encyclopédistes in his study, Sanders uses literature, music, and art to describe difficult physiological and epistemological concepts to a more general readership. Voices from Beyond is a breathtakingly thorough but readable account of voice in eighteenth-century French literature and thought. More than that, it proves that adopting new perspectives and approaches, notably voice studies, can revive seminal French literary texts as well as more obscure examples of the Enlightenment and its critique. [End Page 200] Logan J. Connors University of Miami (FL) Copyright © 2023 American Association of Teachers of French

UNcovering Stories of Displacement and Hope

Written by Begoña Echeverria and directed by Annika Speer, Picasso Presents Gernika explores the child refugee crisis resulting from Hitler’s 1937 bombing of the Basque town Gernika and Picasso’s artistic response, Guernica. The script weaves primary source material and documentation with imaginative fiction to consider the connections between war, art and human suffering. This article discusses our effort to bring more attention to the saga of the Basque children through theatre and to draw parallels between their plight and the circumstances of refugees world-wide. We relay the stories and emotional reactions that arose in response to our staged reading, Picasso Presents Gernika, at United Nations Headquarters in New York City on 20 June 2022, for World Refugee Day. Our event centred voices from and images of those most vulnerable and most often ignored in official accounts of war and displacement: children and women. The staged reading at the United Nations occurred four months into the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Given the crises in Ukraine, Afghanistan, Yemen and Syria and the ongoing family separations on the US–Mexico border, the staged reading accompanied by remarks from representatives of United Nations High Commission for Refugees sought to highlight the political immediacy of the issues of invasion and displacement as well as the power of theatre to contribute empathically to the discourse.

HF02-14 HERNIAS, HEALING, HAGIOGRAPHY: AN ANALYSIS OF ST. ARTEMIOS AND BYZANTINE INCUBATION RITUALS

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023HF02-14 HERNIAS, HEALING, HAGIOGRAPHY: AN ANALYSIS OF ST. ARTEMIOS AND BYZANTINE INCUBATION RITUALS Jonathan Xu, James Trussler, and Octavia Devon Jonathan XuJonathan Xu More articles by this author , James TrusslerJames Trussler More articles by this author , and Octavia DevonOctavia Devon More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003242.14AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: A Roman general and imperial prefect of Roman Egypt during the reign of Constantius II, Artemios of Antioch may be better known for his martyrdom under Julian the Apostate and his subsequent canonization. Based on a seventh century account of healing miracles attributed to him, St. Artemios plays an important role in Byzantine Christian incubation rituals and is still invoked in the Orthodox Church by those suffering from hernias. Given that many of these accounts concern genital maladies, we aim to further explore the circumstances surrounding the treatment of these ailments as well as the relationship of medicine and faith during that time. METHODS: An initial Google search was conducted to identify existing digital and written source material regarding St. Artemios. Hagiographical primary source material from the Miracles of St. Artemios was used to compile a database of each miraculous encounter, including demographic information regarding the afflicted person(s), their respective complaint, the medium in which the saint was manifested, and his prescribed treatment. RESULTS: 41 out of 45 healing encounters (91%) involved a urologic issue, from inguinal hernias and testicular pain to penile sores. From those 41 encounters, 97% of afflicted persons were male, with ages ranging from neonatal to 70 years old. The most common manifestation of St. Artemios was in a dream to the infirm or their loved one (78%), either disguised or as himself. In six encounters, St. Artemios appears in a dream or as a physical apparition in the guise of a physician. Treatments of genital maladies included medical interventions (hernia reduction, incision and drainage) and nonmedical interventions (votive offering, making a sign of the cross). All examples of healing either took place within the Church of St. John the Baptist in Oxeia or when the supplicant was en route to aforementioned place. Several encounters tell of the infirm seeking St. Artemios after failing medical treatment, with miracles 24-31 specifically containing invectives against doctors and surgeons in favor of faith-based healing. CONCLUSIONS: While the healing encounters of St. Artemios have certainly given him the reputation as the patron saint of genital and testicular maladies, they also illustrate the importance of the saint’s respective church for Christian incubation and the complex relationship between Hippocratic medicine and faith-based healing in medieval Byzantium. Source of Funding: None © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e255 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Jonathan Xu More articles by this author James Trussler More articles by this author Octavia Devon More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...