Primary School Graduates Research Articles

Determination of Attitudes Towards COVID-19 Vaccine and Affecting Factors of Individuals Applying to the Family Health Center

Objective: This research was carried out to determine the attitudes of individuals who applied to primary care during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the factors affecting the COVID-19 vaccine.
 Methods: The descriptive study was conducted with individuals (n=190) who applied to five family health centers in Erzincan city center between March-June 2021. The data were collected using the "Personal Information Form" and the "Scale of Attitudes towards the COVID-19 Vaccine" by paying attention to the pandemic rules by face-to-face interview method. 
 Results: It was determined that 75.3% of the individuals were women, 41.1% were primary school graduates, 59.5% lived in a nuclear family and 74.2% had no chronic disease. Individuals Attitudes Towards COVID-19 Vaccine Scale mean score was 3.26±0.78 out of 5, positive attitude sub-dimension mean score was 3.32±0.99, and negative attitude sub-dimension mean score was 3.21±0.71. There is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the Attitudes Towards COVID-19 Vaccine Scale and the status of individuals thinking that COVID-19 vaccine is necessary for public health, worrying about getting COVID-19 infection, having COVID-19 vaccine, and following information about COVID-19 vaccine.
 Conclusions: It was determined that the attitudes of these individuals towards the COVID-19 vaccine were at a positive level. The reasons for participants' concerns about the COVID-19 vaccine are fear of side effects of the vaccine and the production of the vaccine in a very short period of time.

Relationship between Health Literacy and Quality of Life in the Elderly

Objective: This study was planned to determine the relationship between health literacy and quality of life in the elderly. Methods: The study population elderly aged 65 years and over admitted to the registered to family health centers affiliated to Erzurum Provincial Health Directorate center between May 2019 and June 2019. The sample of the study consisted of 253 elderly individuals. The study was completed with 204 individuals who admitted to the family health center at the specified dates and agreed to participate in the study. In the data collection, Quality of Life in Elderly Scale and Health Literacy Scale, and Sociodemographic Questionnaire, which was developed by the researcher, were used. Data were analyzed with arithmetic mean, standard deviation, independent groups t-test, ANOVA, Welch ANOVA, Bonferroni and the correlation tests. Results: It was determined that 59.3% of the elderly who participated in the research were male, 61.3% were primary school graduates, 66.7% were individuals who did not read, and 54.9% described their health status as good. The mean Quality of Life in the Elderly Scale score was 20.73±9.51, and the Health Literacy Scale mean score was 46.90±9.21. In the correlation analysis between health literacy and quality of life scales in the elderly, a positive correlation was found. Conclusion: The level of health literacy in the elderly was found to be moderate and the quality of life was below average, and it was concluded the increase of health literacy in the elderly can be effective on their quality of life.

Analysis of the Epidemiological Features and Treatment Results of Burn Injuries in a Burn Center in Turkey.

The aim of the study was to reveal the epidemiological characteristics and clinical course of burn patients who were hospitalized in our burn center between 2015 and 2020 and to compare the results between nationalities. The data were retrospectively evaluated in terms of age, gender, time of admission, the total body surface area burned, the degree of burn, the accident location, the presence of wound infection, surgical intervention, length of hospital stay, mortality, educational status of the parents, and nationality; 59.8% of 1496 cases were male, mean age was 40.38 months. The most common age range was 0-2 years. 78.4% were admitted within the first 24 hours; 50.5% of the admissions were from İzmir and its districts. Burn trauma most commonly occurred indoors in all age groups. The most common cause was scalding. Isolation of microorganism in wound cultures was most commonly detected in second degree burns. The most common infection agent was Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The surgical intervention rate was 19%. The mean length of hospitalization was 14.46 ± 12.17 days. Total burned surface, hospitalization time, the infection, and mortality rate were higher in patients who underwent surgical intervention. Parents were mostly primary school graduates. 11.6% of the patients were of foreign nationality. No significant difference was found in the analyzed parameters between nationalities. In conclusion; burn trauma is most commonly seen in the 0-2 age group, regardless of parental education levels. Therefore, it is of great importance to provide training on burns to families and those responsible for the care of children.

Does surgery cause anxiety, stress and fear in geriatric patients?

Because of physiological changes in geriatric patients, their surgical process differs from that of young adults. In this regard, the perioperative period is an extremely risky time for geriatric patients. The present study examined preoperative fear, anxiety, and perceived stress levels as well as the factors affecting them in elderly patients prior to surgical intervention. This study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive design. The study sample consisted of geriatric patients (n = 407) scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a research and training hospital in northeast Turkey. Data were collected by the researchers using the personal information form, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Surgical Fear Questionnaire (SFQ) and Anxiety Specific to Surgery Questionnaire (ASSQ). In the data analysis, descriptive statistics, the t-test in independent groups, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation analysis and Bonferroni tests for post hoc analyses were used. On the PSS-10, the mean score was higher for the 75-and-older age group, single patients, patients with a disease requiring medication, and those who had previously undergone surgery (P < 0.05). On the ASSQ, the mean score was lower for patients aged 65-69, university graduates, patients without children, and those without a disease requiring medication (P < 0.05). On the SFQ, the mean score was higher for the 75-and-older age group, primary school graduates, and single patients (P < 0.05). It was determined that being single, having a chronic disability, and advancing age had an effect on the patients' surgery-specific anxiety, perceived stress, and fear of surgery. Long-standing chronic diseases can negatively affect both stress and anxiety levels of individuals.

Bebeği Yenidoğan Ünitesinde Yatan Annelerin Algıladıkları Stres, Emzirme Motivasyonu ve Emzirme Başarısı

Aim: This research aimed to determine perceived stress, breastfeeding motivation, and breastfeeding success and to reveal the relationship between them, among mothers with newborn infants’ hospitalization in the neonatal unit.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study sampling consisted of 128 term newborn’s mothers. After obtaining the necessary permissions data were collected via introductory characteristics form, perceived stress scale, breastfeeding motivation scale, and LATCH breastfeeding assesment scale. Descriptive statistical analyzes, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn-Bonferroni, and Spearman correlation analysis were used for data analysis. P&lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant in all analyses.&#x0D; Results: In this sample, the perceived stress was higher among primiparous mothers with newborn infant in the neonatal unit, who were older age, primary and high school graduates, nonworking, who did not receive prenatal breastfeeding training, and started breastfeeding immediately after birth. Breastfeeding motivation was higher among young mothers, university graduates, working, mothers with a planned pregnancy, and who received prenatal breastfeeding training. The results also showed that mothers who graduated from high school and university, whose pregnancy was planned, and who received prenatal breastfeeding training had higher LATCH scale scores. As perceived stress decreased, breastfeeding motivation and breastfeeding success increased, in this study (p

Quality of Life of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

Objective: The aim of the study is to assess he quality of life of diabetics. Method: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. 200 adults with diabetes, including 110 females and 90 males, were randomly selected from patients receiving treatment in Sharqat General Hospital in Salah al-Din Governorate.Data collection took place between January 1th, 2022 and February 5th, 2022 through the use of an interview. The data was analyzed by applying descriptive statistical analysis that included number, percentage, mean, standard deviation, p-value and anova. Results: When it comes to age groups, the participants were mostly from the age group of 57 years and older (40,5%). The results showed that diabetes was more prevalent in females than in males (55%). The sample comprised almost all married patients (97,5%). As for the education level, a great majority of the participants were primary school graduates (43,5%). Conclusions: This study supported the effect of diabetes on the quality of life of patients in our country. It was also observed that the information obtained about the disease was acceptable, but the safety precautions against the disease were weak. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Patients, Quality of life.

Disease Burden Evaluation of Injury and Poisoning in China from 2009 to 2019.

We aimed to analyze the differences and changing trends of mortality of Injury and Poisoning (IP) between urban and rural areas and gender in China to find out the influencing factors and to propose improvement measures. IP mortality, population, economy, medical and health information data came from the official web-site of the National Bureau of Statistics, and basic data on education level came from the Chinese Ministry of Education. Then the differences of the mortality of IP were compared between different areas and gender in China from 2009 to 2019, and the relationships between the mortality changes of IP and education level, GDP per capita, the numbers of practicing physicians, health institutions and urbanization rate were also explored by establishing a ridge regression model. The mortality of IP in rural areas was significantly higher than that of urban areas, and in male was higher than that of female (both P<0.001). Primary school graduates, GDP per capita, the number of practicing physicians, health institutions and urbanization rate had strong correlations (rmin=-0.622) with the mortality of IP. Ridge regression model showed that there was a quantitative relationship between primary school graduates, GDP per capita, the number of practising physicians, health institutions, urbanization rate and the mortality of IP in China. As the difference of working nature, economic development imbalance, psychological and gender, the mortality of IP was significantly different, so the state should take more effective measures to develop the urban and rural areas balanced, and reduce the IP risk in some particular occupations.

Risk perceptions of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus regarding insulin therapy and diabetes complications: Across-sectional study.

This study was conducted to determine the risk perceptions of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) regarding insulin therapy and diabetes complications. Self-care behaviour is an important requirement for managing T2DM, and risk perceptions are thought to play a key role in this behavioural process. It is predicted that an accurate risk perception will contribute to diabetes management and the reduction in diabetes-related complications. This study was conducted as cross-sectional and a descriptive study. The STROBE checklist was used. The study was conducted with 330 patients with T2DM who presented to the endocrinology outpatient clinic of the Eskisehir City Hospital between October 2020 and May 2021. A personal information form, the Insulin Treatment Appraisal Scale and the Risk Perception Survey-Diabetes Mellitus were used to collect data. The SAS 9.4 software package was used for the statistical analysis. Data were evaluated using descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney U test, the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Spearman correlation analysis. It was determined that 62.4% of the patients with T2DM participating in the study were female, the mean age was 56.7 ± 9.1 years, 50.6% were primary school graduates, 31% used oral antidiabetic medications, and 58.7% used insulin together with oral antidiabetic drugs. The mean score of participants on the total Insulin Treatment Appraisal Scale was 75.1 ± 11.5, and the level of negative perceptions towards insulin use was found to be high. The participants' mean score on the total Risk Perception Survey-Diabetes Mellitus was 3.9 ± 0.8, and it was found that they had high levels of risk perceptions of diabetes complications. There was a moderate, statistically significant negative correlation between the Insulin Treatment Appraisal Scale and the Risk Perception Survey-Diabetes Mellitus. Patients with perceptions of a lower risk for diabetes complications had more negative attitudes towards insulin therapy. It is recommended to determine the risk perceptions of patients with T2DM and to plan appropriate nursing interventions that can increase their positive perceptions and change their negative perceptions so that they can make healthy behaviour changes. Additionally, it is recommended that patients with T2DM should be supported and the number of studies in this field should be increased. The effective management of diabetes requires cooperation between patients with T2DM and health professionals. Nurses should perform a constant evaluation and follow-up to address patients' knowledge, perception and actual health behaviours and to guide a culturally and gender-sensitive care plan. For individualised care plans that provide appropriate support and counselling, it is necessary to constantly assess risk factors and barriers to preventive health behaviours and perceptions. Patients with T2DM contributed their data to the study.

The effect of self-efficacy levels of patients with intestinal stoma on stoma adaptation

This study was conducted to examine the effect of self-efficacy levels on stoma adaptation in patients with intestinal stoma. The study was planned as descriptive and analytical and was carried out in the university adult hospital general surgery stoma and wound care unit. Sixty-two patients with intestinal stoma who met the admission criteria were included in the study. Ethics committee approval, institutional permission and patient consent were obtained for the study. Data were collected from June to September 2021 using the Descriptive Feature Information Form, the Self Efficacy Scale for Individuals with Ostomy, and the Ostomy Adjustment Inventory (OAI-23). Data were analyzed by number, percentage, mean, standard deviation,Mann Whitney U, t test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and linear regression analysis tests. The mean age of the patients with intestinal stoma who participated in our study was 53.12 ± 12.30 years; 71% of them were women, 83.9% were married, and 32.2% were primary and secondary school graduates. The duration of stoma was 8.45 ± 4.69 months, 80.6% of them were opened due to cancer, and 54.8% of them had temporary colostomy. There was a weak and significant correlation between the duration of stoma of the patients and their self-efficacy and stoma adaptation, and as their self-efficacy levels increased, their stoma adaptation increased (p < .05). Self-efficacy is one of the important factors affecting patients' adaptation with the stoma. For this reason, it is recommended to plan trainings to support the self-efficacy levels of patients and to conduct interventional studies in this direction.

DETERMINATION OF THE BENEFITS AND COMPLICATIONS OF CLEAN INTERMITTENT CATHETERIZATION TO SPINAL CORD INJURED PATIENTS

Introduction: Intermittent catheterization (IC) is the best method for bladder emptying in patients with spinal cord lesions who are suffering from neurogenic bladder dysfunction. The aim of the study was to determine the benefits of using clean intermittent catheters for patients with spinal cord injury at regular intervals daily to empty the bladder and identify the complications from its use. Methods: A quantitative descriptive design study was done at Ibn Al-Kuff hospital for spinal cord injuries in Baghdad city, including (60) male spinal cord injured patients from the 14th of February 2021 to the 20th of April 2022. A non-probability (purposive) sample of (60) male spinal cord-injured (SCI) patients with paraplegia and tetraplegia were selected. A questionnaire format was used, which consisted of three major parts with a total (of 26) items. Results: The present study included (60) male paraplegic and tetraplegic patients, half of them in the age group between (18-27) years old, and 33 (55%) of them were single. The majority24 (40%) of the study sample were primary school graduates. Furthermore, 24 (40%) were employees before they were injured. Concerning the clinical characteristics of patients, the study indicates that (48 (80%) of the sample were paraplegic patients, 41(68.3%) were complete paralysis and 55(91.7%) of them the cause of injury was Traumatic SCI. Furthermore, 51(85%) of them use selfclean intermittent catheterization; concerning the number of daily catheterizations, 33(55%) of them used it from 7- and more daily, while 34(56.7%) of them, the time between the catheter and the next was each two hours. Concerning the urinary complication occurs during the last 3 months associated with intermittent catheterization, 22(36.7%) of the sample had (UTIs). Conclusion: The current study has demonstrated that the practices of spinal cord injury patients about clean intermittent catheters were acceptable and regular, and it was beneficial to them, as it reduced complications, especially urinary tract infections, noting the need to increase the time between each interval of catheterization to (4-6) hours for each period.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Domestic Abuse Against Turkish Immigrant Women in Germany

IntroductionThe most common but most hidden form of violence against women is domestic violence. One out of every three women in the world is exposed to physical, psychological or sexual violence by her close partner at any time in her life (Ünal and Gülseren, 2020). As a result of the social isolation measures and quarantine regulations brought by the Covid-19 pandemic, reports of domestic violence against women have increased.ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between psychological violence, psychological maltreatment and depression, anxiety among Turkish immigrant women living in Germany during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsThe Profile of Psychological Abuse of Women, Psychological Maltreatment of Women Inventory, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) Scale, and The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were delivered to participants.ResultsOur results show that participants who had been exposed to psychological abuse and domestic violence reported to have higher depression and anxiety scores. Furthermore, participants with low income and married to spouses with no formal education or only primary school graduates were reported to have higher depression, anxiety, domestic abuse and psychological maltreatment scores during the COVID-19 outbreak.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrated that Turkish immigrant women who had experienced psychological abuse and domestic violence by their partners during the pandemic were reported to have higher depression and anxiety.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Informed consent research at a tertiary hospital: How impactful is competency in simpler versus standard consent forms for intravitreal injection therapy?

&lt;b&gt;Aim: &lt;/b&gt;To compare the impact of competency in intravitreal injection therapy (IVIT)-related simpler versus standard consent forms (CFs).&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Material and methods: &lt;/b&gt;Four hundred patients scheduled for IVIT in a tertiary hospital were enrolled between April 1, 2022 and June 30, 2022. These patients were eligible for the study if they had their first IVIT in one eye; those scheduled for IVIT in the other eye were not. Data, including age, gender, educational level, whether the patient was admitted alone or with a companion, and prior IVIT status were collected. A trained clinic secretary first gave the patients the commonly used standard CFs, followed by simpler CFs.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Results: &lt;/b&gt;The mean age was 66.10±9.90 years. 93.80% had previously received IVIT. 53.80% of the patients consented on their own. While 98.00% consented without reading standard CFs, 56.00% consented after reading simpler CFs (p&amp;lt;0.001). The need for IVIT-related extra information and the desire against having IVIT were significantly higher in simpler than standard CFs (p&amp;lt;0.001). 5.00% of those who approved IVIT without reading both forms were illiterate, and 29.20% had vision issues. The probability of simpler CF reading increased by 4.653 and 7.510 times in high school and university graduates, respectively, relative to primary school graduates.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/b&gt;Simpler CFs had a much higher reading rate, which was linked to a higher rate of patients opting against IVIT. In medical fields like ophthalmology, where many procedures and research are performed, ethically approved informed consent requires consideration of patients' education and prior treatment experience.

The relation between digital literacy, cyberchondria, and parents' attitudes to childhood vaccines

PurposeThis study aimed to examine the relationship between digital literacy, cyberchondria and parents' hesitancy about childhood vaccines. Design and methodsThe study was cross-sectional, and parents with children aged 3–5 years who had access to the questionnaire were sent online and volunteered to participate. ResultsThe total mean score of the Parents' Attitude to Childhood Vaccines Scale was 44.89 ± 14.99, 31.3% of the parents were hesitant about childhood vaccines. Parental hesitancy about childhood vaccinations was 3.26 times (95% CI, 1.56–6.81) for single participants and 2.77 times (95% CI, 1.33–5.74) for the participants with a high school diploma than primary school graduates, 4.69 times for the participants who did not have a healthcare professional in their family (95% CI, 2.08–10.59), 16.02 times (95% CI, 6.61–10.80) for the participants who did not have a full round of vaccines, 1.81 times higher (95% CI, 1.13–2.88) than the participants who did not have enough information about vaccines. Hesitancy increased as the cyberchondria severity score increased (95% CI, 1.02–1.09), and digital literacy decreased (95% CI, 0.34–0.87). ConclusionsOne-third of the parents had hesitations about childhood vaccines. Vaccine hesitancy is affected negatively by digital literacy and positively by cyberchondria. Practice implicationMeeting parents' accurate and reliable vaccine information will positively affect their attitudes and behaviours. Therefore, the level of cyberchondria among parents should be reduced, and their digital literacy should be increased.

ABO Blood Group Genotypes and Demographic Traits in Susceptibility to Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Lagos, Southwest, Nigeria.

Studies have shown that ABO blood groups and demographic traits influence susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and can be used in combination with insulin therapy to reduce the disease's burden. However, geographical variations exist in the influence of demographic traits and ABO blood groups on susceptibility to diseases and thus require establishing it in every locality. This study determined the influence of demographic traits and ABO blood groups on the prevalence of T1DM in Lagos, Nigeria. A structured checklist was used to collect data from the health records of non-obese 150 type 1 diabetic patients at Ayobo Primary Health Center, Lagos. The results revealed that males, with 88 participants (52.7%), constituted the majority, while females had 62 (41.3%). The age group 40 years and older had the highest proportion of participants with 37 (24.7%), followed by 31-40 years with 32 (21.30%), 21-30 years with 30 (20%), 11-20 years with 27 (18%), and 1-10 years with 24 (16%). Christianity had the highest with 74 participants (49.3%), followed by Islam with 71 participants (47.3%), and traditional religion with 5 participants (3.3%). Eight (5.3%) of the participants were primary school graduates; 34 (22.7%) were secondary school graduates; and 108 (72%) were tertiary school graduates. The Yoruba ethnic group, with 77 participants (51.3%), was the most prevalent, followed by Igbo with 50 (33.3%), and Hausa with 3 (2.0%). ABO blood group A and B (positive and negative) individuals were the most diabetic and expressed the most severe cases, while group O positive and AB negative individuals were the least diabetic. T1DM prevention should be a priority for blood group A and B residents.

Evaluation of Baby Sleep Position Practices and Sleep Environment

Objective: The aim of this current study was to determine mothers’ infant sleep position practices and their awareness of a safe sleeping environment. Material and Methods: This descriptive survey was conducted with 418 mothers who had infants aged 0-6 months and who agreed to participate in pediatric outpatient polyclinics of two hospitals. Data were collected between January-December 2020 via-structured questionnaires by face-to-face interview. Results: Of the 418 mothers; 28% placed their babies in the supine sleeping position, 59.6% used a pillow when they put their babies in bed and 76.8% used a soft mattress. 42.3% of mothers covered their babies’ faces during sleep; primary school graduate mothers were more intended on covering their babies’ faces than high school and university graduates (p&amp;lt;0.001). 4.1% of mothers smoked during pregnancy, 9.8% during the lactation period and 15.3% were exposed to household smoke. All of the mothers shared a room with their babies without sharing a bed. There was also a positive correlation between the number of prenatal visits of mothers and their preference to put their babies to sleep in the supine position (p=0.010). Conclusion: Most of the mothers placed their babies in a side sleeping position. Mothers’ avoiding sharing beds and smoking cigarettes and prone positioning their children at a very low frequency were pleasing measures. Mothers who had more prenatal visits were found to place their babies more in the supine sleep position. Increasing the awareness of healthcare providers and other secondary caregivers about a safe sleeping environment and baby sleep position during pre and postnatal visits would make right practices become widespread.

Педагогические условия формирования гибких компетенций младших школьников на основе метода обучения в сотрудничестве

The aim of the study is to identify and experimentally test the pedagogical conditions for soft skills formation among younger schoolchildren based on the cooperative learning method. The paper presents the substantiation for these conditions and discusses the results of assessing the effectiveness of their implementation. Scientific novelty of the study lies in selecting and structuring the content of the extracurricular activities programme for soft skills formation among younger schoolchildren in the conditions of cooperative learning taking into account constructive foreign experience. The cooperative learning method was chosen as the central method of forming soft skills in younger schoolchildren, its use contributed to improving the effectiveness of the indicators of the process under consideration. As a result of analysing the data obtained, it has been proved that the proposed extracurricular activities programme for soft skills formation among younger schoolchildren based on the cooperative learning method helped to develop their creative and critical thinking, skills of effective interaction with others, as well as the abilities to solve situational tasks that determine the life success of primary school graduates.

Bacterial contamination of multi-use antibiotic steroid eye ointments and drops.

This comprehensive prospective study aimed to investigate the bacterial contamination of antibiotic steroid eye ointments and drops frequently used by eye patients. In this comprehensive prospective study, a total of 410 multi-use topical eye medications containing 15 different ingredients from 22 pharmaceutical companies used by 185 patients were analyzed. Four groups were formed as follows: group 1: antibiotic ointments (n: 109); group 2: antibiotic drops (n: 103); group 3: steroid ointments (n: 67); and group 4: steroid drops (n: 131). Topical multi-use eye drops and ointments used by patients at home for at least 1week were randomly collected. The caps and contents were separately bacteriologically examined in a chocolate agar medium. Our study detected bacterial contamination in 23 containers (5.6%) of the total 410 topical drugs. According to the groups, bacterial contamination was detected in 10 of 67 (14.9%) steroid ointments, 6 of 109 (5.5%) antibiotic ointments, 4 of 131(3.1%) steroid drops, and 3 of 103 (2.9%) antibiotic drops. While the bacterial contamination rate in ointments was 9.1%, this rate was 3% in drops. The difference between them was statistically significant (p = 0.015). According to the post-hoc pairwise comparisons, the difference between steroid drops and steroid ointment (p = 0.0023) was statistically significant. Among all drugs, contamination was detected in 12 of the 93 (12.9%) containers used after keratitis, conjunctivitis, and inflammatory conditions. It was determined that preservatives statistically reduced bacterial growth on the cap. The preservatives did not have a statistically significant effect on the bacterial contamination of the contents compared to the caps. While all contaminations were detected in illiterate and primary school graduates, no contamination was seen in the drugs used by any secondary school or university graduate. Our study detected contamination in all topical ophthalmic drug groups. Contamination rates were found to be higher in ointments and steroids. Bacterial contamination was also seen in drugs containing preservatives. We should be careful in the use of topical medications. We do not recommend the bilateral use of ointments and drops in infected eyes, such as those with keratitis, or after intraocular surgeries, such as those for cataracts.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic abuse against Turkish immigrant women in Germany

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between psychological violence, psychological maltreatment and depression, anxiety among Turkish immigrant women living in Germany during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The Profile of Psychological Abuse of Women, Psychological Maltreatment of Women Inventory, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) Scale, and The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were delivered to participants. Results: Our results showed that participants who had been exposed to psychological abuse and domestic violence reported to have higher depression and anxiety scores. Furthermore, participants with low income and married to spouses with no formal education or only primary school graduates were reported to have higher depression, anxiety, domestic abuse, and psychological maltreatment scores during the COVID-19 outbreak. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that Turkish immigrant women who had experienced psychological abuse and domestic violence by their partners during the pandemic were reported to have higher depression and anxiety.

Contraceptive Experiences of Women of Procreation Age Who Attended Two HealthCenters in the City of Abidjan (Cote d’Ivoire)

Introduction: Maternal mortality, which is estimated at 614 deaths per 100,000 births in Côte d’Ivoire, is associated with a low national contraceptive prevalence rate of 13.9%. In this study, we are interested in the contraceptive experiences of women who attend health centers to estimate their rate of contraceptive use and to assess the factors involved in the use of modern contraceptive methods among women of childbearing age who are exposed to the risk of pregnancy. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2018 to September 2019 among 423 women, who attended two health centers in Abidjan. A bivariate analysis identified factors associated with contraceptive use by these women. A descriptive analysis determined the means for the quantitative variables and the frequencies and percentages of qualitative variables. Interpretation of results was based on significance (α = 5%, 95% CI). Results: Contraceptive prevalence was 37%. There was a significant relationship between contraceptive use and the socio-demographic and reproductive characteristics of women (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Women who were over 35 years age, uneducated, primary school graduates, housewives, unemployed, in the informal sector, Muslims, nulliparous, and lacking information and decision-making power were less likely to use modern contraceptive methods. They are the target population for strategic interventions to improve contraceptive prevalence.

Opinions of Korean War Veterans about Health Care Services They Received during the Wartime

This research was carried out examining and defining the opinions of Korean Veterans about the health care services they received during the war. The literature related to the health care services provided for the soldiers during wars is limited. Historical processes and analyses are potentially large reserves for establishment of bonds between generations and for information transfer. Understanding the past makes us comprehend the present time and includes effective solutions for future events and cases. A qualitative study for sentinel event preparation, was carried out with 12 volunteer veterans who were members of the Izmir Branch of the Combatant Veterans Association. In the research, face-to-face interview technique was used with "Semi-structured Question Form". The necessary approvals were obtained from the ethics committee and the association to conduct the research. After the interviews are completed, it is for the research of the receording data made by the researchers, for content analysis with the program NVivo 10. Demographic information’s of Veterans participating in the research; their mean age is 86±1.12 and 42.7% of them are primary school graduates. 33.3% of the participants served at the front in the Korean War as combat, 33.3 % as artillery, 16.6 % as infantry, and 16.6 % as technicians. According to the information obtained from the veterans, the main themes related to the health care services that the veterans during the war are determined. The main themes related to the health care services that veterans receive are appointed as preventive health services, treatment health services and rehabilitation services. In order to know what historical authority is about health care services, it is recommended to reach different groups in the turning point role in historical process and to orient present-day in the education.