Primary School Education Level Research Articles

Economic Implications of Credit Assessment on Arable Crops and Non-Forest Timber Products Utilization in South-South, Nigeria

The study examined the effect of credit on arable crop production and non – forest timber products utilization. Data from 315 respondents were acquired through structured questionnaires and summarized using descriptive statistics while regression model was employed in evaluating the effect of credit on arable crop production. Results obtained proved that the age range of the respondents was 39-45 years, with a mean age of 40 years. Primary school educational level were in majority which were dominated by males that were mostly married, having a mean household size of 8 persons. The mean farm size was 0.6ha with a mean farming experience of 10 years. Farmers relied more on informal credit sources for crop production and non – forest timber product utilization. The result of the regression analysis proved a positive significant relationship between the amount of credit received and output. The study recommends that Governmental and non-governmental credit issuing stakeholders should make credit readily available to farming households and farmers at the rural level should be sensitized and informed about credit facilities at their disposal.

Socio-Economic Status of Bamboo Artisans of Karnataka, India

Aim: To study the demographic profile and socio economic status of the bamboo artisans of Northern Karnataka districts.
 Study Design: Exploratory design was used.
 Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted in Northern Karnataka districts of Dharwad, Belgavi and Uttar Kannada in the year 2019-2020.
 Methodology: Random sampling method was applied to select a sample size of 120 bamboo artisans’ family (Forty respondents from each district). The respondents were interviewed personally to elicit the primary information by using self structured interview schedule and Aggarwal et al. [1] was used to study the socio economic status of the bamboo artisans.
 Results: The study resulted that bamboo artisan’s belonged lower middle socio economic status. Higher per cent of the respondents belonged to middle age group followed by young age group. Women participation was more compare to men counterpart in the bamboo artisans occupation.
 Conclusion: Majority of the respondents belonged to middle age group, and majority of them were female followed by male. More than fifty per cent of the respondents had primary school level of education. Majority of the respondents were married followed by widow. Nearly fifty per cent of the respondents belonged to small family. Higher per cent of the respondents had less than 13 years of experience in the bamboo enterprise products making. More than half of the respondents spent 5-6 hours a day in bamboo enterprise. Majority of the respondents involved daily in bamboo enterprise work. Nearly fifty per cent of the respondents had habit of storing the bamboo raw materials inside the home. Majority of the selected bamboo artisans belonged to the lower middle socio economic status and were having less than 13 years of experience.

Prevalence of anemia and associated factors among adults in a select population in Lagos, Southwest Nigeria.

Anemia is a public health problem affecting people in both the developed and developing world and has serious consequences on health. This study determines the prevalence of anemia amongst people of different socioeconomic levels, associated factors, and the prevalence of anemia in populations other than children or pregnant women. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study using a pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire to collect data from 387 residents. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used. Analysis of blood samples using the HemoCue301 system and data analysis using SPSS 20. Chi-square test and binary logistic regression were used to test association and determine predictors of anemia respectively, with P<0.05 considered statistically significant. The mean age of respondents was 35±11.8 years, with 28.9% of respondents being anemic. Female respondents (52.7%) were more than male respondents (47.3%). Female respondents (39.2%) had a higher prevalence of anemia than male respondents (17.5%). There was a significant association between sex, level of education, and anemia status. Being female, having no formal education, or only having a primary school level of education were significant predictors of anemia [odds ratio (OR)=2.55; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.54, 4.23; P=0.00; OR=12.57; 95%CI=2.39, 66.27; P=0.00; and OR=2.54; 95%CI=1.16, 5.58; P=0.02 respectively]. There was a higher prevalence of anemia among women, younger people, and those with no or only primary levels of formal education. Awareness programs targeted at women and people with lower levels of education are necessary to reduce the overall prevalence of anemia in this region.

Prevalance of self - medication( self - Drug use)in Hadhramout Governorate

Self-medication is worldwide method of prevention and treatment of many health problems and self -use of drugs is commonly practiced. To evaluate the prevalence of this problem in our community in Hadhramout this study was conducted.Data were collected from randomly selected dispensaries and drug stores in the four largest cities in Hadhramout, Mukalla,Al-shiher ,,Al-ghail &amp;Sayoon during the period October - December 1999 .1100 out of 4040 (27% ) were self-drug users .(39%) were 21-30years age ,(22%) over 40 years and (I4%) bellow l0years.(67%") of self- drug user were of primary school level of education and bellow, (17%o)of secondary school and (16%o) of university level. The most common methods of drug requisition were to desuibe the complaints to the dispenser (35.8%o), (21.4%o) showed sample of drug or empty container and some brought an old prescription (11.5%o). some other methods of requisition were also seen. Analgesics-antipyretics were the most drugs requested (35.7%o), antibiotics (25.9%o), drugs for respiratory system (10.4%o), ant parasitic (5.2%") and antacids (5%Q. Tonics and drugs for DM, HTN were also requested by this methods. The most common cause of self- medication were previous experience (48.3%o), advises from relatives andfriends (10.3%o) and thinking of simplicity of the diseases that no need to consult a doctor (10.3%o). (60%0) of the patients lrnow some adverse reaction of the drugs, (25%o) knew and (15%r) didn't know about .Of all the patients (42.8%0) practicing self-medication occasionally, (31%o) very rarely and (26.2%o) mostfor the timeslt is concluded that self-drug use is commonly practiced in our community as affirdable and easy way of treatment by dffirent age groups and at all levelsof education. There is misuse and iirational over use of not only the OTC drugs but almost every Qpe of drugs. Suitable health education programs, Proper regulations and close observation is recommended

Association between PM2.5 and hypertension among the floating population in China: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Few studies have investigated the association between PM2.5 and hypertension among floating populations. We therefore examined the relationship using binary logistic regression. Each grade of increment in the annual average PM2.5 (grade one: ≤15 µg/m3; grade two: 15–25 µg/m3; grade three: 25–35 µg/m3 [Excluding 25]; grade four: ≥35 µg/m3) was associated with an increased risk of hypertension (odds ratio [OR] = 1.081, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.034–1.129). Among the female floating population (OR = 1.114, 95% CI: 1.030–1.204), those with education level of primary school and below (OR = 1.140, 95% CI: 1.058–1.229), construction workers (OR = 1.228, 95% CI: 1.058–1.426), and those living in the eastern region of China (OR = 1.241, 95% CI: 1.145–1.346) were more vulnerable to PM2.5. These results indicate that PM2.5 is positively associated with hypertension in floating populations. Floating populations who are female, less educated, construction workers, and living in the eastern region of China are more vulnerable to the adverse impacts of PM2.5.

Prevalence and predictors of suicidal behaviours among primary and secondary school going adolescents in Botswana.

There is a scarcity of studies on the prevalence and predictors of suicide behaviors among primary and secondary school going adolescents aged 10-19 years in Botswana hence, this study would fill that gap. This study used cross-sectional secondary data from Botswana Youth Risk Behavior and Biological Surveillance Survey (BYRBBSS), 2010. Multivariable binary logistic regression models were used to investigate the predictors of suicide behaviours. The study shows that 51.5% of the respondents reported having ever contemplated suicide while 40.1% of the respondents attempted suicide in the last 12 months before the survey. The study found that male learners (AOR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.44-0.83), learners who were not attacked or threatened or injured by someone (AOR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.17-0.72), who were not bullied (AOR = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.13-0.39), and who were confident of themselves (AOR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.39-0.76) were less likely to contemplate suicide. Whereas learners with primary school level education were more likely to contemplate suicide (AOR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.14-3.95). Males were less likely than their female counterparts to attempt suicide (AOR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.47-0.97). Regarding attempt, learners who had self-confidence (AOR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.24-0.50), not being bullied (AOR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.11-0.35), not being attacked or threatened or injured by someone (AOR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.18-0.69), not engaging in a physical fight that led to injury (AOR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.19-0.61) were less likely to attempt suicide. Whereas being at primary school (AOR = 5.29, 95% CI = 2.58-10.86), and missing classes once or more in a week (AOR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.05-2.76) were associated with increased likelihood of suicide attempt. The study shows that suicide behaviours as big challenges in Botswana among primary and secondary school going adolescents aged 10-19 years. Thus, the study recommends policy interventions aiming at including education on peer bullying or fighting or attack at primary and secondary education levels if not already in existence. There should also be interventions aiming at educating guardians and teachers on consequences of bullying or fighting so that they should consistently remind their children not to bully and for them to open up if they are being bullied. The study further recommends that schools and communities at large should have a psychosocial system for bullying or fighting reporting, follow-up, and appropriate corrective interventions for the offenders. There should also be self-confidence instilling education as well as sex/gender-specific interventions for instance girls can be given platform (private if necessary) to express peculiar problems to them that need specific help.

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition, Greek Adaptation (WAIS-IV GR): confirmatory factor analysis and specific reference group normative data for Greek Australian older adults

ABSTRACT Objectives In the absence of reliable and valid neuropsychological measures, accurate assessment of culturally diverse groups is a challenge facing the Australian neuropsychological community. This study aimed to investigate the construct validity and to develop specific reference group norms using the WAIS-IV Greek adaption (WAIS-IV GR) for Greek Australian older adults. Method A convenience sample of 90 healthy older Greek Australians (M = 77.14 ± 4.46; range = 70–85; 39 males & 51 females), with a primary school level of education (M = 5.60 ± 0.68; Range = 4–6) were recruited throughout the Melbourne metropolitan area. Results Regression modelling showed that age was the most significant predictor, therefore, subtest normative data were stratified according to three age bands. Normative data for all WAIS-IV GR subtests and indices were calculated, in addition to values for the 90% and 95% confidence levels. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a four-factor solution consisting of the WAIS-IV GR Index Scores displayed a superior fit with significant parameters of acceptable magnitude. Conclusion Findings support the application of the traditional WAIS-IV factor structure to a Greek Australian sample. Utilising specific reference group norms for Greek Australians with limited education will facilitate and improve access of cognitive assessment within this population.

The Greek Australian neuropsychological normative study: tests & norms for Greek Australians aged 70-85 years

ABSTRACT Objective Access to valid and reliable neuropsychological measures for use with culturally diverse groups in Australia is limited. The aim of this study was to adapt and translate a selection of English language neuropsychological tests, employ several existing standardised Greek language tests, and provide specific reference group normative data for Greek Australian older adults. Method A convenience sample of 90 healthy older Greek Australians (M = 77.14 ± 4.46; range = 70–85), with a primary school level of education (M = 5.60 ± 0.68; Range = 4–6), was recruited throughout the Melbourne metropolitan area. Several neuropsychological measures were administered which assessed domains such as verbal and visual memory, confrontational naming, and executive functions. Results Regression modelling revealed that age, education and sex predicted between 5% and 35% of the variance of test scores, with age being the most significant predictor of performance across a majority of measures. Therefore, the normative data for all tests were stratified according to three age bands (70–74, 75–79, 80–85). Conclusions The use of culture-specific tests and norms for assessment of older Greek-Australians with limited education may facilitate accuracy of assessment findings, improve diagnostic outcomes, and reduce misclassification.

Prevalence and Patterns of Herbal Medicine use in Bayelsa State: Potential Customers Victimology Insight for Behavioural Forensics

The need to affirm the ever rising patronage of herbal medicine through the prevalence and patterns with the view to explore potential victimology insight for behavioural forensics necessitated this study. The data of the study was generated from 1200 participants drawn from eight LGAs using structured questionnaire as instrument. Findings from the study revealed high prevalence (91.17 %) of herbal medicine use; age, sex, educational level and income were associated with herbal medicine use. The study also revealed that age group 30 – 39 years (34.74 %) of the studied population was found to be the predominant participants that used herbal medicine, more females (53.11 %) used herbal medicine compared to males (46.89 %), participants with primary school level of education were found to be the major users of herbal medicine followed by participants with secondary school level of education (31.17 %), also, low income earners were found to be the predominant users of herbal medicines. Non-infection (sex enhancement, weight loss, fertility), anti-infection (malaria, typhoid, cough, STDs), pains/pregnancy management, and others 34.55 %, 30.99 %, 25.05 %, and 9.41 % respectively were the health issues herbal medicine was used to manage by the participants. Findings from the study portrayed likely vulnerabilities of the participants to potential victims of sharp medical practices or medical fraud.

A study on self-medication in ophthalmic emergencies in the rural population of South India

ABSTRACT Background: Self-medication has been defined as the taking of drugs, herbs, or home remedies on one’s own initiative and advice from another person without consulting a medical specialist. The objective of the study was to identify the pattern of self-medication in ophthalmic emergencies in patients attending the emergency department in a peripheral rural setup in south India. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive, cross–sectional, questionnaire-based observational study. The patients selected were above 18 years of age. Informed consent was taken. A questionnaire on the demographic characteristics, level of literacy, history of the ophthalmic condition for which the patient had self-medicated, type of self-medication resorted to , reasons for resorting to ocular self–medication, and the adverse effects reported were all noted in the study. Results: The study included 100 subjects. Fifty-three percent were male and 47% were female. Among the 100 subjects, 10% of the individuals were educated above primary school level. Thirty-five percent had only primary school level education and the remaining 55% had not been to a formal school and had no basic education. Among our respondents, the most commonly used self-medication was antibiotic drops (24%), followed by expired medication (23%). 20% used steroid drops. 15% had tried traditional eye medication (TEM). Herbal and other indigenous medications were used by 12% of the responders. 7% used oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug agents. None of the responders were aware of the adverse effects of self-medication. The most common ophthalmic emergency symptoms faced by our responders were excessive watering (37%), pain (28%), foreign body in the eye (14%), redness and discharge (12%), decreases vision (5%), and pain in the eye (4%). The common reasons given by our responders for not accessing health-care facilities were distance (living far from health-care facilities), advice from family and friends, belief if local healers, lack of finances and poverty, and lack of prioritizing health care. Following self–medication, 30% of the patients had infectious keratitis, 28% had conjunctivitis, 25% had epithelial defects, and 17% glaucoma. Conclusion: Irrational long-term use of drugs/traditional eye medicine or even the usage for ophthalmic emergencies can have dangerous visual outcomes. The study highlights the need of effective execution and establishment of high-quality accessible primary eye care services and health-care referral network in rural India.

Awareness of breast cancer risk factors and screening among females in the general population in Saudi Arabia 2023

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of malignancy among females worldwide. It is the main contributor to female cancer-related mortality and disability. The most common kind of cancer in women in Saudi Arabia is BC. A few studies have been conducted to address BC awareness, risk factors, and screening. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the level of awareness of BC screening and risk factors among females in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This study will be a cross-sectional study, targeting adult females in Riyadh city. In July and August 2023, data will be collected through a paper-based questionnaire scoring. In a sample of 300 females, data will be analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Results: A total of 308 females completed the questionnaire. The majority of participants (45.8) were 40 years old and above and most were primary, middle, or high school (43.8) education level. Healthcare providers (19.2) and housewives (16.6) were the major participants regarding occupation. The majority of participants (75.6) were Saudi and (43.5) were from the central region. More than half of the women (56.2) were married. Most of the participants had no family history of BC (56.8%) and had no personal history of breast lump (63.6%). The majority were not diagnosed with BC (61.7%). The most reported risk factor was exposure to high doses of radiation (52.9) followed by family history (45.1) and personal history. Regarding the knowledge of screening methods, breast self-examination (BSE) was the most familiar method (57.1%), followed by mammography (56.8%) and clinical breast exam (52.3%). Out of the 308 participants, 42.86% have poor knowledge about screening for BC. Among demographic characteristics, age, and education level were significantly associated with the knowledge of screening (0.001). There was statistical significance between nationality and knowledge of screening (0.005). There was statistical significance between the region and knowledge of screening (0.001), and there was statistical significance between the occupation and knowledge of screening (0.037). Conclusion: The study found that females have insufficient general understanding of BC. These data indicate the need for immediate initiatives to increase female knowledge of BC and BSE.

Clinicodemographic and Laboratory Characteristics of Cutaneous Tuberculosis at Tertiary Referral Hospital in West Java, Indonesia

Background: Cutaneous tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease affecting the skin caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). It constitutes 1–1.5% of extrapulmonary TB, with Indonesia being the third-highest TB burden country worldwide. Cutaneous TB is difficult to diagnose due to its varied presentations. This study aimed to describe the clinicodemographic and laboratory characteristics of cutaneous TB in a tertiary referral hospital in West Java, Indonesia. Methods: This was a descriptive retrospective cross-sectional study. Data were obtained from the medical record of patients with cutaneous TB in the Tropical Dermatology Clinic of Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung, West Java, Indonesia from January 2017 to December 2019 using total sampling method. Results: Of the 15 data retrieved, tuberculosis verrucosa cutis (n=5) was the most common type of cutaneous TB. Most of patients were males (n=8), between 15–24 years of age (n=6), were students (n=5), with the highest education level of primary school (n=5). Clinically, most of the cases presented as plaques and ulcers (n=6, respectively), had multiple lesions (n=9), located on lower limb (n=6). Acid-fast staining was negative in 8/8 cases, and culture was negative in 4/4 cases. The DNA of M. tuberculosis was detected in 2/5 polymerase chain reaction tests, while granuloma with caseous necrosis was found in 3/5 histopathological examinations. Conclusion: Patients with cutaneous TB have a variety of characteristics. The results of laboratory examinations are often negative, and diagnosis may depend on clinical morphology. Therefore, clinicians should be familiar with the diverse clinical manifestations of cutaneous TB.

A cross-sectional analysis of registry data of severe mental disorders in Fuzhou, China: current status and prospects

ObjectiveTo investigate the proportion of registered cases relative to size, distribution characteristics, medication status, and management status of patients diagnosed with severe mental disorders (SMD) in Fuzhou. The medication status and management status were compared between patients in urban and non-urban areas to provide scientific evidence for improving SMD care, control, and treatment in primary health care institutions.MethodsData (case types, demographic data, distribution data, medication status, and management status, etc.) of patients diagnosed with SMD in 12 districts, counties, and prefectures in the urban and non-urban areas of Fuzhou City were collected from October 2017 to September 2018. Three distributions (population, local, and districts/counties) were used to describe the proportion of registered cases relative to size and clinical characteristics of diagnosed SMD. Chi squared (χ2) test was used to compare the severity in urban and non-urban areas.ResultsA total of 30,362 registered SMD patients were identified in Fuzhou City of which schizophrenia accounted for the highest number of cases (26,204, 86.31%), and paranoid psychosis had the least number of cases (47, 0.15%). Moreover, approximately half of SMD patients were 18 to 44 years old (45.38%). Close to one third of patients were farmers (30.23%), had a primary school or lower education level (54.17%), were poor, with most below the poverty line (55.35%). The proportion of diagnosed SMD relative to size was highest in Minqing County (0.53%) and lowest in Mawei District (0.38%). A total of 22,989 (75.72%) of the patients were taking medications, and only 17,509 (57.67%) were taking medications regularly. Moreover, the percentage of cases taking medications and those taking medications regularly were higher in urban areas than in non-urban areas (P<0.05). A total of 3065 patients were registered for management (10.09%). The managed proportion of SMD cases was higher in the urban areas than in the non-urban areas (P < 0.05).ConclusionSchizophrenia is a key disease for comprehensive care and control of severe mental disorders in Fuzhou. The management of severe mental disorders should focus on poor groups with low educational backgrounds. Drug usage and management are better in urban areas than in non-urban areas, and thus management should be enhanced in non-urban areas. The medication management and case management of patients with severe mental disorders in Fuzhou need further improvements.

Influence factors for upper respiratory tract infection in Chinese rural children: Across-sectional study.

The prevalence rate of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) is high in children. Influencing factors for URTI have been reported in Chinese urban children, but those have not been explored in rural children. In China, children in the rural areas are a disadvantaged group. Therefore, this study aims to explore influencing factors for URTI in Chinese rural children. This is a cross-sectional study based on the 1991-2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). In total, 5,289 children were eligible for the analysis, including 3,684 rural children and 1,605 urban children. The generalized estimating equation was used to determine the influencing factors, and results were expressed as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). The results showed that rural children aged 7-12 and 13-17years had lower odds of URTI than those aged 0-1year, with OR value of 0.17 (95% CI, 0.11-0.27) and 0.12 (95% CI, 0.08-0.19), respectively. Compared with uneducated mothers, those with education level of primary school (OR: 0.59, 95% CI, 0.42-0.84), lower middle school (OR: 0.53, 95% CI, 0.38-0.73), and upper middle school and technical school (OR: 0.62, 95% CI, 0.40-0.95) were associated with the lower odds of URTI in rural children. Children, whose mothers were office workers, had 46% lower odds of URTI than those with farmer mothers (OR: 0.54, 95% CI, 0.34-0.84). This study found that mother's education level, children's age, and mother's occupation were significant influencing factors for URTI, which suggested the importance to improve mother's health-related knowledge and working conditions in Chinese rural areas.

An Exploration of Family Caregivers’ Health Care Needs When Caring for Patients With Cancer in the Resource-Challenged Context of West Java, Indonesia

ObjectiveFamily caregivers in West Java, Indonesia, care for their family members at home or in a shelter with limited sources. This study aims to establish the needs of family caregivers when providing informal care to family members with cancer in the resource-challenged context of West Java, Indonesia Data SourcesThis cross-sectional survey involved family caregivers, using convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Supportive Care Needs Survey-Partners and Caregivers, translated into Indonesian. Descriptive statistics were computed and reported. We recruited 220 individuals. Our typical participant was a married (49.5%), housewife (35.5%) with primary school level education (35.6%). Just more than half the sample were men (50.9%). Our participants had a mean age of 40.2 years, had been caregivers for a mean 1.2 years, and traveled a mean 164.7 km to accompany patients to medical appointments. Our participants reported unmet supportive care needs in all domains, except for sexuality. The topmost unmet need was finding out about financial support ConclusionOur sample struggled to balance their living allowance and budget for cancer treatment. They also need information to care for their family. The need for financial support for patients and family caregivers was the most important finding. Our findings will be valuable in planning ahead to enhance the status of supportive and palliative care provided in West Java, Indonesia. Implications for Nursing PracticeFlexible and comprehensive nurse-led interventions should be developed to support family caregivers fulfill their roles and sustaining their quality of life.

Evaluation of depression, anxiety, and stress status in parents of patient with congenital clubfoot treated with Ponseti method: A prospective study.

Congenital diseases have been reported to increase the incidence of depression, anxiety, and stress among parents. In this study, we aimed to investigate the depression, anxiety, and stress status in parents of patients with congenital clubfoot before and after treatment with the Ponseti method. A total of 20 patients diagnosed with congenital clubfoot at our clinic and treated with the Ponseti method were included in this study. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) was used to evaluate the depression, anxiety, and stress status of the parents before and after treatment. We considered the following parameters to investigate the effects of these on the parents: the educational level of the parents; economic status of the family; gender; birth order of the child in the family; time of diagnosis (prenatal or postnatal). The mean DASS and subdomain scores after treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment (P < .05). Moreover, there was a significant difference in the pre- and posttreatment mean DASS and depression scores of the participants in terms of the education level (P < .05). The pre- and posttreatment DASS and depression scores of the participants with an education level of primary school and below were lower than those of the participants with an education level of secondary and high school. Parents may be less concerned during this process if they are fully informed by the orthopedic surgeons about the treatment protocol and the near-perfect results of the Ponseti method as well as are counseled by healthcare professionals.

Economic implications of climate change effects and awareness level among arable crops farmers in south-south, Nigeria

The foremost aim of the survey is to determine the economic implication of climatic effects and awareness level among respondents. Multi-stage procedure of sampling was adopted in assortment of the study sample. Studied data were attained with the aid of designed questionnaires and analysed using descriptive statistics. Respondent were matured with average age of 49 years with low educational level of primary school who were mostly married female gender. The study observed moderate family size of 9 persons having 19 years farming experience undergoing full-time arable crop farming and respondents mostly grown cassava, cocoyam, yam and maize. Climate agent affected respondents negatively leading to loss of arable crops output and annual income. Respondents were aware of climatic factors but attributed it to natural disaster and punishment from their gods. Climate change awareness level was low as most respondents does not believe that climate change exist. This is of serious concern to climate change scholars in bridging the awareness gap level in our society especially in the rural areas and Government and NGOs should provide short term relief and credits to respondents. It further recommends awareness of climate change campaign in the rural communities.

Addressing Drop Outs From Early Grades At The Primary School Level By Strengthening Early Childhood Education In Singapore

The problem in this study is how is the quality of education set by the Singapore Ministry of Education to realize the excellence of students at every level of education? How to develop early education to overcome the drop out at the primary school education level in Singapore? The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method. Data collection techniques through library studies. Literature research is a data collection technique by reviewing books, literature, notes, and various reports related to the problem to be solved. Data analysis techniques are carried out by reducing, presenting, and inferring the data that has been collected. The results showed that (1) The quality of education at every level and unit of education in Singapore has always been of particular concern to the Singapore Ministry of Education. Singapore's Ministry of Education always oversees the development of the national curriculum to obtain the desired Educational outcomes. in the form of student excellence in life skills, knowledge skills, and subject discipline knowledge organized into eight core skills and values: character development, self-management skills, social and cooperative skills, literacy and numeracy, communication skills, information skills, thinking skills and creativity, and skills of application of knowledge. (2) Singapore is a barometer of early childhood education programs in the Asia Pacific Region. The involvement of parents in supporting children's learning activities at home is a must so that the child's learning atmosphere while at school is supported and strengthened by the learning atmosphere at home.Keywords: education system, early childhood, Singapore, Schools, singapore

Positive thinking training for improving self-acceptance of children in correctional facility

Conflicting with the law will make them feel a lot of pressure and psychological changes like shame, regret, and unable to accept themselves. If they have positive thinking, they will easily accept their condition. This study aimed to observe the effect of positive thinking training in improving the self-acceptance of juveniles who were undergoing a period of correctional program. The subjects of this study included 24 juveniles at Class I Juvenile Correctional Facility Kutoarjo, all male aged 14-17 years with a minimum educational level of primary school, a minimum of 1-month correctional program, and first-time criminal sentence. Self-acceptance was measured using the RISA self-acceptance scale (2014). The research method used was an experimental method with the pretest posttest with control group design. The results of this study indicated that self-acceptance score of the subjects in the experimental group has increased after they received positive thinking training. It can be seen from the increase of the mean score from 33.58 with SD = 3,919 in the pre-test to 41.42 with SD = 6,259 in the post-test. It’s means that positive thinking training can effectively increase self-acceptance of children in LPKA Class I Kutoarjo.

Social participation of community-dwelling older adults in western China: A latent profile analysis.

ObjectiveSocial participation has become a policy framework to address population aging. However, little is known about the social participation of older adults in western China, and extensive, multicenter, regional research is lacking. This research investigated the profiles of social participation of older adults in western China and explored the characteristics and factors influencing social participation.MethodThis cross-sectional study was conducted in 3 provinces (Chongqing, Sichuan, and Inner Mongolia) in western China from March 2021 to December 2021 and included 3,456 participants aged 60 years or older. Social participation was assessed using the Chinese version of the Impact on Participation and Autonomy Questionnaire (IPA). Latent profile analysis (LPA) was performed to extract latent classes of social participation among older adults in western China. The chi-square test and multinomial regression analyses were used to identify differences between these classes.ResultsThree social participation classes were identified by LPA: high social participation (25.2%), moderate social participation (55.1%), and low social participation (19.7%). Being older, having a primary school education level, having mobility or speaking impairment, using assistive devices, and having a chronic disease were highly associated with the low social participation class (P < 0.05). Furthermore, older adults with no dependence (OR = 0.018, 95% CI = 0.005–0.062) or mild dependence (OR = 0.039, 95% CI = 0.011–0.139) in activities of daily living (ADLs) were less likely to be in the low social participation class. Older adults who were cared for by non-spouse primary caregivers were more likely to be assigned to the moderate social participation group (OR = 2.097, 95% CI = 1.501–2.930) than to the high social participation group.ConclusionsMost older adults in western China have a moderate level of social participation. Advanced age, reduced ADL ability, reduced speech ability, reduced mobility, and non-spouse care are related to the level of social participation. Healthcare professionals should pay attention to the predictors for different classes, identifying high-risk groups as early as possible.