Primary Ring Research Articles

Dynamic single microparticle manipulation in the far-field region using plasmonic vortex lens multiple arms with a circular groove.

Recent development of particle manipulation has led to high demand for dynamic optical tweezer structures. However, confining and rotating a single microparticle in the far-field region with a uniform potential distribution remains a complicated task. A plasmonic vortex lens (PVL) has been proven to easily rotate the dielectric particle owing to its effect on orbital angular momentum (OAM). Here we propose and demonstrate PVL multiple arms with a circular groove (CG). The device consists of a multiple arm spiral slit that generates a plasmonic vortex (PV) and a circular groove to bring the PV from the surface to the far-field region. Numerical simulations are performed to calculate the intensity distribution of the primary ring, the optical force and potential. The primary ring size can be adjusted using different polarization directions. PVL 2-arms with a CG has primary ring sizes of 1082 nm under right-handed circular polarization (RCP) and 517 nm under left-handed circular polarization (LCP). Based on these primary ring sizes, a 1 μm polystyrene (PS) bead can be rotated under RCP with a minimum required power of 7.45 mW and trapped under LCP with a minimum required power of 11.84 mW. For PVL 4-arms with a CG under RCP illumination, we optimize the uniform potential distribution by carefully selecting the radius of the groove. Using a groove radius of 1050 nm, we obtain the potential difference between the smallest and largest depth along the x- and y-directions of only 70 k B T/W with a minimum required power of 14.86 mW. The method and design discussed here offer an efficient way to manipulate microparticles for micro-rotors, cell dynamic analysis, etc.

On the shock-driven hydrodynamic instability in square and rectangular light gas bubbles: A comparative study from numerical simulations

A comparative investigation of the hydrodynamic instability development on the shock-driven square and rectangular light gas bubbles is carried out numerically. In contrast to the square bubble, both horizontally and vertically aligned rectangular bubbles with different aspect ratios are taken into consideration, highlighting the impacts of aspect ratios on interface morphology, vorticity production, and bubble deformation. Two-dimensional compressible Euler equations for two-component gas flows are simulated with a high-order modal discontinuous Galerkin solver. The results show that the aspect ratio of rectangular bubbles has a considerable impact on the evolution of interface morphology in comparison with a square bubble. In horizontal-aligned rectangular bubbles, two secondary vortex rings connected to the primary vortex ring are produced by raising the aspect ratio. While in vertical-aligned rectangular bubbles, two re-entrant jets are seen close to the top and bottom boundaries of the upstream interface with increasing aspect ratio. The baroclinic vorticity generation affects the deformation of the bubble interface and accelerates the turbulent mixing. Notably, the complexity of the vorticity field keeps growing as the aspect ratio does in horizontal-aligned rectangular bubbles, and the trends are reversed in the vertical-aligned rectangular bubbles. Further, these aspect ratio effects also lead to the different mechanisms of the interface characteristics, including the upstream and downstream distances, width, and height. Finally, the temporal evolution of spatially integrated fields, including average vorticity, vorticity production terms, and enstrophy are analyzed in depth to investigate the impact of aspect ratio on the flow structure.

Femoral hernia: Treatment delay and cause of death – A case report and an integrative review

ABSTRACT Femoral hernia is an uncommon entity in males and is limited to case reports in the medical literature. Because of the narrow neck of the femoral canal, a femoral hernia can easily incarcerate and/or strangulate. Surgical intervention is the only option for definitive treatment. We report the case of a 59-year-old male patient who presented with a 10 days history of generalised abdominal pain, distension, and a few episodes of vomiting. The patient was resuscitated, and contrast-enhanced CT tomography revealed a left femoral hernia as well as features of small bowel obstruction. A gangrenous ileal loop with perforation within the left femoral canal was discovered after surgery. The patient underwent ileal resection and ileostomy, followed by primary femoral ring repair. However, on postoperative day 3rd, the patient developed a sudden cardiac arrest and died. Proper referral, early diagnosis, and treatment are vital in cases of femoral hernia to avoid such a fatal outcome and could have changed the prognosis of the patient. It is important for peripheral health-care providers to pay attention to persistent abdominal symptoms and to be aware of the proper and timely referral.

CFD analysis of the WindEEE dome produced downburst-like winds

Thunderstorm is a severe phenomenon which can produce downburst winds capable for causing significant damage or even the collapse of low-rise structures. Experimental tests and numerical simulations are widely used by the Wind Engineering (WE) community for gaining increased understanding of complex winds like downbursts. In this paper, the accuracy of the Unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) and Scale-Adaptive Simulation (SAS) to reproduce a vertical downburst wind - previously tested in the WindEEE Dome wind-simulator facility - was investigated. CFD results were first validated with the experiments and then used to study the dynamics of the phenomenon. The most suitable CFD setting (i.e. SAS case based on the k-ω SST turbulence model) was able to reproduce the development of the primary vortex ring, shedding of secondary rings induced by Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instabilities and the periodic detachments of smaller secondary vortices ahead the primary vortex. The superposition of these three contributions has shown to determine the temporal variation of the characteristic nose-shaped vertical profile which was found in the experiments. The performed simulations were also compared to field measurements from the NIMROD project showing a high level of agreement.

Evolution of wake structure around an impulsively stopped sphere with a streamwise magnetic field at 60≤Re≤300

Focusing on the evolution of wake structure in a flow around an impulsively stopped sphere in an incompressible viscous fluid with a streamwise magnetic field, a complicated vortex structure system containing a primary vortex ring, a fragmented secondary vortex, and an accompanying vortex is discussed, summarized in the {N, Re} phase diagram. The scaling laws of drag coefficient and peak azimuthal vorticity are given and their behaviors are investigated under the influence of a magnetic field.

Vortex structures around two colliding spheres at high Reynolds number

This study incorporates a hybrid Cartesian/immersed boundary (HCIB) method and the Navier-Stokes equations to simulate three-dimensional vortex flows around spheres swinging and colliding in viscous fluids. The motions of the spheres were prescribed in the model, and the simulated velocities around the spheres were validated by the results of laboratory experiments. The Reynolds number computed by the sphere diameter and the maximum swing velocity was Re = 13,500. The simulation results were examined in detail to elucidate the three-dimensional flows and pressure fields induced by the single swinging sphere and two colliding spheres. The evolution of the vortices can be divided into two parts: (i) Before the collision, the primary vortex ring induced by the swinging sphere grows in size, propagates obliquely downward, and eventually dissipates into turbulent flow. (ii) After the collision, the striking sphere transfers its momentum to the target sphere and another vortex ring is generated in front of the striking sphere owing to its impulsive deceleration. This vortex ring is separated from the sphere's boundary and the vorticity pattern is different from that of a single sphere case. After the collision, the target sphere up-swings with almost no vortical wake behind it, as observed in the experiments.

Turbulent Dust-trapping Rings as Efficient Sites for Planetesimal Formation

Recent observations of protoplanetary disks (PPDs) at submillimeter wavelengths have revealed the ubiquity of annular substructures that are indicative of pebble-sized dust particles trapped in turbulent ringlike gas pressure bumps. This major paradigm shift also challenges the leading theory of planetesimal formation from such pebbles by means of the streaming instability, which operates in a pressure gradient and can be suppressed by turbulence. Here, we conduct 3D local shearing box nonideal magnetohydrodynamic simulations of dust trapping in enforced gas pressure bumps, including dust backreaction. Under a moderate level of turbulence generated by the magnetorotational instability with ambipolar diffusion, which is suitable for outer disk conditions, we achieve quasi-steady states of dust trapping balanced by turbulent diffusion. We find strong dust clumping in all simulations near the gas pressure maxima, reaching a maximum density well above the threshold for triggering gravitational collapse to form planetesimals. A strong pressure bump concentrates dust particles toward the bump’s center. With a weak pressure bump, dust can also concentrate in secondary filaments off the bump’s center, due to dust backreaction, but strong clumping still occurs mainly in the primary ring around the bump’s center. Our results reveal dust-trapping rings to be robust locations for planetesimal formation in outer PPDs, while they may possess diverse observational properties.

Outcomes of Primary Ilizarov Ring Fixator for Segmental Tibial Fracture with Compromised Skin: A Prospective Study

Background: Tibial diaphyseal fracture is the most commonly encountered fracture in orthopedic practice. There are various methods to treat the same, ranging from conservative to operative treatment. The operative methods include internal fixation using nailing and plating and external fixation using fixator/ring fixator. This study aims to evaluate the results of primary treatment of segmental tibial fracture in patients with a compromised skin condition using the Ilizarov fixator and look for complications.
 Methods: This prospective study was conducted at a tertiary level health care center. It included a series of 40 patients with segmental tibial fractures. Classification of the segmental tibial fractures was done according to Melis et al. The fixator was designed with three fixation blocks and two working length sections. The patients were evaluated for the progression clinically and radiographically at 2-week intervals for the first 2 months and were then followed by 4-week intervals. Results were evaluated according to the Association for the Study and Application of the Methods of Ilizarov (ASAMI) classification.
 Results: We treated 40 patients with a segmental tibial fracture with compromised skin using the Ilizarov ring fixator. Patients were followed up after surgery with an average follow-up of 13.8 months. The average union time came out to be 27.6 weeks for the proximal segment and 33.31 weeks for the distal segment. Out of the total patients, 15 (37.5%) patients had pin tract infection, and one (2.7%) patient had nonunion, which later required bone grafting. Bone results of patients at final follow-up as evaluated by ASAMI score were 91.7% excellent, 5.6% good, and 2.7% poor. Functional results of patients at final follow-up as evaluated by ASAMI score were 80.5% excellent, 1.7% good, and 2.8% poor.
 Conclusion: In the existing literature, segmental tibial fractures have always been difficult to treat. They are associated with high complication rates due to the lack of surrounding soft tissues. The proximal and distal fragments may be more difficult to treat because of the serious direct injury to the soft tissues overlying the segment and the difficulty stabilizing this bone segment with implants. With the use of Ilizarov technique, there is a good mean time to union, a low rate of reoperations, and good functional and general health-status outcome.

Functional and radiological outcomes of primary ring fixator versus antibiotic nail in open tibial diaphyseal fractures: A prospective study

Management of open fractures of tibia is still a matter of debate due to high incidence of infections. Traditionally external fixators have been advocated in managing open tibial fractures. Due to limited efficacy of systemic antibiotics, recently antibiotic coated intramedullary interlocking nails have been developed for the management of open tibia fractures. Therefore, we conducted this prospective randomized study to compare the functional and radiological outcomes of primary ring fixator versus antibiotic coated nail in open diaphyseal tibial fractures. The study included 32 patients with Gustilo-Anderson type II and type IIIA fractures of tibial diaphysis. Out of them 16 patients were managed with Ring External Fixator (Group I) and 16 were managed with OssiproÒ gentamicin intramedullary interlocking tibial nail (Group II). The radiological and functional outcomes were assessed at final follow-up according to and SMFA criteria. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using IBM SPSS statistics 2.0 software. Chi square test and independent student t-test were used and a P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant RESULTS: Union was achieved in 15 patients (93.8%) in group I and 13 patients (81.2%) in group II. Pin tract infection was seen in 6 patients (37.5%) in group I, whereas infection was present in 2 patients (12.5%) in group II. Bone results were excellent in 13 patients (81.3%), good in 2 patients (12.5%), poor in one patient (6.3%). In group II, bone results were excellent in 12 patients (75%), good in one patient (6.2%), poor in 3 patients (18.8%). At 1 year of final follow up, mean SMFA score was 24.41±5.87 in group I, whereas mean SMFA score was 23.703±8.02 in group II. Ring fixator as well as antibiotic coated tibial interlocking nail achieved comparable rates of union in the present study. Complication rates were similar in both the groups and the functional and radiological outcomes were comparable in both groups. Results of this study indicate that although ring fixation is an established option for management of open tibial fractures, antibiotic-coated intramedullary nail is also a reliable option in open Grade II and grade IIIA injuries. Level II.

On the influence of co-flow on the shocks and vortex rings in the starting phases of under-expanded jets

In the starting phases of continuously blowing under-expanded jets, this numerical study investigates the effect of co-flow (UaUj) (a) on the circulation and evolution of primary vortex ring (PVR) and (b) on the occurrence of Mach reflection, slipstream generation, and subsequent formation of counter rotating vortex rings (CRVRs). With increase in co-flow (UaUj), the PVR circulation gradually decreases. The size of supersonic PVR gradually decreases with increase in co-flow (UaUj), and at high magnitudes of co-flow (UaUj≳0.3), the supersonic PVR attains a circular shape. The strengths of embedded shock (ES) and vortex-induced shock are found to decrease with increase in co-flow (UaUj), and at high magnitudes of co-flow (UaUj≳0.3), these shocks may even cease to form inside the supersonic PVR. An increase in co-flow (UaUj) causes the expansion fan to become more and more narrow. This reduces the acceleration of the supersonic flow inside the inviscid core, thereby weakening the incident oblique shock (IOS), which in turn increases the pressure prevailing downstream of this shock inside the inviscid core. The increase in co-flow (UaUj) also leads to a simultaneous decrease in the pressures prevailing in front of the downstream marching PVR and Mach disk (MD) of the inviscid core due to the reduction in the strength of precursor shock. As the magnitudes of pressures prevailing in the upstream and downstream of Mach disk approach each other, hence, MD also weakens. This shows that with the increase in co-flow (UaUj), there is weakening of the different shocks (i.e., ES, IOS, and MD) involved in Mach reflection. This causes a reduction in the strength of the resulting slipstream, thereby affecting the formation of CRVR patterns.

Dynamics of the interaction of synthetic jet vortex rings with a stratified interface

The vortex dynamics in a stratified environment is of fundamental importance in various flow systems, however, the mechanism of successive vortex–interface interactions remains not fully understood. This study investigates synthetic jet vortex rings impinging on a water–oil interface by experiment and numerical simulation. Two cases in the laminar and transitional regimes are concerned with the Froude number (Fr) of 0.35 and 0.82, respectively. The vortex rings for the two cases follow a similar evolution with three distinct stages, including vortex free-travel, vortex–interface interaction and vortex stretching. As products of the vortex–interface interaction, the secondary vortex rings are baroclinically generated in both water and oil followed by the formation of hairpin vortices through azimuthal deformation. Distinguished from an isolated vortex–interface interaction, complex interactions occur between the primary vortex ring and hairpin vortices, which can enhance the vortex ring instability in existence of the stratification for the laminar case. However, the vortex ring instability for the transitional case can develop earlier due to nonlinear effects with increasing Reynolds number. The spatio-temporal properties of the interface deformation and interfacial waves are analysed. The maximum penetration height of vortex rings scales with Fr2 as that for the isolated situation. Particularly, the transitional case is found to produce destabilization of the interfacial waves at a further radial location. The mechanism is revealed by connecting the dynamics of the vortex and the interface, which can be attributed to the radial development of perturbances stemming from the vortex ring instability under strong vortex–interface interaction.

Classication of Units of Five Radical Zero Completely Primary Finite Rings with Variant Orders of Second Galois Ring Module Generators

Let \(R\) be a commutative completely primary finite ring with a unique maximal ideal \(Z(R)\) such that \((Z(R))^{5}=(0) ;(Z(R))^{4} \neq(0)\). Then \(R / Z(R) \cong G F\left(p^{r}\right)\) is a finite field of order \(p^{r}\). Let \(R_{0}=G R\left(p^{k r}, p^{k}\right)\) be a Galois ring of order \(p^{k r}\) and of characteristic \(p^{k}\) for some prime number \(p\) and positive integers \(k, r\) so that \(R=R_{0} \oplus U \bigoplus V \bigoplus W \bigoplus Y\), where \(U, V, W\) and \(Y\) are \(R_{0} / p R_{0}\) - spaces considered as \(R_{0}\) modules generated by \(e, f, g\) and \(h\) elements respectively. Then \(R\) is of characteristic \(p^{k}\) where \(1 \leq k \leq 5\). In this paper, we investigate and determine the structures of the unit groups of some classes of commutative completely primary finite ring \(R\) with \(p u_{i}=p^{\xi} v_{j}=p w_{k}=p y_{l}=0\), where \(\xi=2,3 ; 1 \leq i \leq e, 1 \leq j \leq f, 1 \leq k \leq g\), and \(1 \leq l \leq h\).

Wavelength Allotment for All-to-All Broadcast in WDM Optical Bidirectional ring with 3-Length Extension

All-to-all broadcast communication, distributing messages from each node to every other node, is a dense communication pattern and finds numerous applications in advanced computing and communication networks from the control plane to datacenters. A ring network topology is one of the important regular network topologies due to its simple structure, high speed, easy to extend and tolerant to link and node failures. Few researchers recommended connecting the alternate nodes of the ring with additional fibers in the ring network, to support increased call connection probability, higher tolerable to multiple link and node failures, enormous traffic handling capability and improved survivability. To reduce the complicatedness and cost of the network, it is essential to reduce the wavelength-number required to establish all-to-all broadcast in wavelength-division multiplexed ring network. In this paper, a ring network is extended by directly linking all nodes which are separated by two intermediate nodes with additional fibers and this network is referred as ring with 3-length extension. The wavelength allotment methods are proposed for realizing all-to-all broadcast over a WDM optical bi-directional ring with 3-length extension under multiple unicast routing model using a two-stage heuristic algorithm. The heuristic algorithm is developed to identify non-overlapping connections and an explicit wavelength allotment method based on the output of the heuristic technique is given. The result obtained shows that wavelength-number required atmost to establish all-to-all broadcast in a bi-directional ring with 3-length extension is reduced by a minimum of 57% and a maximum of 66% when compared to bi-directional primary ring. Similarly, the wavelength-number required atmost to establish all-to-all broadcast in a bi-directional ring with 3-length extension is reduced by a minimum of 20% and a maximum of 33% when compared to a bi-directional ring with 2-length extension.

On the links between unsteady separation and Nusselt number deterioration during vortex-wall interaction

A CFD study of an axisymmetric vortex ring interacting with a flat, constant-temperature, heated wall is conducted to study the physical nature of the mechanisms leading to deterioration in wall heat transfer due to the unsteady boundary layer separation resulting from vortex-wall interaction. The study utilizes a supplemental computation of a hypothetical flow configuration in which slip is allowed at the heated wall to eliminate separation of the boundary layer during the interaction. Comparison between the physical and hypothetical cases enables “isolation”, and hence understanding of the role of separation in the deterioration of Nusselt number (Nu). It is found that the nature of the near-wall upwash velocity leading to Nu deterioration is fundamentally altered by the presence of spearation. Without separation, the upwash is driven directly by the primary vortex ring. In contrast, with separation, the near-wall upwash is modified significantly by blockage from boundary layer separation and interaction with the secondary vortex ring. The modification is associated with the development of a near-wall “sublayer” that is responsible for the deterioration of Nu independent of the behavior of the overall thermal boundary layer thickness.

Experimental investigation on flow characteristics and unsteady heat transfer of noncircular impinging synthetic jets

This study investigates the flow characteristics and unsteady heat transfer of noncircular synthetic jets impinging on a heated plate. Thermographic phosphor thermometry and time-resolved particle image velocimetry are used to acquire quantitative wall temperature and flow field information, respectively. At a constant orifice-to-wall distance (H/De = 7.5), five orifice configurations (circular, square, elliptic with aspect ratio (AR) of 3, and rectangular with ARs of 3 and 5) are examined at a wall temperature of 80 °C. The orifice configuration has a significant effect on the heat transfer and vortex behavior of the impinging synthetic jets. The square orifice displays better stagnation cooling performance with 42% increase in the maximum stagnation cooling coefficient relative to the circular case due to the larger impinging velocity and deeper penetration into the wall shear layer. Axis-switching of the vortex rings is detected for both the elliptic and rectangular orifices before they impinge onto the wall. The axis-switching enhances the near-wall mixing and turbulent kinetic energy in the elliptic and rectangular orifices, and thus heat transfer compared with the circular case. Additionally, stronger vortices and deeper penetration into the wall shear layer are observed in the major-axis plane than in the minor-axis plane, leading to enhanced heat transfer in the major-axis direction. In particular, the rectangular orifice with an AR of 5 induces strong secondary structures in the trailing jet following the primary vortex ring, and these are responsible for the double-peak distribution of wall temperature in the major-axis direction. This is the first time a double-peak temperature distribution has been reported for noncircular impinging synthetic jets. The rectangular orifice with an AR of 5 also yields a larger cross-stream velocity in the minor-axis direction, indicating a stronger wall jet. Thus, among the cases considered in this study, the rectangular orifice with AR = 5 achieves the optimal cooling performance and the maximum time-averaged cooling area reaches more than 14 times the jet orifice area.

Influence of LMR and LMR/LDH on Prognosis of Primary Waldeyer's Ring Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma

Influence of LMR and LMR/LDH on Prognosis of Primary Waldeyer's Ring Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma

Miniseries 1-Part I: the Development of the atrioventricular conduction axis.

Despite years of research, many details of the formation of the atrioventricular conduction axis remain uncertain. In this study, we aimed to clarify the situation. We studied three-dimensional reconstructions of serial histological sections and episcopic datasets of human embryos, supplementing these findings with assessment of material housed at the Human Developmental Biological Resource. We also examined serially sectioned human foetal hearts between 10 and 30 weeks of gestation. The conduction axis originates from the primary interventricular ring, which is initially at right angles to the plane of the atrioventricular canal, with which it co-localizes in the lesser curvature of the heart loop. With rightward expansion of the atrioventricular canal, the primary ring bends rightward, encircling the newly forming right atrioventricular junction. Subsequent to remodelling of the outflow tract, part of the primary ring remains localized on the crest of the muscular ventricular septum. By 7 weeks, its atrioventricular part has extended perpendicular to the septal parts. The atrioventricular node is formed at the inferior transition between the ventricular and atrial parts, with the transition itself marking the site of the penetrating atrioventricular bundle. Only subsequent to muscularization of the true second atrial septum does it become possible to recognize the definitive node. The conversion of the developmental arrangement into the definitive situation as seen postnatally requires additional remodelling in the first month of foetal development, concomitant with formation of the inferior pyramidal space and the infero-septal recess of the subaortic outflow tract.

Classification of Unit Groups of Five Radical Zero Completely Primary Finite Rings Whose First and Second Galois Ring Module Generators Are of the Order pk, k = 2, 3, 4

Let R0 = GR(pkr, pk) be a Galois maximal subring of R so that R = R0 ⊕ U ⊕ V ⊕ W ⊕ Y, where U, V, W, and Y are R0/pR0 spaces considered as R0‐modules, generated by the sets {u1, ⋯, ue}, {v1, ⋯, vf}, {w1, ⋯, wg}, and {y1, ⋯, yh}, respectively. Then, R is a completely primary finite ring with a Jacobson radical Z(R) such that (Z(R))5 = (0) and (Z(R))4 ≠ (0). The residue field R/Z(R) is a finite field GF(pr) for some prime p and positive integer r. The characteristic of R is pk, where k is an integer such that 1 ≤ k ≤ 5. In this paper, we study the structures of the unit groups of a commutative completely primary finite ring R with pψui = 0, ψ = 2, 3, 4; pζvj = 0, ζ = 2, 3; pwk = 0, and pyl = 0; 1 ≤ i ≤ e, 1 ≤ j ≤ f, 1 ≤ k ≤ g, and 1 ≤ l ≤ h.

Inferior Extensions of the Atrioventricular Node

The pathways for excitation of the atrioventricular node enter either superiorly, as the so-called ‘fast’ pathway, or inferiorly as the ‘slow’ pathway. However, knowledge of the specific anatomical details of these pathways is limited. Most of the experimental studies that established the existence of these pathways were conducted in mammalian hearts, which have subtle differences to human hearts. In this review, the authors summarise their recent experiences investigating human cardiac development, correlating these results with the arrangement of the connections between the atrial myocardium and the compact atrioventricular node as revealed by serial sectioning of adult human hearts. They discuss the contributions made from the atrioventricular canal myocardium, as opposed to the primary ring. Both these rings are incorporated into the atrial vestibules, albeit with the primary ring contributing only to the tricuspid vestibule. The atrial septal cardiomyocytes are relatively late contributors to the nodal inputs. Finally, they relate our findings of human cardiac development to the postnatal arrangement.

Characteristics of shock tube generated compressible vortex rings at very high shock Mach numbers

Compressible vortex rings are usually formed at the open end of a shock tube. They show exciting flow phenomena during their formation, evolution, and propagation depending on the shock Mach number (Ms) and exit flow conditions. This study considers high shock tube pressure ratio (PR) cases showing hitherto unknown, spectacular flow structures. With hydrogen as a driver section gas at high PR, a supersonic compressible vortex ring having vortex ring Mach number (Mv) &amp;gt;1 is obtained for the first time. The formation of multiple triple points and the corresponding slipstream shear layers and, thus, multiple counter-rotating vortex rings (CRVRs) behind the primary vortex ring at different radial locations, in addition to the usual CRVRs, appears to be a unique characteristic for high Mach number vortex rings. During the formation stage, a vortex layer of reverse circulation than that of the primary vortex ring gets generated from the outer wall of the shock tube. The instability of such a vortex layer creates another series of opposite circulation vortices, which later interfere with the primary vortex core considerably. Also, a near stationary slipstream vortex and multiple fast-moving tiny vortices of opposite circulation to the slipstream vortex are observed near the central zone. Mechanisms for the formation of these complex vortical structures are identified. The implications of these phenomena on the vortex ring's geometric and kinematic characteristics, such as ring diameter, core diameter, circulation, and translational velocity, are discussed in detail, illustrating their differences with low vortex ring Mach number cases considering 0.31 &amp;lt; Mv &amp;lt; 1.08.