Primary Source Research Research Articles

Prelude to Genocide or Late-Stage “Territorialism”? The Nazi “Madagascar Plan” in Comparative and Colonial Context, 1936–1940

ABSTRACT Most scholars argue that the “Madagascar Plan” constituted the penultimate stage in the development of the Nazi “Final Solution,” representing a commitment to physical attrition presaging outright extermination. The idea of mass Jewish resettlement in Madagascar or another African colonial territory was no Nazi invention, however. It had been broached by various parties since the late nineteenth century, not least of which the Poles, French, British and even Jewish “territorialists” seeking an alternative to Zionism. Nor was the Nazi Madagascar Plan, for all its problematic assumptions about race, space, minority rights, and “permanent security,” inherently (proto-) genocidal. The goal of this article is to place the Nazi version of the Madagascar Plan back in this broader historical lineage of late-stage European colonialism and more specifically “territorialism,” avoiding the teleological assumption that such a solution represented an attritionist prelude to genocide. After a brief summary of its pre-history, this article draws on extensive primary source research to reconstruct the Polish, French, and British discussions of such plans between 1936 and 1938. It then turns to similar investigations conducted by Nazi officials between Summer 1937 and Summer 1940, based largely on primary sources, comparing the two projects and their implications for understanding the (Nazi) “Jewish Question.” The article concludes that the Madagascar Plan constituted the Third Reich’s last, most ambitious effort to “solve” the “Jewish Question” within the colonial framework that had defined most “territorialist solutions” to Jewish and other refugee and minority “questions” since the late nineteenth century. Such continuities between German and European colonialism and Nazi “solutions” to the “Jewish Question,” while racist and disdainful of Jews and indigenous populations, had less to do with Windhoek, much less Auschwitz, and more to do with pre-1940 plans to settle “surplus” European minority and refugee populations in colonial spaces.

Exploring the Effectiveness of VPN Architecture in Enhancing Network Security for Mobile Networks: An Investigation Study

The rapid development of technology in communications has transformed the operations of companies and institutions, paving the way for increased productivity, revenue growth, and enhanced customer service. Multimedia calls and other modern communication technologies boost mobile network, thus their utilization is critical to moving the business forward. However, these widely used networks are also vulnerable to security threats, leading network vendors and technicians to implement various techniques to ensure network safety. As the need to safeguard technologies grow and there has been a significant increase in growth the idea of a virtual private network (VPN) emerged as a key strategy for tackling the threat to network security. the authors suggested looking into this issue and presenting the findings of a study that contained insightful observations from the literature reviews that served as the primary source of research besides questionnaire responses as opinions from those who have experience in the network industry and its security. Through this research, it became evident that several technologies and approaches exist to safeguard networks, but the Transport Layer Security (TLS) architecture stood out as a superior solution, particularly for mobile networks.

Fundraising Strategy Analysis For Orphans And Du'afa Non-Profit Yabara Foundation Sidoarjo

In Islam, doing good to anyone is ordered, because whoever wants to do good, is one of the lucky ones. This good deed includes amar ma'ruf which will have an impact on positive values and bring benefit both in this world and the hereafter. One of them is that we are encouraged to care for orphans and dhua'fa (weak economic groups), anyone who cares about this group apart from the rewards he gets will get great benefits. This research will analyze how the Fundraising Strategy for Orphans and Dhu'afa is carried out by the Yabara Foundation Sidoarjo, a foundation that cares for and often supports orphans and the du'afa. Through routine quarterly programs and annual Muharram moments, fundraising activities are driven by involving the community. The subject of this research is the Babussalam Bhayangkara Foundation (Yabara Foundation) Sidoarjo. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with primary and secondary research sources. Data collection techniques use observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of the research show that the fundraising strategy analysis was carried out in two ways 1). Mobilizing instrument fundraisers from foundation institutions that are in contact with residents 2) applying direct or indirect indicators. The result can be felt by the weak, especially orphans and the du'afa with a reduced economic burden that must be borne

How do underage youth access e-cigarettes in settings with minimum age sales restriction laws? A scoping review

BackgroundDespite measures to reduce young people’s access to electronic cigarettes (ECs), or “vapes”, many countries have recorded rising youth vaping prevalence. We summarised studies documenting how underage youth in countries with minimum age sales restrictions (or where sales are banned) report accessing ECs, and outline research and policy implications.MethodsWe undertook a focused literature search across multiple databases to identify relevant English-language studies reporting on primary research (quantitative and qualitative) and EC access sources among underage youth.ResultsSocial sourcing was the most prevalent EC access route, relative to commercial or other avenues; however, social sourcing dynamics (i.e., who is involved in supplying product and why) remain poorly understood, especially with regard to proxy purchasing. While less prevalent, in-person retail purchasing (mainly from vape shops) persists among this age group, and appears far more common than online purchasing.ConclusionsFurther research examining how social supply routes operate, including interaction and power dynamics, is crucial to reducing youth vaping. Given widespread access via schools and during social activities and events, exploring how supply routes operate and evolve in these settings should be prioritized. Inadequate compliance with existing sales regulations suggest greater national and local policy enforcement, including fines and licence confiscation for selling to minors, is required at the retailer level.

Bridging the Gap: Reparations in Refugee Camps

AbstractThe commission of large-scale international crimes (namely, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide) could result in populations fleeing from their homes, seeking protection. There is an increasing number of victims of these crimes who have been forcibly displaced and currently live in settlements widely known as refugee camps. Victims of international crimes have the right to receive reparations for the harm they have suffered. This means that international criminal tribunals, particularly the International Criminal Court, will have to consider reparations for victims in refugee camps in the near future when the victims seek to enforce their right to reparations. To date, the delivery of reparations in these contexts has not been analysed adequately in the academic literature; this is the gap that this article aims to discuss. The article explores the extent to which it is suitable and feasible to deliver reparations in refugee camps. One of the main arguments is that living in a refugee camp could compound the crime-related harm already sustained by victims. This feature, along with the instability of the situation of victims and the infrastructure of the camp, constitute key characteristics of refugee camps and should each be taken into consideration in delivering reparations. As this article suggests, the instability of the victims’ situation will inform which modalities of reparations are suitable to be delivered in the context of a refugee camp. Subsequently, the compounded harm and the camp's infrastructure will inform which particular reparative measures, corresponding to each modality, will be suitable and feasible – respectively – to be delivered. The methodology includes desk-based and qualitative research and analysis of primary and secondary sources and case studies.

Urolithin A as a Potential Agent for Prevention of Age-Related Disease: A Scoping Review.

The aging of an organism is hallmarked by systemic loss of functional tissue, resulting in increased fragility and eventual development of age-related neurodegenerative, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and neoplastic diseases. Growing scientific evidence points to mitochondrial dysfunction as a key contributor in the aging process and subsequent development of age-related pathologies. Under normal physiologic conditions, the body removes dysfunctional mitochondria via an autophagic process known as mitophagy. Urolithin A (UA), a metabolite produced when gut microflora digests the polyphenol compounds ellagitannin and ellagic acid, is a known inducer of mitophagy via several identified mechanisms of action. The primary objective of this scoping review is to identify and summarize the clinical relevance of UA supplementation in the prevention of age-related pathology and diseases. A computer-assisted literature review was performed using PubMed and EMBASE for primary source research articles examining UA supplementation and aging-related pathologies. A total of 293 articles were initially identified from a database search, and 15 articles remained for inclusion in this review, based on predetermined criteria. Analysis of the 15 identified publications demonstrated that UA holds potential as a dietary intervention for slowing the progression of aging and preventing the development of age-related disease. This review also illustrates the potential role that mitochondrial health and inflammation play in the progression of age-related pathology. Identifying the clinical relevance of UA supplementation in the prevention of age-related pathology and diseases will help further the focus of research on treatments that may improve the longevity and quality of life in patientsat risk for these comorbidities.

HUMAN ORGAN TRAFFICKING AND TRANSPLANTATION: A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF CAUSES, CHALLENGES AND IMPLEMENTATION OF EXISTING LAWS IN PAKISTAN

Organ transplant save many lives every year throughout the world. But at the same time lives of donors are in danger because of illegal organ trade which is common in third world countries. People from all over the world especially from developed countries including Europe, Australia, and United States come to developing countries including Pakistan, India, and other developing countries every year. They used to hunt poor donors who are all set to sell off their healthy organs in return of money. Recent repot of World Health Organization (WHO) says that annually almost ten percent kidney transplants of the overall kidney transplants that happen in the world involve donors from the above mentioned developing countries. Current research is based on laws which can overcome this alarming situation and also highlights the issues regarding implementation of existing laws and policies. Transplant of Human Organ and Tissue Act 2010 is a relevant law which provides removal, storage and transplantation for therapeutic purposes. This research is of qualitative and exploratory nature. It is such as to find out the most relevant information for the topic and made evaluation using tools to take out research through articles, books, case studies and online materials. This research critically evaluates the laws which are related to organ trade in Pakistan. Primary source of research is relevant laws and their critical evaluation and secondary source of this research is journals and articles of relevant topic. This research concludes that Organ trafficking is one of the most common illegal activities in the world and particularly in Pakistan. In the last few decades, there have been a number of transnational issues. The most highlighted causes are poverty, exploitation of minors, and lack of viable organs. However, the root cause for the current scenario is the lack of proper legislation regarding illegal organ trade and the implementation of existing laws. The government and other public/private organizations shall observe the relationship between donors, donor health and organ trafficking in order to develop efficient policies against organ trafficking and transplantation tourism (Naziha Syed Ali, 2017). Keywords: Human Organ Trafficking; Legal Challenges; Transplant Tourism; THOTA Act

HUMAN ORGAN TRAFFICKING AND TRANSPLANTATION: A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF CAUSES, CHALLENGES AND IMPLEMENTATION OF EXISTING LAWS IN PAKISTAN

Organ transplant save many lives every year throughout the world. But at the same time lives of donors are in danger because of illegal organ trade which is common in third world countries. People from all over the world especially from developed countries including Europe, Australia, and United States come to developing countries including Pakistan, India, and other developing countries every year. They used to hunt poor donors who are all set to sell off their healthy organs in return of money. Recent repot of World Health Organization (WHO) says that annually almost ten percent kidney transplants of the overall kidney transplants that happen in the world involve donors from the above mentioned developing countries. Current research is based on laws which can overcome this alarming situation and also highlights the issues regarding implementation of existing laws and policies. Transplant of Human Organ and Tissue Act 2010 is a relevant law which provides removal, storage and transplantation for therapeutic purposes. This research is of qualitative and exploratory nature. It is such as to find out the most relevant information for the topic and made evaluation using tools to take out research through articles, books, case studies and online materials. This research critically evaluates the laws which are related to organ trade in Pakistan. Primary source of research is relevant laws and their critical evaluation and secondary source of this research is journals and articles of relevant topic. This research concludes that Organ trafficking is one of the most common illegal activities in the world and particularly in Pakistan. In the last few decades, there have been a number of transnational issues. The most highlighted causes are poverty, exploitation of minors, and lack of viable organs. However, the root cause for the current scenario is the lack of proper legislation regarding illegal organ trade and the implementation of existing laws. The government and other public/private organizations shall observe the relationship between donors, donor health and organ trafficking in order to develop efficient policies against organ trafficking and transplantation tourism (Naziha Syed Ali, 2017). Keywords: Human Organ Trafficking; Legal Challenges; Transplant Tourism; THOTA Act

OPENHERITAGE3D: BUILDING AN OPEN VISUAL ARCHIVE FOR SITE SCALE GIGA-RESOLUTION LIDAR AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY DATA

Abstract. LiDAR and photogrammetry are common mechanisms for the documentation of cultural heritage sites. Their outputs provide foundational primary sources for research and important engineering decisions contributing to the on-going conservation of sites and structures. Unfortunately, due to the complex nature of these data, they are rarely shared with stakeholders in their full forms. Raw data is routinely transferred to portable hard drives and forgotten at a project’s end. Digital heritage documentation, often acquired with great effort and cost, is at risk of loss (UNESCO 2003). When these data are shared, they are rarely presented or formatted in ways which enable their widespread re-use. As processing tools improve at a rapid pace, and offer new pipelines for improved reconstruction and fusion with additional data sources, it is important to preserve the data in a way which maintains all functionality and interoperability between processing platforms. It's not enough to share data or to simply make them "available." Data must be technologically and intellectually intelligible (and useful). A new system framework is required to ensure their integrity and wide-spread utility, and to democratize these data for re-use by the diverse communities of stakeholders with whose purposes fall outside the narrow scopes of a 3D documentation project’s original goals. In this paper we present OpenHeritage3D.org as a platform and framework for an open visual archive seeking to provide authoritative and democratized access to site-scale lidar and photogrammetry through data curation, file-sharing, and web-visualization systems with granular segmentation and data conversion capabilities.

Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Korban Tindak Pidana Lingkungan Hidup Oleh Korporasi

In environmental crimes, if a corporation has been sentenced to a criminal sentence, it is as if the sentence has been fulfilled. Considering that environmental crimes can result in many victims, both physically and psychologically, who feel disadvantaged as a result of criminal acts committed by corporations. However, along with the number of environmental crime cases, there are also many rights of social victims and social objects that have not been fulfilled. Therefore, this research wants to find the ideal legal protection for victims of environmental crimes. This research method uses a qualitative type of literature review. Primary data source UUD RI and research journals. This data analysis uses content content. The results of the study show that the main form of legal protection for victims of environmental crimes besides the form of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is environmental restoration for the benefit of environmental preservation. In resolving environmental disputes, the parties can use out-of-court channels, namely mediation or court channels with the concept of restorative justice that emphasizes the rights of victims and the interests of perpetrators of environmental crimes.

Medals, Rings, and Olympic Dreams: A Review Essay of Antonio Sotomayor and Cesar R. Torres, eds., Olimpismo

Medals, Rings, and Olympic Dreams: A Review Essay of Antonio Sotomayor and Cesar R. Torres, eds., <i>Olimpismo</i>

A Internet como fonte de informação e literacia em saúde na gravidez: uma revisão scoping

Introduction The social reconfigurations of the last few decades have changed the role of women in society, moving them away from the extended family and reducing their time to build supportive relationships, essential factors of informal support during the transition to parenthood. This new reality led to the emergence of alternative informal sources of support, namely the internet, currently constituting one of the main sources of health information for pregnant women. However, it is not enough to have access to online information to know how to apply in health decisions, it is also necessary to evaluate, understand and interpret it, that is, it is necessary to have health literacy. Objective Map the existing literature on the relationship between the internet as a source of information and the level of health literacy of pregnant women. Methods Population: pregnant women; concept: health literacy; context: internet. Primary and secondary sources of qualitative and quantitative research were considered, as well as unpublished literature, as master's dissertations. Research in three stages according to the JBI methodology, using the databases Medline, CINHAL, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Open Access Scientific Repository of Portugal. Considered articles published since 2015, in Portuguese, English, Spanish and French. Data extraction and analysis performed in a table elaborated according to the JBI methodology, 2020. Results 13 articles were included. Pregnant women with a higher level of health literacy conduct more online health research, resorting more to formal sources and discussing the information accessed with health professionals. Pregnant women with a lower level of health literacy have more difficulties in understanding, evaluating and applying the information accessed online, resorting more to sources such as blogs and social networks. Conclusion The level of health literacy of pregnant women has a decisive influence on the use of the internet as a source of health information, being positively related to greater frequency of use, recurrence to formal sources and discussion of the information accessed with health professionals. In contrast, a lower level of health literacy is associated with greater difficulty in evaluating and understanding the information accessed, requiring support from health professionals. The level of health literacy of pregnant women should be considered for a personalized recommendation of valid and reliable online information.

PERMOHONAN DISPENSASI NIKAH DI PENGADILAN AGAMA INDRAMAYU DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM DAN SOSIOLOGI HUKUM

This study uses a data analysis model in which qualitative data analysis is followed by data collection from the Indramayu Religious Court and other laws to support data analysis. This method involves collecting data from primary and secondary sources for research. The data were tested without using statistical formulas or mathematical models, and the findings will be presented in a descriptive analysis. In addition, deductive conclusions are drawn in response to the questions being investigated. The granting of marital dispensation to children who are to be married off under the age is one example of a legal decision that will undoubtedly have a direct impact from a sociological and legal perspective. The minimum age a person may marry is not explicitly stated in the Qur'an. In contrast to the majority of scholars, such as Ibn Subrumah, Bakar Al-A'sham, and Utsmaan Al-Batt, who stated: that young man is not legally married, they cannot marry until they reach puberty and have clear consent from their parents.&#x0D; Keywords: Marriage Dispensation; Religious courts; Law; Legal Sociology.

The Dynamics of China - Ethiopia Relations during the Ogaden War, 1977-1978

This study examines superpower competition in the Horn of Africa during the Ogaden War (1977-1978). It deals mainly with China’s response to the Ogaden War. The author uses both primary and secondary sources. Primary research sources were collected from various agencies and institutions such as the Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Institute of Ethiopian Studies (IES), and periodicals using memoirs, speeches, and correspondence exchanges. Secondary sources are gathered from published and unpublished sources. The study defines conventional wisdom about superpower and Chinese intervention in the Horn of Africa during the Ogaden War; it seeks to highlight the complex interplay of real China’s foreign policy toward the Horn of Africa. It also describes China’s perspectives on policy in Africa and its response to the Ogaden War. The study claims that the Soviet Union’s influence in the Horn of Africa generally draws China into regional affairs. Indeed, Soviet influence in the Horn of Africa shifted the Ogaden War into an international dimension. Thus, the study concludes that China’s reaction to the Horn events was primarily aimed at leveling out the Soviet Union’s sphere of influence in the region.

The Founding Year of the Khitan Dynasty: A Textual Investigation Based on Primary Sources

Abstract This article is an investigation into the founding of the Khitan empire based on a diverse collection of historical documents from both the Northern and Central Plains regions. These sources include the official history of the Liao dynasty, Liaoshi, written during the year of dynasty’s foundation in 907, the Qidan guo zhi from 916, as well as a variety of documents ranging from as early as the late 8th century to the mid 10th century. Some historians go as far as to say that Yelü Abaoji, who ruled the Liao dynasty from 907–926, never assumed the title of emperor. Although today’s scholarship on the Liao dynasty tends to fundamentally agree that Yelü Abaoji, who is known in history books as Taizu, the first emperor of the Liao dynasty, officially proclaimed the founding of the dynasty with himself as emperor in the first year of Shence in 916, no one has yet undertaken a proper investigation as to the details of the historical source material which has led to this assumption. This article is based on primary source research and investigates these critical pieces of historical evidence surrounding the founding of the Liao dynasty to better clarify events surrounding this major historical moment.

Engaging Undergraduates in Primary Source Research

Engaging Undergraduates in Primary Source Research

Before the Religious Right: Liberal Protestants, Human Rights, and the Polarization of the United States. By Gene Zubovich

For scholars laboring in any number of subfields—intellectual history, religion, political economy, international relations—March 2022 brought a long-anticipated publication date. Over several years in the pages of leading journals, Gene Zubovich had offered snippets of his larger project, articles that immediately became footnote mainstays. The finished product, Before the Religious Right: Liberal Protestants, Human Rights, and the Polarization of the United States, is as expected: a work of erudition that evinces mastery of numerous literatures and scrupulous primary source research. Before the Religious Right redresses historiographical imbalances. While Zubovich commends scholars who have analyzed the mid-century political mobilization of evangelicals, he “offers a corrective” by recovering the story of ecumenical Protestants, demonstrating how constitutive they were to postwar American liberalism (p. 12). The lines between church and state, if they existed at all, were invisible. He rejects simplistic narratives about faith’s role in American hegemony, both those that depict religious actors as uniquely guilty villains and those that credit them as especially noble critics. And where scholars have only recently attended to the role of religious groups in the propagation of human rights (with even those exceptions tending to focus on Catholicism), he “locates the religious roots of human rights in the ecumenical milieu” (p. 7).

ADOPTION OF AAOIFI INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ETHICS FOR INDONESIAN ISLAMIC ACCOUNTANTS

Indonesia's Islamic sharia accounting code of ethics needs to adopt a code of ethics compiled by international experts in the global Islamic accountant organization AAOIFI as a drafting reference. The research uses an interactive qualitative type that advances interview techniques to collect data from scholars. The primary source of research uses the code of ethics issued by AAOIFI and through interviews with IAI Islamic accountants, accounting practitioners and scholars in the MUI. The principles of the AAOIFI code of ethics include taqwa, tawakal, amanah, sidiq. quwwah and tawasi bil haq. The adoption of a code of ethics for Indonesian Islamic accountants is an important matter of duplicating the virtues in modern applicants, namely applying Islamic law in order to provide solutions and guidance in contemporary modern problems. The preparation of a code of ethics for Indonesian Islamic accountants requires the Islamic accountant profession in the complex modern world needs to pay attention to urf am and urf khas so that it will give great benefits because until now the Indonesian Islamic accountant profession does not have a professional code of ethics.

“What I Did at Vassar Stayed with Me”: Victorian Studies and Activism, a Case Study

Vassar College was one of the few North American undergraduate institutions to offer a concentration in Victorian studies. From 1970 until 2021, when the program transformed into Global Nineteenth-Century Studies, nearly ninety majors and minors passed through the program. Drawing on surveys and interviews with the program's graduates, the essay contends that Vassar's Victorian studies program engendered certain mental habits as well as specific approaches to activism, which the essay broadly defines to include activist scholarship and journalism, working for change within institutions, and reimagining family life and child-rearing. The Vassar alums who participated in the surveys and interviews made direct links between their activist commitments and an undergraduate education that emphasized primary-source research as well as multidisciplinarity.

IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL SUPPORT INSTITUTIONS ON THE ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN ZAGREB – A CASE STUDY OF ZICER

Entrepreneurial support institutions off er a wide range of services to their tenants, which in the long run aff ects their development, the development of the local environment in which they operate and the development of the overall Croatian economy. The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of entrepreneurial support institutions on the entrepreneurship and the business environment in Zagreb, thecapital of Croatia. Throughout the paper, the method of description, comparison, deduction and synthetic were used. The problem investigated in the paper refers to the question of the success of ESI in meeting theneeds of creating an entrepreneurial environment in the area in which they operate. Through the example of the Zagreb Innovation Center (ZICER), empirical data were collected by a survey questionnaire to examine the satisfaction and the acceptance of the services by their users. Conducting primary research sources, the authors proved that users are satisfi ed with the received services, showed the importance and benefi t that users, local and national economy have from entrepreneurial support institutions. The results of the research can be the basis for further research and strengthening the role of entrepreneurial support institutions.