Primary Power Supply Research Articles

Short-term solar photovoltaic power forecasting using ensemble forecasting strategy for renewable resources based power systems

Environmentally-friendly renewable energy sources have been developed and commercialized to mitigate impact of climate change on the environment. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have gained much attention as a power generation source for various uses, including the primary utility grid power supply. There has been a significant increase in both on-grid and off-grid solar PV installations. Because of the highly unpredictable nature of solar power generation, it is crucial to forecast solar power accurately for renewable resources-based power systems. In this research, a swarm-based ensemble forecasting strategy has been proposed to predict solar PV power by combining three strategies, i.e., particle swarm optimization-based gated recurrent unit (PSO-GRU), PSO-based long short-term memory (PSO-LSTM), and PSO-based bidirectional long short-term memory (PSO-BiLSTM). Bayesian model averaging (BMA) combines the output of the proposed strategy by aggregating the output of each swarm-based approach. The performance of the suggested approach is evaluated and verified using historical data of solar PV power which is acquired from Griffith University, Australia. Python 3.11 is used to validate the performance of the proposed ensemble strategy and compared it with several competing strategies. The proposed ensemble strategy outperforms other comparative strategies in terms of RMSE, NRMSE, and MAE.

A New Intelligent Home Automation with Integration of Solar and Grid

This project presents a groundbreaking paradigm shift in residential energy management and automation, offering an innovative solution that seamlessly integrates two diverse energy sources: solar and conventional grid (EB) power. With solar energy taking precedence as the primary power supply, meticulously controlled by the versatile ESP32 microcontroller, the system ensures a consistent and reliable energy supply by intelligently switching to grid power when solar resources are scarce, seamlessly reverting back to solar power as soon as it becomes available again. In addition to its dynamic energy management capabilities, the project incorporates an LCD screen to provide homeowners with real-time insights into their energy consumption patterns, offering a comprehensive overview of usage data from both energy sources. This invaluable information empowers users to make informed decisions about their energy usage habits, fostering a more conscious and efficient approach to power consumption. Furthermore, the integration of the Blynk 2.0 IoT platform elevates the project to new heights by enabling remote monitoring and control of the system. Through this intuitive interface, users can effortlessly manage their energy usage from anywhere using their smart phones or computers, ensuring maximum flexibility and convenience. Expanding beyond traditional energy management, the project delves into the realm of home automation with the incorporation of an additional ESP32 microcontroller. This feature-rich functionality empowers users to remotely control lighting fixtures, enhance safety measures with gas detection capabilities utilizing MQ2 sensors, and efficiently monitor water levels using ultrasonic sensors, all seamlessly integrated into the IoT eco system. This holistic solution not only prioritizes renewable energy sources and automates power source transitions but also leverages the transformative potential of IoT technology to create a sustainable and intelligent approach to energy management. Powered by ESP32 technology, this project serves as a trailblazer for the future of smart, efficient, and eco-friendly homes, setting a new standard for residential energy management and automation.

Приёмо-передающее устройство для исследования канала связи забой-устье

An ultrasonic receiving and transmitting communication system for the borehole bottom-wellhead channel inside the casing pipe based on PIC18F2455 has been designed. Combined receivers-transmitters TR60-10H0Z-01 were used as piezoelectric elements. The signal frequency was 60 kHz, the encoding was “Manchester-II”. The negative impact of interference is reduced at ultrasonic frequencies, and due to the heterogeneity of the medium, it is assumed to decrease the level of signal attenuation. The selected piezoelectric elements allow to increase the amplitude of the signal up to 140 V. The paper presents and describes in detail the basic electrical circuits of the transmitter and receiver. Developed devices operate from 12 V batteries without primary power supply. The signal to the piezoelectric emitter comes from a transformer. Two keyed-mode transistors opening one by one are connected with the transformer. Buffer amplifiers are used to open the keyed transistors. The developed system was tested on a tested, which is a pipe filled with water. As a result of the experiments, no significant attenuation of the signal was observed.

Experimental investigation of the effects of fatigue on caprock materials in H2 storage projects

Experimental investigation of the effects of fatigue on caprock materials in H2 storage projects

Implementation and performance analysis of a novel sliding mode controller for bidirectional DC to DC converter in aircraft application

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to implement a closed loop regulated bidirectional DC to DC converter for an application in the electric power system of more electric aircraft. To provide a consistent power supply to all of the electronic loads in an aircraft at the desired voltage level, good efficiency and desired transient and steady-state response, a smart and affordable DC to DC converter architecture in closed loop mode is being designed and implemented. Design/methodology/approach The aircraft electric power system (EPS) uses a bidirectional half-bridge DC to DC converter to facilitate the electric power flow from the primary power source – an AC generator installed on the aircraft engine’s shaft – to the load as well as from the secondary power source – a lithium ion battery – to the load. Rechargeable lithium ion batteries are used because they allow the primary power source to continue recharging them whenever the aircraft engine is running smoothly and because, in the event that the aircraft engine becomes overloaded during takeoff or turbulence, the charged secondary power source can step in and supply the load. Findings A novel nonsingular terminal sliding mode voltage controller based on exponential reaching law is used to keep the load voltage constant under any of the aforementioned circumstances, and its performance is contrasted with a tuned PI controller on the basis of their respective transient and steady-state responses. The former gives a faster and better transient and steady-state response as compared to the latter. Originality/value This research gives a novel control scheme for incorporating an auxiliary power source, i.e. rechargeable battery, in more electric aircraft EPS. The battery is so implemented that it can get regeneratively charged when primary power supply is capable of handling an additional load, i.e. the battery. The charging and discharging of the battery is carried out in closed loop mode to ensure constant battery terminal voltage, constant battery current and constant load voltage as per the requirement. A novel sliding mode controller is used to improve transient and steady-state response of the system.

Demystifying the Devices Behind the LED Light: LED Driver Circuits

We are almost always surrounded by light from LEDs in organic LED (OLED) TV screens and active-matrix OLED displays in mobile phone screens. LEDs are everywhere, in workplaces, headlamps, and stadium lights. They have gained immense popularity as power-saving, compact, durable, and sustainable alternatives to conventional incandescent and fluorescent lighting systems. But there is a catch: LEDs are unidirectional devices, i.e., based on dc supplies, while the primary power supply is ac. From this comes a mysterious component hiding in plain sight: the LED driver circuit, which enables the smooth operation of LEDs with dc and ac sources.

Optimal Scheduling of Battery Energy Storage Systems Using a Reinforcement Learning-based Approach

This article proposes a novel energy management algorithm that controls the battery energy storage system (BESS) and on-grid supply. It employs the deep-Q-network agent with prioritized experience replay, and its efficacy is validated and verified by comparison to a benchmark method for mixed integer linear programming. The grid and energy storage systems are governed by switching operations initiated by BESS controllers via the automatic transfer switch. The primary objective is to accomplish optimal scheduling of batteries one day in advance to reduce electricity costs while maintaining battery health and primary power supply reliability. The methods proposed in this work provide practicable grid and battery operation patterns that test all conceivable planning scenarios for energy storage operation. Finally, a comparative analysis is performed to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed BESS operation scheduling methods.

Research on Compact Nanosecond High-voltage Pulse Source

With the application of pulse power technology in the fields of biomedical research, portable pulse source, and electromagnetic pulse radiation, the research of pulse sources puts forward new requirements such as compact structure, long pulse width, and high voltage resistance. The traditional pulse source has a long pulse period and short pulse width, which cannot meet the requirements of the high repetition frequency and high output power. In this paper, a nanosecond high-voltage pulse source is designed, which consists of a primary power supply, a pulse charging system, and a pulse shaping system. The DC power charges the Marx generator, while the Marx generator output is shaped by short-circuit sharpening switches. In this paper, PSpice simulation software is used to simulate the results: the pulse period is 1.4ns and the peak-to-peak voltage is 210kV.

A portable flash x-ray generator powered by an explosive driven ferroelectric generator.

In order to develop a portable flash x-ray source, a compact explosive pulsed power source based on an explosive-driven ferroelectric generator (EDFEG) is investigated numerically and experimentally in this paper. The EDFEG is used as a primary power supply to charge a pulse capacitor, and then the capacitor outputs high current through an inductor and an electrical exploding opening switch (EEOS). Finally, a high voltage fast pulse is generated on a diode, which generates x rays. A circuit model was built to analyze the performance of this compact pulsed power source. A portable flash x-ray generator prototype was constructed in our laboratory. The typical experimental results illustrated that after metal wires of the EEOS exploded, a high-voltage fast pulse with a peak value of 180kV, a rise time of 2.8ns, and a pulse width of 30ns was generated on the x-ray diode. Meanwhile, an x-ray pulse with a pulse width of 19ns, a focus of about 1mm, and a dose of 100 mR at 15cm was obtained.

Numerical Analysis of Novel Air-Based Li-Ion Battery Thermal Management

The lithium-ion battery is considered the primary power supply source for electric vehicles due to its high-energy density, long lifespan, and no memory effect. Its performance and safety highly depend on its operating temperature. Therefore, a battery thermal management system is necessary to ensure an electric vehicle (EV)’s performance. Air as a cooling medium is still used in a wide range of thermal management system applications, owing to its low-cost and lightweight. However, the conventional air-based cooling strategy shows an insufficient heat dissipation capacity and usually fails to block the thermal runaway propagation between batteries. Thus, it is of great importance for improving the heat dissipation of an air-based thermal management system. In this paper, three novel schemes (schemes B, C, and D) are introduced successively based on enhancing the heat transfer capacity and safety of a battery pack under a thermal runaway condition. Schemes B and C introduce a hollow spoiler prism and a spoiler prism filled with phase-change material with fins, respectively. The cooling effects of the three schemes are compared using computational fluid dynamics technology. The models of all the schemes are 3D symmetrical structures. In the CFD model, the battery heat-generating sub-model is incorporated through a user-defined function. The results indicate that all three schemes reduce the maximum temperature and the maximum temperature difference in the pack effectively compared with the conventional air cooling system. Scheme D presents the best cooling performance and hinders the propagation of the TR between adjacent batteries under a TR condition. The paper may provide a feasible method for improving the performance of an air-cooled thermal battery management system.

Experimental Study of Inductive Pulsed Power Supply Circuit With Residual Energy Recovery Branch

Inverse current commutation with semiconductor devices (ICCOS) has been proved to be able to shut off the high current of inductors. Inductive pulsed power supply (IPPS) is considered to have great potential in the field of Electromagnetic Launch (EML) due to its high energy density and fast discharge speed. A repetitive IPPS circuit with ICCOS technique has been proposed based on a high-temperature superconducting pulsed power transformer (HTSPPT) in our previous studies. This circuit can recover the remaining energy and generate continuous current pulses. However, due to the low voltage of the primary power supply, the circuit uses the primary power supply to recover the remaining energy, resulting in a slower process of recovering the remaining energy. For this issue, this article proposes a method to improve the original circuit by adding a residual energy recovery branch on the secondary side. The new circuit can recover most of the remaining energy on the secondary side through a designated capacitor. The working process of this circuit is illustrated detailed in this article, and the preliminary simulation verification is carried out. To further study the feasibility of this circuit, an experimental platform was built with a small HTSPPT. Experimental results and comparative analysis show that the new circuit has better characteristics in terms of remaining energy recovery and increasing pulse amplitude.

PERANCANGAN SISTEM KEAMANAN BRANKAS DENGAN VERIFIKASI PASSWORD DAN SIDIK JARI BERBASIS IOT

The safe box is one of the targets of theft crimes. With today's technological advances, the parts of our bodies can be used as unique identities so that they can be used as system access. This method is quite good because the security system can immediately recognize the physical characteristics of the owner when opening the safe. In this case the authors make a safe box security system with passwords and fingerprints verification based on IoT. This system uses a combination interlock where the fingerprint scanner cannot perform a fingerprint scan without entering a password. Then the alarm will sound, and the system will send a telegram message notification to the safe owner's cell phone if there is an error more than three times when entering the password or during fingerprint scanning, as well as when the safe door is open and when the safe lose of primary power supply to avoid the possibility of the safe moving when there is a theft. Keypad and fingerprint scanner to open the safe door. NodeMcu V3 as a medium for sending data from the microcontroller system to the safe owner's cell phone to provide information to the safe owner in the event of an attempt to break into the safe by someone else. LCD screen as a guide in the process of opening the safe door. From the manufacture of this tool, it is hoped that if someone who wants to break into a safe will be easily identified and maintain more security.

Thermal and electrical analysis of batteries in electric aircraft using nanofluids

Batteries are the primary power supply for hybrid electric aircraft. The most important parameter affecting the performance, life, safety and cost of the batteries is the operating temperature. Therefore, thermal management of batteries is extremely important. The battery module (10 S, 3 P) consists of thirty prismatic lithium-ion batteries. The cooling of the battery is provided by nanofluid, which is a combination of nanoparticles and refrigerants in different mixing ratios (H2O + 3% Fe2O3, H2O + 4% Fe2O3, H2O + 6% Fe2O3), engine oil (EO + 3% Fe2O3, EO + 4% Fe2O3, EO + 6% Fe2O3). The temperatures of each of the batteries in the module are examined separately. The thermal and electrical studies of the battery model are also investigated with the volumetric ratio of the nanofluid, different input speeds and different discharge rates of the battery model. The busbar, which should not be ignored in the thermal management of the batteries, that is, the materials connecting the batteries to each other are included in the model. Air cooling, which is the traditional cooling method of the battery model, cannot bring the battery to the desired temperature range. For this reason, nanofluid cooling should be preferred. Considering the sensitivity to the volume fraction ratio, EO reacted more quickly than water. When the volume fraction ratio was increased from 3% to 6%, when the refrigerant was water, the temperature of the battery model changed by 0.05 K, and when the refrigerant was EO, there was a change of 1.15 K. Looking at all the results, they gave better results than the nanofluid EO added to the water. Considering the effect of the inlet velocity of the refrigerant on the maximum and minimum temperatures, there was a 1 K change at the maximum temperature, and a 0.2 K change at the minimum temperature (H20 + 6% Fe2O3).

Forest fire detection system using wireless sensor networks and machine learning

Forest fires have become a major threat around the world, causing many negative impacts on human habitats and forest ecosystems. Climatic changes and the greenhouse effect are some of the consequences of such destruction. Interestingly, a higher percentage of forest fires occur due to human activities. Therefore, to minimize the destruction caused by forest fires, there is a need to detect forest fires at their initial stage. This paper proposes a system and methodology that can be used to detect forest fires at the initial stage using a wireless sensor network. Furthermore, to acquire more accurate fire detection, a machine learning regression model is proposed. Because of the primary power supply provided by rechargeable batteries with a secondary solar power supply, a solution is readily implementable as a standalone system for prolonged periods. Moreover, in-depth attention is given to sensor node design and node placement requirements in harsh forest environments and to minimize the damage and harmful effects caused by wild animals, weather conditions, etc. to the system. Numerous trials conducted in real tropical forest sites found that the proposed system is effective in alerting forest fires with lower latency than the existing systems.

Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting for Implantable Medical Devices.

A thermoelectric energy harvesting system is proposed to supplement the primary power supply of an implantable medical device. A low-power synchronous boost converter capable of boosting 10mV input voltage to 1V output voltage is designed in a 180nm CMOS process. To increase the charging speed, a maximum power transfer scheme is utilized. The harvester delivers up to 10µW power with a minimum temperature gradient of 1-degree, which results in a power efficiency over 40%.Clinical Relevance- The use of this technology could enhance the longevity of battery-operated implanted medical devices by reducing the possibility of invasive battery replacement surgery.

Robust Flatness Tracking Control for the “DC/DC Buck Converter-DC Motor” System: Renewable Energy-Based Power Supply

The design of a robust flatness-based tracking control for the DC/DC Buck converter-DC motor system is developed in this paper. The design of the control considers the dynamics of a renewable energy power source that plays the role of the primary power supply associated with the system. The performance and robustness of the control is verified through simulations via MATLAB-Simulink when abrupt changes in some parameters of the system are taken into account. Also, experiments are performed by using a built prototype of the DC/DC Buck converter-DC motor system, a TDK-Lambda G100-17 programmable DC power supply, MATLAB-Simulink, and the DS1104 board from dSPACE. In this regard, the TDK-Lambda G100-17 is implemented with the aim of emulating photovoltaic panels through the solar array mode for generating the power supply of the system. Thus, both simulations and experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.

Energy Management System Designed for Residential Grid connected Micro Grid

This paper presents an energy management system supported by PI Controller for a residential grid connected micro grid with renewable hybrid generation (wind and photo voltaic) and battery system. Modeling hybrid system includes non conventional energy sources given at sporadic supply conditions and dynamic energy demand, and to make conceptual energy storage with the help of battery system . Designing an appropriate scheme that dynamically changes modes of renewable integrated system based on the availability of RES power and changes in load. Wind,PV are the primary power supply of the system; battery is going to be act as a substitute.The PI controller is developed and carried out for the aimed hybrid(Wind and PV) energy system to integrate the non conventional energy sources to the serviceability either to grid or to Residential loads.main objective is improvement of transients during switching periods by using an efficient PI controller.maximum power point tracking is also other objective is energy management system designed for the residential grid connected Micro Grid. Simulations are carried out on the proposed Hybrid energy system using MATLAB/ SIMULINK.

Modelling and operation analysis of autonomous electromechanical power supplies with a commensurate power load

Nowadays, diesel power plants (DPS) are widely used as sources of primary, backup or emergency power supply for various facilities. Mathematical modeling and optimization techniques are widely used for studies in order to improve energy and economic efficiency of diesel power plants. The article describes the modeling of a stand-alone electromechanical power system consisting of a Diesel Power Plant and an ESS (Energy Storage System) based on supercapacitors with a load of comparable power of a diesel motor to increase its energy efficiency.

Case Study: Variable-Voltage DC Bus With Energy Recovery System for Industrial Plants

Direct current (DC) buses and microgrids have drawn significant attention owing to the simple integration of distinct sources and energy storage systems. However, most research efforts refer to the use of DC buses for residential, datacenter, and telecommunications applications rather than manufacturing industry, where processes are controlled by alternating current (AC) motor drivers. This work proposes a novel approach of a DC bus used as primary power supply in manufacturing industrial plants for replacing the traditional AC bus. Unlike most applications, the DC bus voltage presents a variable magnitude and allows energy recovery aiming to improve energy efficiency. This arrangement employs a capacitor bank directly to the DC bus, which is responsible for storing the energy that, otherwise, would be lost during the motor braking. Simulation in PSIM software and experimental results on an industrial plant involving a real polyvinyl chloride (PVC) injection machine supplied directly by the DC bus, in which the voltage varies between 535 V and 600 V, are presented and discussed to validate the proposed approach. The obtained results show that the DC bus does not require a rigid control of the voltage magnitude, thus allowing a reduction of up to 5.05% in energy consumption.

Circuitry solution for smart watches using a stationary power supply

Overwork and mistakes in organizational management are the main reasons why people experience stress and fatigue in the workplace. These problems entail reduced employee productivity and additional costs for organizations. It is difficult for a person to recognize mental overwork or burnout in the early stages, primarily because of the subjectivity of his feelings. One way to diagnose mental health problems is to analyze physiological indicators such as temperature, pulse, and electrical activity of the skin. It is possible to track these indicators using a wearable watch. However, a large number of sensors may not fit into the watch form factor. The aim of the work is to create a smart watch circuit with a power supply and sensors wired on the board. The designed solution, due to the versatility of the topological equipment of the boards is the least energy-consuming, since the components of the power supply and the control circuits make up an open-frame design. This allowed them to be located in the most favorable position and to use galvanic isolation in the primary and secondary power supply circuits without affecting the auxiliary control circuit of the sensors.