Primary Protein Source Research Articles

Sharing aquatic genetic resources across jurisdictions: playing ‘chicken’ in the sea

International regimes regulating access and benefit sharing were originally designed to promote conservation and fairness objectives concerning the use of the world’s biological resources for their genetic material value. These regimes determine from whom permission is required to take the resources and who obtains the benefits of their use. They have evolved separate frameworks in three distinct jurisdictional areas—within national jurisdiction, beyond national jurisdiction and in the Antarctic Treaty Area. This article argues that if these regimes continue to evolve separately, there is a strong temptation for countries to play ‘chicken’ with biological resource governance through forum shopping or opting out of agreements that do not suit their political ends. Using game theory and a transgenic tilapia fish example incorporating genetic material from the three jurisdictional areas, it illustrates the legal and ethical dilemmas that can arise from the territorial (jurisdictional) approach to access and benefit sharing—to the detriment of fairness and conservation in tilapia’s countries of origin. Tilapias are known as the ‘chicken of the sea’ because they dominate global farmed production and developing countries depend on them as their primary source of protein, livelihoods and trade. This means there will be serious consequences if the regimes do not achieve their fairness and conservation objectives for sharing their genetic material. This article concludes that a purpose-driven cooperative governance approach can sidestep the game of chicken and promote fairer and more conservation focused outcomes than the current jurisdictional approach for the developing country providers of migratory aquatic resources.

Using stable isotope technique in order to assess the dietary habits of a Roman population in Greece

The present isotopic study is the first to assess the dietary habits of a Roman population from Northern Greece. A multi-stable isotope analysis was conducted in 22 individuals deriving from Edessa, a town in Greek Macedonia dated at 2nd–4th c. CE. The basic aims of the present study are to reconstruct the diet of this population, to explore possible dietary variations in relation to sex and age and to detect possible differentiations between the adult and the childhood/juvenile diet. The results of this study revealed that residents of Edessa probably consumed C3 and C4 items as their primary protein source. In addition, the collagen results along with the collagen-apatite spacing possibly indicated a detectable consumption of freshwater sources, for three singular cases. There were no significant isotopic differences between males and females, or between younger and middle aged adults, whereas indications of a possible differentiation among the juvenile and the adult diet were noted. This study offers new information regarding an underrepresented period in Greek history and hopes to encourage the inclusion of multiple isotopic proxies for dietary reconstruction of ancient populations in Greece.

Role of the blood coagulation cascade in hepatic fibrosis.

Liver is the primary source of numerous proteins that are critical for normal function of the blood coagulation cascade. Because of this, diseases of the liver, particularly when affiliated with severe complications like cirrhosis, are associated with abnormalities of blood clotting. Although conventional interpretation has inferred cirrhosis as a disorder of uniform bleeding risk, it is now increasingly appreciated as a disease wherein the coagulation cascade is precariously rebalanced. Moreover, prothrombotic risk factors are also associated with a more rapid progression of fibrosis in humans, suggesting that coagulation proteases participate in disease pathogenesis. Indeed, strong evidence drawn from experimental animal studies indicates that components of the coagulation cascade, particularly coagulation factor Xa and thrombin, drive profibrogenic events, leading to hepatic fibrosis. Here, we concisely review the evidence supporting a pathologic role for coagulation in the development of liver fibrosis and the potential mechanisms involved. Further, we highlight how studies in experimental animals may shed light on emerging clinical evidence, suggesting that beneficial effects of anticoagulation could extend beyond preventing thrombotic complications to include reducing pathologies like fibrosis.

Viruses and Phytoparasitic Nematodes of Cicer arietinum L.: Biotechnological Approaches in Interaction Studies and for Sustainable Control.

Cicer arietinum L. (chickpea) is the world's fourth most widely grown pulse. Chickpea seeds are a primary source of dietary protein for humans, and chickpea cultivation contributes to biological nitrogen fixation in the soil, given its symbiotic relationship with rhizobia. Therefore, chickpea cultivation plays a pivotal role in innovative sustainable models of agro-ecosystems inserted in crop rotation in arid and semi-arid environments for soil improvement and the reduction of chemical inputs. Indeed, the arid and semi-arid tropical zones of Africa and Asia have been primary areas of cultivation and diversification. Yet, nowadays, chickpea is gaining prominence in Canada, Australia, and South America where it constitutes a main ingredient in vegetarian and vegan diets. Viruses and plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) have been considered to be of minor and local impact in primary areas of cultivation. However, the introduction of chickpea in new environments exposes the crop to these biotic stresses, compromising its yields. The adoption of high-throughput genomic technologies, including genome and transcriptome sequencing projects by the chickpea research community, has provided major insights into genome evolution as well as genomic architecture and domestication. This review summarizes the major viruses and PPNs that affect chickpea cultivation worldwide. We also present an overview of the current state of chickpea genomics. Accordingly, we explore the opportunities that genomics, post-genomics and novel editing biotechnologies are offering in order to understand chickpea diseases and stress tolerance and to design innovative control strategies.

Effects of replacing soybean meal with chickpea seeds in the diet on mechanical and thermal properties of tendon tissue in broiler chicken

The efficiency of the musculoskeletal system of broiler chickens, in particular during locomotion and in ensuring its supportive function, depends directly on the adequate function and mechanical endurance of soft tissues, including tendons. However, little is known whether the properties of musculoskeletal soft tissues can be influenced by changes of dietary protein. We substituted soybean meal with raw chickpea seeds as the primary protein source in the diet and studied the effects it had on the mechanical and thermal properties of drumstick tendons in broiler Ross 308 chickens. In the experiment, 160 chicks were divided into 2 groups, receiving in their diet either soybean meal (n = 80) or chickpea seeds (n = 80). The experiment lasted 42 days. The physical condition of the drumstick tendons was analyzed on the basis of a tensile test and the results of thermal denaturation as measured by a differential scanning calorimetry. The mechanical evaluation of tendon tensile strength of the broilers fed with chickpea seeds demonstrated an increase in the ultimate strain (for over 22%, P < 0.04) and total energy absorbed by the tendon until rupture (for over 57%, P < 0.05) as when compared to the group fed with soybean meal. Thermal analysis demonstrated alterations in tendon collagen cross-linking as transition onset temperature decreased (from 63.8 to 61.8°C, P < 0.001), whereas the calorimetric enthalpy increased (from 16.2 to 22.1 J⋅g-1, P < 0.05) in the group fed with chickpea seeds. In summary, this study demonstrated that dietary protein source can impact the physical properties of tendons and showed that thermal analysis can be a useful tool for studying the effect of nutrition on the development and structural changes in tendons of broiler chickens.

Lysine Requirements of Healthy Pregnant Women are Higher During Late Stages of Gestation Compared to Early Gestation

Lysine is the first limiting amino acid in cereal proteins and is found mainly in animal-derived products. Current Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) recommendations extrapolate lysine requirements during pregnancy from nonpregnant adult data, and may underestimate true requirements. Our objective is to define a quantitative lysine requirement in healthy pregnant women and to determine whether requirements vary between 2 phases of gestation. Fourteen pregnant women in early (12-19 wk) and 19 women in late (33-39 wk) gestation were studied using the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. Individual lysine intakes (6-84 mg · kg-1 · d-1, deficient to excess) were tested on each study day as a crystalline amino acid mixture based on egg protein composition. Isonitrogenous diets maintained protein intake at 1.5 g · kg-1 · d-1 and calorie intake at 1.7 times resting energy expenditure during each study day. Phenylalanine and tyrosine intakes were held constant across all lysine intakes. Breath and urine samples were collected at baseline and isotopic steady state. Lysine requirements were determined by measuring the oxidation of L-[1-13C]-phenylalanine to 13CO2 (F13CO2). Biphase linear regression crossover analysis was used to determine a breakpoint (which represents the estimated average requirement, EAR) in F13CO2. The EAR for lysine during early gestation was determined to be 36.6 mg · kg-1 · d-1 (R2 = 0.484, upper 95% CI = 46.2 mg · kg-1 · d-1), similar to an earlier adult requirement of 36 mg · kg-1 · d-1. The EAR for lysine during late gestation was determined to be 50.3 mg · kg-1 · d-1 (R2 = 0.664, upper 95% CI = 60.4 mg · kg-1 · d-1), 23% higher than the current pregnancy DRI EAR recommendation of 41 mg · kg-1 · d-1. Our results suggest that lysine requirements are higher during late gestation compared to early gestation, and that current dietary lysine recommendations during late stages of pregnancy may be underestimated. The results have implications for populations consuming cereal-based diets as their primary source of protein. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01776931.

Rearing Performance of Juvenile Brown Trout (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Salmo trutta&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;) Subjected to Exercise and Dietary Bioprocessed Soybean Meal

This 121-day experiment evaluated the rearing performance of brown trout Salmo trutta fed one of two isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets and reared at velocities of either 2.8 or 16.1 cm/s. Fishmeal was the primary protein source for the reference diet, and bioprocessed soybean meal replaced approximately 67% of the fishmeal in the experimental diet. At the end of the experiment, there were no significant differences in gain, percent gain, feed conversion rates, or specific growth rates between the dietary treatments. There were also no significant differences in intestinal morphology, splenosomatic, hepatosomatic, and viscerosomatic indices related to diet composition. However, gain, percent gain, feed fed, and specific growth rate were all significantly greater in brown trout reared at the higher velocity. No significant differences in any of the other variables measured were observed between the velocity treatments. There were no significant interactions between diet and velocity in any of the variables. Based on the results of this study, bioprocessed soybean meal can replace at least 67% of the fishmeal in brown trout diets, regardless of the rearing velocities used in this study. However, higher rearing velocities are recommended to maximize juvenile brown trout growth rates.

Dietary Bioprocessed Soybean Meal Does Not Affect the Growth of Exercised Juvenile Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Context: This 88-day experiment evaluated the rearing performance of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed one of three isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets and reared at velocities of either 2.3 or 18.7 cm s-1. Objective: Evaluate the effects of diet and exercise during rainbow trout rearing. Design: Fishmeal was the primary protein source for one diet, with bioprocessed soybean meal (BSM) replacing either 60 or 85% of the fishmeal in the other two diets. Setting: This study was performed at Cleghorn Springs State Fish Hatchery in Rapid City, South Dakota, USA. Results: At the end of the experiment there were no significant differences among the dietary treatments in gain, percent gain, specific growth rate (SGR), or percent mortality. However, fish fed the fishmeal-based diet ate significantly more, experienced a significantly higher feed conversion ratio (FCR), and had a significantly higher hepatosomatic index than the fish fed the 85% BSM diet. Intestinal histology was not affected by the inclusion of BSM. Fish reared at 2.3 cm/s-1 had significantly lower FCRs, gain, percent gain, and SGR than the fish reared at 18.7 cm/ s-1. There was a significant interaction in food consumed between diet and velocity, but no other significant interactions between the dietary and exercise treatments were observed. Conclusion: Based on these results, BSM can replace at least 85% of the fishmeal in juvenile rainbow trout, even if the fish are exercised.

Exploring tropical fisheries through fishers’ perceptions: Fishing down the food web in the Tonlé Sap, Cambodia

AbstractTropical fisheries are among the most productive fisheries in the world, often providing the primary source of protein for the local population. Despite their importance, data on these systems are relatively limited, thus hampering management and policy development. Here, the implications of increasing fishing pressure are explored by critically evaluating the perceptions of the fishers who rely on these ecosystems to survive. A total of 169 fishers in 26 different fish‐dependent communities in the Tonlé Sap Lake, Cambodia, were surveyed to understand their perceptions of the impact that fishing has had on the ecosystem. The Tonlé Sap is one of the largest, yet poorest studied, freshwater fisheries in the world. Consistent with “fishing down the food web” theory of fisheries, survey data revealed that although fishers observed the total size of fish catch remaining consistent over recent years there has been a drastic decline in the size of individual fish, as well as a reduction in the diversity of species caught. These perceptions are examined with reference to food web theories that explore how fishing pressure leads to ecosystem change, including the more recent “indiscriminate fisheries” theory.

Bioactive and bioaccessibility characteristics of honeybee pollens collected from different regions of Turkey

Pollens used by honey bees as a primary protein source has been attracted attention due to their positive health effects. The geographical and botanical origin of honeybee pollens affect their nutritional value as well as bioactive and bioaccessibility properties. This study investigated the bioactive and bioaccessibility properties (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity) of some honeybee pollens collected from different seaside regions of Turkey. Results indicated that total phenolic content, total flavonoid and total antioxidant (DPPH and CUPRAC) were between 3.9 and 9.2 mg GAE/g, 1.2–1.9 mg CAE/g sample, 1.7–17.6 mg TEAC/g and 0.68–3.04 mg TEAC/g, respectively. As for the bioaccessible fraction (IN) of collected pollens was 0.24–0.37 mg GAE/g for total phenolic, 0.01–0.08 TEAC/g for total flavonoid, 0.01–0.38 mg TEAC/g for DPPH and 0.01–0.4 mg TEAC/g for CUPRAC. Maximum recovery (%) was obtained for the sample collected from Canakkale city of Turkey for total phenolics (7.3%), total flavonoids (5.9%) and DPPH (6.6%). The results of the present study showed that bee pollen can be used as a resource of bioactive compounds in the daily diet due to the bioaccessibility properties and be added to formulation of the different food products to improve functionality.

Green seaweed Ulva sp. as an alternative ingredient in plant-based practical diets for Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

In our previous research, the supplementation of Ulva sp. seaweed meal in shrimp feeds as a replacement for fish meal (FM) resulted in growth depression. To understand the factors causing the growth reduction and explore the effects of the seaweed meal as a substitution for soybean meal (SBM), a series of growth trials were conducted in the present study. Shrimp (initial mean weight 0.24, 0.15, and 0.98 g in trials 1–3, respectively) were stocked at 10 shrimp per tank (n = 4) and offered diets for 5 to 6 weeks. In trial 1, FM level was fixed and SBM was replaced using incremental level of the second batch Ulva meal (UM2). Two additional diets were formulated to allow comparison of high inclusion levels of seaweed meal from three batches (UM1–3). Results confirmed reductions in performance as replacement of SBM by Ulva meal was increased. This data also demonstrated significant difference between batches of the Ulva meal with the UM2 producing the poorest results. To elucidate if digestible protein was limiting growth, in trial 2 feeds were formulated on an equal digestible protein basis. At the end of trial 2, shrimp fed with diets containing UM2 exhibited significantly reduced growth performance, survival, and lipid content of whole shrimp body as well as increased feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the reference diet. Although performance of shrimp was depressed in the treatments containing UM1 and UM3, this was less than that of trial 2, indicating that protein quality may be part of the problem. Given the level of protein replacement, other components of Ulva meal are likely to be causing poor performance. A third trial was performed to evaluate the potential of the fourth batch Ulva meal (UM4) containing relatively higher protein content than the first three batches. In this trial, the growth, survival, and lipid content of whole shrimp body also decreased as the level of UM4 was increased. To survey possible problems caused by high levels of minerals, the meals and select diets were analyzed for mineral content. Clearly there are shifts in mineral profiles; however, there is no obvious correlation to a mineral. Other possible reasons would include anti-nutrients present in the algae. If Ulva meals are to be used to their full potential, e.g., as a primary protein source, the anti-nutritional components will need to be identified, specific lines of plants with enhanced nutrient value need to be developed and of course processing technologies evaluated to produce a high quality commercial product.

Digestibility Study and Nutrient Re-evaluation in Clarias gariepinus Fed Blood Meal-Rumen Digesta Blend Diet

The nutrient utilization and digestibility of blood meal-bovine rumen digesta blend diet (BMBRD) fed to Clarias gariepinus burchell (1822) was assessed using 60 C. gariepinus juveniles with a view to confirming the digestibility and suitability of the BMBRD blend inclusion level in the diet of C. gariepinus for sustainable clariid production. Two set of three iso-nitrogenous experimental diets containing 35% crude protein were formulated with 0%, 25% and 50% BMBRD inclusion level to substitute the fishmeal component which was the primary protein source. The first set of experimental diet was designed to monitor the growth performance and feed utilization was fed fortnightly in duplicate to C. gariepinus juveniles, stocked in glass aquaria (60 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm) at 4% of the body weight in two instalments daily for 10 weeks, while the second experimental diet with 0.5% chromic oxide (Cr2O3) inclusion (as a digestibility marker) was prepared and fed to the fish for 7 days to determine to digestibility of the different BMBRD included diets. The obtained results showed that the fish fed 25% BMBRD included diet had significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) growth performance and feed utilization indices than the other experimental diets. Similar to observation in the growth performance and feed utilization indices, the fish fed BMBRD included diets had significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) protein and energy digestibilities than the fish fed 0% BMBRD (control diet) and the study confirmed that fishmeal can be partially replaced up to 25% BMBRD blend in C. gariepinus diet for optimum growth performance and feed utilization.

The influence of environmental awareness on inducing lower carbon dietary change in the UK

This study was undertaken to address the detrimental environmental impacts resulting from common diets in the UK. Lower carbon dietary change is recognised as a practice which, if encouraged, could contribute towards the achievement of national climate change targets. In this study, lower carbon dietary change consists of diets which involve reduced traditional meat consumption, as well as those with increased levels of insect meat consumption, either as a partial or primary protein replacement to traditional meat sources. Using Southampton as a study area, an experimental intervention was implemented within questionnaires (N=507) to determine whether awareness of the environmental benefits of insect consumption over traditional meat sources could be used to facilitate a shift towards the adoption of lower carbon diets. Experimental intervention influenced preparedness for different forms of lower carbon dietary change to varying extents. Reducing consumption of traditional meat sources was found to be the most favourable form of lower carbon dietary change. The consumption of insects as a partial protein replacement to traditional meat sources was somewhat more favourable than consumption as a primary protein source; however, a large proportion of individuals were reluctant towards the concept. Education, age and gender were all factors which influenced preparedness for insect consumption, but did not impact upon preparedness to reduce traditional meat consumption to the same extent. It is evident that environmental awareness can partly impact upon preparedness towards lower carbon dietary change; however, other drivers such as personal health and animal welfare were found to exert stronger influence. It is suggested that future research efforts in the UK should be directed towards ensuring the relationship between the environment and dietary choices is better understood amongst consumers, as well as gauging the extent to which additional drivers can facilitate a shift towards lower carbon dietary change.

Estimated Effects of Future Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations on Protein Intake and the Risk of Protein Deficiency by Country and Region.

Background:Crops grown under elevated atmospheric concentrations () contain less protein. Crops particularly affected include rice and wheat, which are primary sources of dietary protein for many countries.Objectives:We aimed to estimate global and country-specific risks of protein deficiency attributable to anthropogenic emissions by 2050.Methods:To model per capita protein intake in countries around the world under , we first established the effect size of on the protein concentration of edible portions of crops by performing a meta-analysis of published literature. We then estimated per-country protein intake under current and anticipated future using global food balance sheets (FBS).We modeled protein intake distributions within countries using Gini coefficients, and we estimated those at risk of deficiency from estimated average protein requirements (EAR) weighted by population age structure.Results:Under , rice, wheat, barley, and potato protein contents decreased by 7.6%, 7.8%, 14.1%, and 6.4%, respectively. Consequently, 18 countries may lose of their dietary protein, including India (5.3%). By 2050, assuming today’s diets and levels of income inequality, an additional 1.6% or 148.4 million of the world’s population may be placed at risk of protein deficiency because of . In India, an additional 53 million people may become at risk.Conclusions:Anthropogenic emissions threaten the adequacy of protein intake worldwide. Elevated atmospheric may widen the disparity in protein intake within countries, with plant-based diets being the most vulnerable. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP41

Development of calibration model to predict nitrogen content in single seeds of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) using near infrared spectroscopy

Cowpea is an important crop for food security, as it is a primary source of protein and cash income for farmers in the dry savanna areas of Sub-Saharan Africa. Improved varieties should contain reasonable amounts of protein in the grains, and to ensure this, timely and cost-effective analytical methods need to be developed. In this study, a procedure for estimating the grain nitrogen (protein) content in single seeds using near infrared spectroscopy was developed. Near infrared spectroscopic analysis of single seeds is a useful tool for breeders and food companies. A total of 200 cowpea germplasm accessions with wide variation in grain nitrogen content (2.44 – 5.12%N) were used for calibration. Two kinds of sample processing were performed for seed preparation (intact seed and husked seed). The models developed were validated using data from 88 and 89 genotypes. The calibration models based on both intact and husked seeds showed a high level of consistency (R2 = 0.88 and 0.88) in cross-validation. The calibration models predicted samples in validation sets with an accuracy of r2 = 0.85, RMSEP = 0.17%N, RPD = 2.55 and r2 = 0.88, RMSEP = 0.15%N, RPD = 2.90, for intact and husked seeds, respectively. With these levels of accuracy, the developed predictive models showed that NIR measurements for single seeds could be useful to determine the uniformity of grain quality, or for rapid screening of the nitrogen content in the seeds of cowpea genotypes.

Assessment of dietary taurine essentiality on the physiological state of juvenileTotoaba macdonaldi

Information on specific nutrients like taurine is important to support a nutritionally balanced diet for marine species such as totoaba Totoaba macdonaldi under culture conditions. Eight isoproteic (50%) and isolipidic (12%) experimental diets were formulated to contain graded levels of taurine (0.23%, 0.45%, 0.91%, 1.28%, 1.76%, 2.20%, 2.72%, 3.01% as-is) using ethanol-washed fishmeal (FM) as primary protein source. Green liver, low gallbladder-somatic index (GBSI), low apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of lipid, low erythrocyte turnover, low plasma cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as low visceral fat, were detected in the basal diet (T-0.23) after 10 weeks. Thermal-unit growth coefficient (TGC) was best modelled by a five-parameter saturation kinetic model (5-SKM, p < .001) with marginal differences (R2 = .13) of juvenile totoaba (initial weight 10.0 ± 1.0 g). Low GBSI (0.095%) was accompanied with low ADC of lipid (78.9%) in the low-taurine diet (T-0.23). GBSI and ADC of lipid were best modelled by four-parameter SKM (4-SKM, R2=.72 and .87, respectively, p < .001). Plasma cholesterol increased linearly with dietary taurine (R2 = .75, p < .001), while plasma triglycerides increased quadratically (R2 = .53, p < .001), suggesting modulations of lipid metabolism in totoaba. Plasma bilirubin levels increased linearly, and the lowest concentration was found in the basal diet (T-0.23); however, haematocrit and haemoglobin levels were changed slightly between the treatments. This study demonstrates that supplementation with a low level of taurine (0.45% as-is) in a washed FM-based diet can normalize the physiological condition of juvenile totoaba. Green liver, GBSI, ADC of lipid, plasma cholesterol and triglycerides may be informative diagnostic tools for taurine deficiency in totoaba.

Early Life Protein Intake: Food Sources, Correlates, and Tracking across the First 5 Years of Life

BackgroundHigh consumption of protein has been associated with accelerated growth and adiposity in early childhood. ObjectiveTo describe intake, food sources, correlates, and tracking of protein in young children. DesignSecondary analysis of Melbourne Infant Feeding Activity and Nutrition Trial (InFANT). Dietary data were collected using three 24-hour dietary recalls at ages 9 and 18 months as well as 3.5 and 5 years. Participants/settingFirst-time mothers and their child (n=542) participated in an 18-month intervention to prevent childhood obesity and the cohort was followed-up with no intervention when children were aged 3.5 and 5 years. Main outcome measuresProtein intake, food sources, correlates, and tracking of protein. Statistical analyses performedChild and maternal correlates of protein intake were identified using linear regression and tracking of protein intake was examined using Pearson correlations of residualized protein scores between time points. ResultsMean protein (grams per day) intake was 29.7±11.0, 46.3±11.5, 54.2±13.8, and 60.0±14.8 at 9 and 18 months and 3.5 and 5 years, respectively. Protein intakes at all ages were two to three times greater than age-appropriate Australian recommendations. The primary source of protein at 9 months was breast/formula milk. At later ages, the principal sources were milk/milk products, breads/cereals, and meat/meat products. Earlier breastfeeding cessation, earlier introduction of solids, high dairy milk consumption (≥500 mL), and high maternal education were significant predictors of high protein intake at various times (P<0.05). Slight tracking was found for protein intakes at 9 months, 18 months, and 5 years (r=0.16 to 0.21; P<0.01). ConclusionsThis study provides unique insights into food sources and correlates of young children’s high protein intakes, and confirms that early protein intakes track slightly up to age 5 years. These finding have potential to inform nutrition interventions and strategies to address high protein intakes and protein-related obesity risk.

Foodomics Application: Analysis of Dietary Components of the DASH Diet Pre and Post Consumption

Background/ObjectiveWhile the benefit of improving the diet through the intake of different food groups such as fruits and vegetables is well established, many nutrient specific intervention studies have failed to demonstrate the effectiveness of specific foods in preventing or altering disease progression. This may be due to exposome and microbiome variations between individuals, and the lack of dependable biomarkers relating non‐nutritive dietary compounds to health benefits. Additionally, robust analysis techniques have not been implemented to identify the vast multitude of compounds in foods and to elucidate their health‐related fate. Foodomics attempts to fill these research challenges through the analysis of individual foods and their resulting metabolic signatures following intake. We hypothesized that individual foods will produce unique identifiable molecular compounds in biofluids, which will provide signatures of intake and lead to the identification of bioactive compounds that may impact health.MethodsIn a clinical cross‐over feeding study using the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, participants were randomized to consume a 7‐day rotational controlled diet in which the primary source of protein was either pork or white meat (chicken and fish) for six weeks, followed by a washout for four weeks, and then consumption of the alternate meat source diet for six weeks. To interrogate diet samples for foodomics analysis, lypholization and methanol extraction were conducted on 14 composite daily diets and 12 selected individual foods. Untargeted metabolomic analysis was conducted on the extracted food samples and archived urine samples of 10 study participants, pre‐ and post‐diet intervention, using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) with a SB‐AQ column in positive ion mode.ResultsA total of 10948 unique metabolites were detected in the individual foods, ranging from 833 compounds detected in tilapia and 1998 compounds detected in cucumbers, with over 4000 compounds detected in the composite diets. Each food produced unique metabolites; for example, caffeic acid, a cardioprotectant, was found only in blueberries, and specific acylcarnitines were protein source dependent. Metabolite signatures of each individual food and the composite diets were also detectable in the urine. Comparison of pre‐ and post‐diet urine metabolites revealed changes in the abundance of 74 and 183 metabolites from the white meat and pork diets, respectively, with 13 metabolites that correlated with observed reductions in blood pressure in the study participants.ConclusionThis novel foodomics analysis demonstrated that LC/MS analysis of individual foods and composite diets produced unique metabolite signatures detectable in urine. Those metabolites may lead to biomarkers that not only indicate consumption, but may also help elucidate the role of individual foods in the exposome and health outcomes, including changes in blood pressure.Support or Funding InformationFunding provided by discretionary funding from the Krebs &amp; Reisdorph Labs, NIH/NCATS Colorado CTSA Grant UL1 TR001082, &amp; Pork Checkoff Funds

Weight loss due to low‐fat feeding in female mice with obesity induced by high‐fat feeding reduces both body fat and bone status

BackgroundGlycomacropeptide (GMP) is a 64 amino acid (AA) glycophosphopeptide released from κ‐casein during cheese making that promotes satiety, reduces body fat, increases bone mass and infers prebiotic and anti‐inflammatory effects.ObjectiveTo determine if GMP, when fed as the primary protein source, increases fat oxidation with weight loss and improves body composition and bone status after weight loss compared to casein.MethodsWeanling female C57Bl6 mice were fed a high fat casein diet (60% en) for 28 wks and then crossed over to high and low fat diets (HF 60% en; LF 13% en) with casein or GMP for another 10 wks. We assessed body weight, food intake and body composition by DXA. Fatty acid oxidation was measured in liver, muscle, and fat tissues using 14C‐palmitate. Plasma concentrations of amino acids, hormones and cytokines were determined. Bone biomechanical performance was assessed with the 3‐point loading test.ResultsMice that were fed the low fat diets after crossover had significantly reduced body mass, body fat, and energy intake compared with the mice that were fed the high fat diets. After weight loss, female mice fed the low fat diets had significantly smaller femoral cross‐sectional area and femoral bone mineral density compared to mice that were crossed over to the high fat diets.ConclusionCrossing over to low fat diets after weight gain on a high fat diet improves body composition by reducing overall body mass and body fat through reduction in energy intake. The reduction in body mass coincides with a reduction in bone status as femoral cross‐sectional area and bone mineral density are reduced.Support or Funding InformationSupported by USDA Hatch WIS01790 and a Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Accelerator Grant.

Demonstration that Feeds Containing &lt;1% Fishmeal Can Support Grow‐out of Large Juvenile Red Drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, and Reduce Nutrient Waste

AbstractWe conducted a 16‐wk feeding trial with large juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Four diets were randomly assigned to six replicate tanks per treatment. Three isonitrogenous (ca. 44.5% protein) and isolipidic (ca. 14.1% lipid) extruded diets were formulated to compare a fishmeal‐based diet with diets using alternative protein sources. Diet 1 contained 19.60% fishmeal and 21.42% poultry meals as primary protein sources. Two alternative diets were formulated reducing the fishmeal to 0.61% by substituting poultry meals (33.85%) and soybean protein concentrate (11.55% in Diet 2 and 11.70% in Diet 3). Diet 3 also included Allzyme Vegpro® and Allzyme® SSF at 0.04%. Diet 4, a natural diet consisting of chopped cigar minnows, squid, and shrimp, was used as a positive control to compare growth rates of formulated feeds to near maximum growth under these culture conditions. We found that reducing the amount of fishmeal to &lt;1% by using alternative protein sources did not affect the growth rate, survival, or health of red drum but improved assimilation of phosphorus, reduced potential release of P to the environment, and significantly lowered the amount of feeder fish needed in feed. The control diet identified performance benchmarks for future feeds development work.