Primary Source Material Research Articles

Greenwashing by the fossil fuel industry: impediments to SDGs

Abstract The fossil fuel industry, a major commercial determinant of public and environmental health, constitutes a central challenge to the achievement of the SDGs. Motivated by profit, the industry has contributed to establishing the current global reliance on fossil fuel as the primary energy source and essential raw material in global production. Major oil companies have purposefully hindered the research and transition towards renewable energy. This was achieved through an intricate web of interference and mechanisms that fall under the corporate playbook, such as political interference through lobbying to stagnate carbon emission reduction, influences on carbon pricing policies, and hinderances to environmental protection legislation. These practices known as ‘greenwashing’ have resulted in misinformation, interfered with climate action in an aim to increase demand for their products, to decrease the pressure from society on the industry, and portray a green image to consumers. Using the commercial determinants of health framework and focusing on the Middle East, this presentation will illustrate how fossil fuel companies falsely advertise their products as environmentally friendly, resulting in environmental degradation, and impede the achievement of most SDGs, especially SDG 3 (good health and wellbeing), SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy), and SDG 13 (climate action).

Frequency Conditions in the Description of Historical Phonological Dialectal Differences

Abstract The primary and direct source material for describing phonological dialectal differences is represented by linguistic data found in charters. The source value of the data in particular charters for historical linguistics, however, may vary greatly. This is especially true for the earliest attested era, the early Old Hungarian period, which lasted from 895 to 1350. My study deals with the usability of linguistic records of the early Old Hungarian period. In this period the data found in charters are mainly proper names: place names and personal names, accordingly my examples are also of this category.

History in context: teaching the history of dentistry with rare materials.

History and health humanities instruction offers a framework for professional students to examine the arc and development of their profession as well as develop cultural competencies. Exploring ideas, themes, and health care practices and approaches through historical instruction can show students how culture influences health care and practice, therefore providing a context for further development of cultural competence skills. This case report describes a collaboration among a dentistry course instructor, a liaison librarian, and curators of a rare book collection. Working together, this team offers an active learning class that examines the historical arc of the dental profession. We aim to have students use primary source materials to examine the experiences, research, and narratives of their profession. Using a World Cafe with thematic tables allows students to safely examine rare materials and artifacts and have meaningful conversations about themes that are critical to dentistry's past, present, and future. Students reported that engaging with artifacts and historical materials provided a different way to understand history and enhanced their learning experience. Engaging students in this work builds critical thinking skills that are essential to evidence-based practice.

Why Us Too? Japanese Views of Immigration and Racial Exclusion in Australia

This article examines the Japanese-Australian debates over immigration and racial exclusion over the course of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. By examining the development of collective national identity in Japan and by drawing on archival materials in Japan and Australia, including official correspondence between the two countries and policy-related primary source materials such as internal government correspondence and parliamentary debates, it shows how the local discourse on national identity in both Japan and Australia was an important factor in what would be Japan’s heated response to the issue of Japanese exclusion under the auspices of White Australia.

German-Jewish Resistance and Gestapo Research

Abstract It was just four days after the botched, amateurish and poorly executed sabotage attack on the anti-Soviet and anti-Semitic ‘Soviet Paradise’ mass exhibition in Berlin's Lustgarten (18 May 1942) that the Gestapo began arresting members of the Herbert Baum group. Resistance historiography has basically ignored the important role that resistance-Gestapo interaction has played within Nazi Germany. This article uses Robert Gellately's important 1991 essay as a starting point in order to begin correcting that omission. Post-war interrogation reports and other primary source material on leading Gestapo figures provide insights into Gestapo interactions with and attitudes towards the German resistance. Primary sources are interpreted in order to recreate an interrogation session at the hands of the Gestapo. Torture methods used by the Gestapo on Baum group members are discussed.

The Wilson government, the rise of nationalism and the road to the royal commission on the constitution, 1966-1968

ABSTRACT The Royal Commission on the Constitution was a rare moment when the UK’s territorial governance was considered as a whole. Established as a response to the rise in electoral support for the SNP and Plaid Cymru in the mid to the late 1960s, the Commission was seen by some at the time and others since of being a cynical attempt to kick the constitutional ‘can down the road’. This article is not an analysis of the Royal Commission’s findings, rather it offers an examination of why it came to be established. Drawing on an extensive range of primary and secondary source materials, including Cabinet papers and ministerial correspondence, this paper provides a detailed assessment of the months of debates and deliberations, which preceded the decision to establish a Royal Commission on the Constitution. The by-election successes and unnerving near-misses for Scottish and Welsh nationalist parties at by elections between 1966 and 1968 created a sense within the Cabinet that the Government needed to have a clear response to the electorate. That this response was a Commission only followed an intense process of debate and deliberation within Government that failed to produce a broadly acceptable alternative.

A historical and geometrical analysis of the Sansalvador villa by SfM-MVS photogrammetry

Delving into the essence of the Sansalvador villa requires a meticulous juxtaposition of its original architectural blueprints with a newly formulated planimetry. Conceived by Josep Maria Jujol, this architectural work in Barcelona serves as a prime example to explore his conceptual framework. Its unfinished state, scarcity of planimetric archives of the construction process, and the amalgamation of modernist and organic architectural forms and styles, give this project a distinctive character, exemplifying the architect's singular way of working. This paper undertakes a comprehensive examination of its historical evolution and conceptualization through an exhaustive analysis of primary source materials alongside the realization of a new detailed photogrammetric survey of the existing construction. By overlaying the emergent planimetry, derived from precise point cloud data collected on-site, onto the original hand-drawings, this meticulous comparative analysis unveils nuanced insights into the project's fundamental principles and the evolutionary trajectory of Jujol within the context of Catalan architectural discourse.

Resolving the Location and Magnitude of the 1918 Queensland (Bundaberg), Australia, Earthquake

ABSTRACT Eastern Queensland (Australia) was struck by a major earthquake at ≈04:14 a.m. local time on 7 June 1918. Most previous studies have suggested that the epicenter of this earthquake lies off the coast of Bundaberg, between the port cities of Gladstone and Rockhampton. This epicentral location was based upon instrumental observations from the Riverview College observatory in Sydney. However, this epicenter lies ≈250 km to the northeast of an inland region that experienced both the strongest shaking effects and numerous felt aftershocks. We revisited available macroseismic data from 224 geographic locations and surviving instrumental observations for the 1918 Queensland earthquake to show that the most likely epicentral location was inland at ≈24.93° S and ≈150.88° E in the Banana Shire and North Burnett region. The re-estimated instrumental magnitude of Mw 6.0 ± 0.3 (1σ) makes it one of the largest onshore earthquakes in eastern Australia in the past century. Our observations also offer support for a viewpoint proposed in 1935 by an eminent Queensland geologist, Walter Heywood Bryan, that the 1918 earthquake was inland. Our study highlights the benefit of the critical evaluation of primary source materials, both archival and seismological, to study historical earthquakes in Australia that are relevant for modern seismic hazard analysis.

Sure as the sunrise: insights into the material culture of Albion Motors from Glasgow Life’s museums and archives collection

ABSTRACT Albion Motors Ltd was a large company based in Scotstoun, Glasgow, employing thousands over its nine-decades existence. Much is known about its manufacturing output of cars, lorries, and buses, so the purpose of this research was to investigate Albion-related archive material held by Glasgow Life and consider this within a social historic context. The paper is replete with evidence of the human experience of the company, obtained through various research methods including scrutiny of primary source material, site visits, and unstructured in-person and telephone interviews. Whilst containing some inconclusive elements, the personal testimony of one former employee, which so effectively brought the past to life, was a poignant reminder to continue this research. Thankfully, the local community centre in Scotstoun had a similar idea, to host an open day for former staff to share memories of working for Albion – proving there are many anecdotes yet to document.

Historical perspective on the artificial urinary sphincter

ABSTRACT Urinary incontinence imposes significant social and psychological distress. The artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) is the most effective device presently available for treating severe stress urinary incontinence (SUI). The principal reason for AUS placement worldwide is to correct postprostatectomy urinary incontinence in males. The concept of an implantable prosthetic device to address SUI dates back to the 1940s. The history of AUS development is marked by trial and error in an era of more permissible latitude for experimentation. Numerous technological innovations, modifications, setbacks, and lucky happenstance paved the path for the emergence of the current Boston Scientific American Medical Systems (AMS) AUS 800 device we use today. This review article emerges from a systematic examination of archival repositories, scholarly databases, primary source materials, and subsequent qualitative assessments, with the aim of delving into the techno-historical evolution of the AUS.

The Opera that Never was: Dylan Thomas and Igor Stravinsky’s Projected Collaboration

In 1953 there was a projected collaboration between Dylan Thomas and Igor Stravinsky: an opera whose libretto was to be written by the poet and set to music by the composer. Unfortunately, due to Thomas’s death that same year, this plan never materialised. The aim of this article is to offer a detailed exploration of the context within which this project originated and what it entailed for the poet, especially in relation to the direction where Thomas’s work was taking him before his death. The opera with Stravinsky could have been the culmination of the poet’s work inasmuch as it brought together his love of sound, rhythm and music, the horror of the war, his fascination with language and the near-extinction of human life. Moreover, the artists were able to exchange a series of letters before Thomas’s death. The second contribution of our article is the publication of Stravinsky’s letters to Thomas, which have not been previously published. Whilst the narrative of their encounters and relationship has been shaped in certain ways by different writers, a close examination of the primary source materials—the accounts of friends, the content of the letters and the circumstances in which they were written help shed light on this highly promising, but uncompleted, project.

Who is to put the bell on the cat? Democracy, dictatorship, and James M. Buchanan's early 1980s involvement with Pinochet's Chile

AbstractAlthough Milton Friedman's mid‐1970s involvement with Pinochet's Chile has generated much controversy, the claim that James M. Buchanan was similarly eager to provide Pinochet's military dictatorship with early 1980s policy advice is increasingly reported as an established fact in the vast scholarly literature on neoliberalism. This article invokes a wealth of previously ignored primary source material that sheds significant new light on Buchanan's early 1980s involvement with Chile. In particular, we evaluate whether Buchanan's May 1980 visit to Chile was an integral part of the Pinochet junta's late 1970s and early 1980s efforts to draft a new constitution. Similarly, we evaluate whether Buchanan's ideas had any significant influence on the views of Pedro Ibáñez and Carlos Cáceres (the most anti‐democratic members of Pinochet's Council of State and the primary hosts of Buchanan's May 1980 visit to Chile). Finally, we shed important new light on Buchanan's participation in the highly controversial late 1981 Mont Pèlerin Society meeting in Chile.

Montgomery Ward's Export Department: international orders and mail-order consumers in Latin America, 1890-1930

New primary source material documents the expansion of Montgomery Ward’s mail order through their export department to Latin American consumers from the end of the Spanish American War in 1898 to ca.1930, and the formative period of export advertising and mail order marketing for the first time. Chicago was the center of mail order and ready-made clothing; women’s ready-made suits provide a case study of merchandise. A Chicago clothier requested a U.S. State Department inquiry to study the viability of introducing American ready-made clothing in Latin America in 1899. This Government study provides significant details about ready-made clothing in Latin America previously unknown to scholars. U.S. mail order required international parcel post for growth, and a Ward employee championed its passage in 1919. New primary sources have been contextualized within the frameworks of business, advertising, postal, and dress history and political economy. Advances in export advertising led to growth, which has been traced using statistics from trade journals and an internal document about the history of the export department. The essay ends by examining the names and addresses of Latin American consumers from extant Montgomery Ward return envelopes that have been digitally mapped and interpreted. Latin American consumption theory will be examined apropos of consumers and the meaning of mail order goods.

Exploring the Representation of Schizophrenia in the Main Character of the Black Swan Script

This study explores the portrayal of mental illness, particularly paranoid schizophrenia, in the film script “Black Swan.” Library research method is adopted for this study. The primary source material is the “Black Swan” script, and the secondary sources include theoretical reference books that provide supporting evidence for the analysis. Utilizing a psychological approach, the analysis explores the character of Nina Sayers and her descent into a mental breakdown. The paper examines how the script depicts symptoms of schizophrenia, including hallucinations, delusions, and emotional instability. Additionally, the analysis investigates potential contributing factors such as neuropsychological vulnerabilities, immense pressure from ballet world, and a strained family dynamic. The Black Swan script serves as a valuable case study for understanding the complex interplay between internal and external forces that can trigger a mental illness. By examining Nina’s character, the study shed light on the challenges faced by individuals with schizophrenia and the importance of recognizing the diverse range of symptoms with the disorder.

Mix design of FA-GGBS based lightweight geopolymer concrete incorporating sintered fly ash aggregate as coarse aggregate

Geopolymer concrete (GPC) is emerging as a sustainable alternative to conventional Portland cement-based concrete due to its significantly reduced carbon footprint and enhanced durability. To mitigate the environmental hazard posed by the disposal of fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) waste and reduce cement consumption, effective promotion of the geopolymerization technique is necessary. Incorporating sintered fly ash coarse aggregate (SFA) in GPC makes the concrete light in weight. This study involves the synthesis of geopolymer technology using FA and GGBS, as the primary source material. Due to the lack of an appropriate mix design method for using SFA in GPC, their application as a structural concrete is scanty. By using FA and GGBS with 100% SFA, a novel mix design methodology that offers greater simplicity and consistency is established in the present study. The proposed method is further verified by developing different concretes with alkali content to binder (AC/B) ratios ranging from 0.3 to 0.8. Fresh densities range between 1860 and 1930 kg/m3 and maximum compressive strength of nearly 50 MPa was attained after 28 days of ambient curing. The binder penetration and internal curing in SFA indicate that GGBS and FA have a superior synergistic effect on the efficacy of lightweight GPC using SFA.

“Scholars in Great Need:” Responses to Refugee Staff and Students at the University of Birmingham 1933–1945

ABSTRACT This article examines the ways in which the University of Birmingham assisted refugee academics and students from Nazi Germany and other Nazi occupied countries across Europe between 1933 and 1945. It draws on the university’s rich but underused archives to explore institutional policy and to assess the influence of individual staff members in driving it. As a case study it examines and evaluates the role played by a British provincial university in supporting displaced academics before the Second World War and refugee students during the war. Analysis of the primary source material reveals the importance of personal connections and the agency of individual university staff in helping refugees. This study aids our understanding of the roles played by British universities in helping displaced scholars and identifies areas for further research.

A Grand Jury Exhortation

Abstract This essay brings to light a rare feature of the Stewart legal system. Grand jury charges remain understudied, partly for want of primary source materials. The brief historical and biographical sketches of the essay are appended by a unique and relevant artifact of the time: a preamble or exhortation to a grand jury charge, ostensibly delivered by a Justice of the King's Bench, John Dodderidge.

Exogenous Carbon is Unlikely to be the Source of Methane Microseepage Emissions on Mars

A complete understanding of methane in the atmosphere of Mars requires information on putative sources. Organic carbon derived from meteoritic sources, such as interplanetary dust particles (IDPs), over geologic time is the best-defined source of organic carbon on the surface of Mars. Here we examine two different mechanisms for degrading this material to produce methane (1) Ultraviolet photolysis and (2) thermal decomposition. Neither of these mechanisms can produce sufficient methane under realistic assumptions to explain observed methane at Gale Crater, suggesting that IDPs are not the primary source material producing methane on Mars.

An axis, not a line of division: Cooperative planning and development on the U.S.-Mexico border, 1960s

The article looks at the conversations and ideas exchanged between US and Mexican architects and planners in the early 1960s and their vision of redesigning the borderlands. Through a reading of Robert Evans Alexander's archival material (donated to Cornell University) and primary source material written by Guillermo Rossell, I argue that broader ideas of spatial justice influenced their conceptions of design. Moreover, Rossell brought to the table the idea that the border was a region and thus required a binational, regional design. The binational commission on planning developed in the midst of the Cold War and this was an element in their minds. And a part of this conversation, especially on the part of Mexican architects and planners, was development. Yet it was development through tourism, not industry. The article should be of interest to scholars working on the border, architecture and planning, development, tourism, and collaborative planning.

IMPLEMENTASI METODE KETELADANAN RASULULLAH DALAM KURIKULUM PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM TELAAH PEMIKIRAN ABDUL FATTAH ABU GHUDDAH

This research delves into the implementation of the method of emulating Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) within the Islamic religious education curriculum using a literature-based approach. The book "Rasulullah Sang Guru" authored by Abdul Fattah Abu Ghuddah serves as the primary source material for this study. The primary objective of the research is to evaluate the relevance of employing the method of emulating the Prophet in the context of Islamic religious education in Indonesia. The research findings indicate that although the method of emulating the Prophet is not fully integrated into classroom instruction, Islamic religious education instructors consistently demonstrate these principles in their daily lives outside the classroom, such as adhering to Islamic dress codes and exhibiting religious behavior. The implication of this research emphasizes the importance of developing Islamic religious education curricula that place a stronger emphasis on the practical application of the Prophet's method of emulation. Collaboration among academics, practitioners, and policymakers is required to develop curricula that are more effective and relevant. This research underscores that the method of emulating Prophet Muhammad holds significant value in Islamic education. The use of "Rasulullah Sang Guru" provides a deeper understanding of the method of emulating Prophet Muhammad.