Primary Ramifications Research Articles

Preliminary results regarding the seed yield of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) plants harvested at different stages of seed maturity

Abstract During the study, the characteristics of flower heads and seed yield of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) plants harvested at different stages of seed maturity (achenes from different types of heads – primary, secondary, and tertiary ramifications) were measured. The number of total flower heads (inflorescences), heads with mature seeds, and the diameter of heads with mature seeds and weight of seeds of the above mentioned fractions per plant were calculated. The results show that there are significant differences among treatments regarding several parameters. The plants were harvested when 90% of the heads formed on the primary ramifications and 75% of the heads formed on the secondary ramifications, having mature seeds superior to plants with 50% of the secondary heads with mature seeds.

There's nowhere to go: counting the costs of extreme weather to the homeless community.

People experiencing homelessness are vulnerable to extreme weather in unique ways. The entrenched inequalities that underpin disaster vulnerability are compounded by extreme isolation and the stress of transient living on mental and physical health. However, the impacts of extreme weather on the homeless in Australia are largely undocumented and rarely incorporated in emergency planning. Interviews with and surveys of emergency and homeless services and service users revealed that the primary ramifications of losing shelter and worsening mental health deepen the cycle of homelessness and trauma. Consequently, homeless shelter losses, such as tents, should be included in pre- and post-event impact statistics and subsequent recovery support. Extreme weather response plans should include early triggers and strategies for 'non-severe' weather events, as the homeless community is affected earlier and by a wider range of meteorological conditions. Moreover, this study also explores the benefits of a trauma-informed response to extreme weather when working with the homeless.

Reason's debt to freedom: normative appraisals, reasons, and free will

Chapter 1. Freedom, Normative Judgments, and Reason 1.1. Freedom and Normative Judgments: The Basic Issues 1.2. A Brief Outline Chapter 2 Reasons and Alternative Possibilities 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Types of Reason 2.3. A Requirement of Alternative Possibilities for Objective Pro Tanto Reasons 2.3.1. Wrong Implies Can 2.3.2. Objections to Wrong Implies Can 2.4. An Alternative Possibilities Requirement for Right, Wrong, and 2.5. Some Objections Chapter 3. Moral Obligation, Prudential Obligation, and Alternative Possibilities 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Moral Obligation, Reason, and Alternative Possibilities 3.3. Objections to the View that Moral Obligation Requires Alternatives 3.3.1. A Problem with the Derivation 3.3.2. The Challenge of Frankfurt Examples 3.3.3. Reliance on Ought Implies Can 3.4. Prudential Obligation, Reason, and Alternative Possibilities 3.5. Objections to the View that Prudential Obligation Requires Alternatives 3.5.1. Prudence or Self-Interest? 3.5.2. Prudential Obligation and Objective Pro Tanto Reasons 3.5.3. A Challenge from Frankfurt Examples Chapter 4. Axiological Appraisals and Alternative Possibilities 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Intrinsic Value and Reasons 4.3. A Requirement of Alternative Possibilities for Intrinsic Value 4.4. The Morally Deontic's Dependence on the Axiological 4.5. Pleasure and Reasons 4.6. Virtue and Reasons Chapter 5. Moral Sentiments and Alternative Possibilities 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Forgiveness and Reasons 5.3. Indignation and Reasons 5.4. Guilt, Sorrow, and Reasons 5.5. Gratitude, Joy, Thankfulness, and Reasons 5.6. The Moral Sentiments and Alternative Possibilities Chapter 6. Determinism's Impact on Normative Judgments 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Incompatibilism, Strong Alternatives, and Normative Assessments 6.2.1. Incompatibilism, Strong Alternatives, and Intrinsic Value 6.2.2. Incompatibilism, Strong Alternatives, Welfare, and Happiness 6.2.3. Incompatibilism, Strong Alternatives, and Moral Responsibility 6.2.4. Incompatibilism, Strong Alternatives, and the Moral Sentiments 6.3. Libertarianism, Luck, and Normative Appraisals 6.4. Compatibilism, Weak Alternatives, and Normative Judgments 6.5. On the Viability of Semi-Compatibilism 6.6. Revisiting Frankfurt Examples 6.7. Other Varieties of Semi-Compatibilism Appendix A: Agent Causation and Luck Chapter 7 Imperiled Compatibilist Approaches 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Strawsonian Semi-Compatibilism 7.2.1. An Outline of Strawsonian Compatibilism 7.2.2. Reactive Attitudes, Obligation, and Alternative Possibilities 7.2.3. Another Pathway to Questioning Strawsonian Semi-Compatibilism 7.3. Mesh Theories 7.3.1. Hierarchical Control and Reason 7.3.2. Assessment of the Revised Hierarchical View 7.4. Wolf's Reason View 7.5. Watson's Mesh Theory 7.6. Concluding Remarks on Reasons-Responsiveness Accounts of Control Chapter 8 Conclusion 8.1. Summary of the Argument 8.2. Primary Ramifications

Conventional apoptosis assays using propidium iodide generate a significant number of false positives that prevent accurate assessment of cell death

The advent of flow cytometry-based applications has significantly impacted the study of cellular apoptosis. Propidium iodide (PI) is a commonly used viability stain in these studies. Unfortunately, we find that conventional Annexin V/PI protocols lead to a significant number of false positive events (up to 40%), which are associated with PI staining of RNA within the cytoplasmic compartment. Both primary cells and cell lines are affected, with large cells (nuclear: cytoplasmic ratios <0.5) showing the highest occurrence. This distribution spans a wide range of animal models including mice, swine, avian, and teleost fish and potentially affects up to 1016 out of 1019 of peer-reviewed papers published in this area since 1995. We show that the primary ramifications from these findings relate to cells experiencing changes in RNA content. Virally infected cells, for example, are qualified as undergoing apoptosis in response to infection based on conventional staining protocols; in fact, these cells are alive and actively producing viral RNA that can serve to produce additional infectious viral particles. Based on our observations we propose a modified protocol, show that it overcomes previous drawbacks for this technique, and that it will allow for more accurate assessment of cell death across various platforms.

Bucurella, a new genus of the Tribe Thyrsoporelleae (fossil Dasycladalean algae)

A new genus, Bucurella, is described and figured; it is based on Macroporella espichelensis Deloffre et Ramalho, 1971, a taxon known only from the Late Jurassic. It is characterized by the presence of distinctive whorls, each with three thick and broad (fertile) ramifications. The lateral division formula is 1 F: 3 F: (3x2) F: (3x2x2) F = (1: 3: 6: 12); that is the primary ramification divides into three secondaries which in turn branch dichotomously into tertiaries and again into quaternaries. It and its descendant, Zergabriella, are assigned to the Tribe Thyrsoporelleae.

Substratos na formação de mudas para pessegueiro

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of four substrates in the peach seedling production, cv. Campinas-1. The study was carried out in the Department of Plant Science, at Vicosa Federal University, state of Minas Gerais (Brazil). After stratification, the seeds were sowed in plastic bags (2 liters), using as substrates: Plantmax ® ; Plantmax ® + Sand (1:2 v/v); Plantmax ® + Red Latosol (1:2 v/v) and Plantmax ® + Filter Cake from Sugar Cane (1:1 v/v). The experiment was designed in randomized blocks, with four replications, being each five plastic bags considered as pilot. After 120 days of sowing, the total length, height and root length, stem diameter, aerial part and root mass of thendry matter and, the primary ramification number were evaluated. The study concluded that the substrate affected the peach rootstocks production, recommending the use of the mixtures Plantmax ® + Red Latosol and Plantmax ® + Filter Cake from Sugar Cane.

Salpingoporella donatae n.sp. (Dasycladales) from Upper Cretaceous Limestone of the Environs of Primosten (Dalmatia, Croatia)

A new species of the dasyclad genus Salpingoporella, S. donatae, is characterized by wavy primary ramifications, which makes it easily distinguishable from other species of the genus. It derives from platy algal pelletal packstones and grainstones from the Lower Coniacian to Campanian deposits of the environs of Primosten, Dalmatia. Uragiella matzi SOKAC & VELIC has already been described from the same deposits.

Dissocladella bystrickyi n.sp., a New Calcareous Alga (Dasycladaceae) from Upper Triassic Dolomites of Mt. Medvednica (Northern Croatia)

Dissocladella bystrickyi n.sp. occurs in early diagenetic Upper Triassic dolomites, that were deposited in tidal flat and tidal channel environments in the carbonate platform interior. The new alga, assigned to the genus Dissocladella, is characterized by verticillate and distally flattened primary ramifications which give rectangular pores and each bear 5-7 club-shaped secondaries. Its stratigraphic position is probably within the Norian-Rhaetian.

The (Relative) Insignificance of G in Flocculation

The kinetics of flocculation of heterodisperse suspensions like those in water treatment plants are usually described by the Smoluchowski equation, which incorporates collision frequency functions for particle collisions by Brownian motion, fluid shear, and differential sedimentation. These collision‐frequency functions are based on a rectilinear view of collisions, i.e., one that ignores short‐range forces and changes in fluid motion as particles approach one another. With this rectilinear approach, the velocity gradient, G, is the principal design parameter for flocculation units. A curvilinear approach, i.e., one that accounts for short‐range effects in particle collisions, is presented as a set of corrections to the rectilinear collision frequency functions for each mechanism. The primary ramification of this curvilinear, heterodisperse approach is that G is found to be not nearly so important. Previous experimental work in which the role of G has been examined is reviewed in light of this finding.

Palmar‐digital arterial networks in fifty pairs of human fetal hands: Arteriographic models for clinical consideration

Arterial networks in 50 pairs of human fetal hands, made visible by perfusion with radiopaque media, were compared between right and left hands. The imaged primary arterial networks in the fetal hands were also compared with those in adult human and rhesus monkey hands. It was found that superficial arch configurations and their primary ramifications are bilaterally similar in human fetal hands. The configurations of the primary arterial networks are established very early in prenatal growth and may be maintained into adulthood. The similarities in the arterial network arrangements between fetal human and rhesus monkey hands suggest that the rhesus monkey hand could provide an appropriate model for studies of surgical neurovascular anastomosis.

Cholinergic nerves in mouse uterus.

The topographical distribution of cholinergic nerve fibres in the uterus was studied in normal as well as chemically sympathectomized mice. Our analysis was performed using both transverse sections and whole mounts, in order to analyse the distribution of cholinergic nerves within the various layers of the uterus and to study the morphology of nerve plexuses that supply the organ. Cholinergic nerve fibres were found chiefly around the uterine artery and its primary ramifications. Nerve fibres coming from arterial plexuses are distributed to the myometrium and more infrequently to the endometrium. Groups of acetylcholinesterase positive ganglion cells were located in the cervix. The distribution pattern of the cholinergic innervation of mouse uterus shows important topographical differences. In the tubal end of uterine horn the innervation is poor and cholinergic nerve fibres are organized in a sparse plexus. The number and the density of uterine nerves increase gradually proceeding toward the cervix. The cervix shows the richest innervation. The findings that observed nerve fibres are unaltered by chemical sympathectomy and are revealed using short incubation times suggest their parasympathetic nature.

Regional distribution of autonomic nerves in guinea pig uterus.

Uterine adrenergic and cholinergic nerves were examined histochemically and chemically in combination with surgical denervation. There was a clear regional variation with a greater number of axon terminals in the tubal end of the uterine horn and in the cervix compared to the remainder (major part) of the uterine horn. No cholinergic nerves were found in the uterus but were abundant around the uterine artery and its primary ramifications. Clusters of ganglion cells were located near the cervix: the majority were acetylcholinesterase positive, whereas the remainder stored catecholamines. Unexpectedly, the suspensory ligament (connecting the tubal end of the uterine horn with the two lower ribs) was found to contain an extensive number of adrenergic nerves. The major part of the uterine horns, as well as the cervix, was innervated mainly from two sources contributing almost equally: the paracervical ganglia (short adrenergic neurons) and postganglionic fibers running in the hypogastric nerves. A restricted area at the tubal end of the uterus received most of its via the suspensory ligament.