Primary Movers Research Articles

Nonlinear Analysis of an Unstable Bench Press Bar Path and Muscle Activation.

Lawrence, MA, Leib, DJ, Ostrowski, SJ, and Carlson, LA. Nonlinear analysis of an unstable bench press bar path and muscle activation. J Strength Cond Res 31(5): 1206-1211, 2017-Unstable resistance exercises are typically performed to improve the ability of stabilizing muscles to maintain joint integrity under a load. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an unstable load (as provided by a flexible barbell and a load suspended by elastic bands) on the bar path, the primary musculature, and stabilizing musculature while bench pressing using nonlinear analyses. Fifteen resistance-trained men (age 24.2 ± 2.7 years, mass 84.1 ± 12.0 kg, height 1.77 ± 0.05 m, 9.9 ± 3.4 years of lifting experience, and bench press 1 repetition maximum (RM) 107.5 ± 25.9 kg) volunteered for this study. Subjects pressed 2 sets of 5 repetitions in both stable (total load 75% 1RM) and unstable (total load 60% 1RM) conditions using a standard barbell and a flexible Earthquake bar, respectively. Surface electromyography was used to detect muscle activity of primary movers (pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, and triceps) and bar stabilizing musculature (latissimus dorsi, middle and posterior deltoid, biceps brachii, and upper trapezius). During the unstable condition, the bar moved in more ways and was less predictable in the mediolateral and anteroposterior directions. However, the muscle activation patterns of all muscles were more constrained with the unstable barbell. These findings suggest that the unstable condition was more challenging to control, but subjects controlled the instability by contracting their muscles in a more stable pattern or "staying tight" throughout the exercise.

Effect of an Unstable Load on Primary and Stabilizing Muscles During the Bench Press.

Ostrowski, SJ, Carlson, LA, and Lawrence, MA. Effect of an unstable load on primary and stabilizing muscles during the bench press. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 430-434, 2017-Unstable resistance exercises are performed to increase activity of stabilizing muscles. The premise is that this increase in activity will yield greater strength gains than traditional resistance exercises. The purpose of this study was to determine if an unstable load increases muscle activity of stabilizing muscles during a bench press as compared with a standard bench press with a typical load. Fifteen resistance-trained males (age 24.2 ± 2.7 years, mass 84.8 ± 12.0 kg, height 1.77 ± 0.05 m, weight lifting experience 9.9 ± 3.4 years, and bench press 1 repetition maximum [1RM] 107.5 ± 25.9 kg) volunteered for this study. Subjects pressed 2 sets of 5 repetitions in both stable (75% 1RM) and unstable (60% 1RM) conditions using a standard barbell and a flexible Earthquake bar, respectively. Surface electromyography was used to detect muscle activity of primary movers (pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, and triceps) and stabilizing musculature (latissimus dorsi, middle and posterior deltoid, biceps brachii, and upper trapezius). Muscle activity was compared using a multivariate analysis of variance to determine significant (p ≤ 0.05) phase and condition differences. The right and left biceps and the left middle deltoid were significantly more active in the unstable condition. Some of the stabilizing muscles were found to be significantly more active in the unstable condition with 15% less weight. Therefore, bench pressing with an unstable load appears promising in activating stabilizing musculature compared with pressing a typical barbell.

Beyond Fukushima: Toward a Post-Nuclear Society by Koichi Hasegawa

Reviewed by: Beyond Fukushima: Toward a Post-Nuclear Society by Koichi Hasegawa Daniel P. Aldrich (bio) Beyond Fukushima: Toward a Post-Nuclear Society. By Koichi Hasegawa; translated by Minako Sato. Trans Pacific Press, Melbourne, 2015. xvi, 228 pages. $89.95. This important new book tackles a question that has vexed many observers since the March 11, 2011, earthquake and tsunami set off meltdowns at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plants in Japan. While in the early 2000s many observers had proclaimed the start of a global nuclear renaissance, the inability of the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) to prevent and then successfully contain a nuclear accident at Fukushima put that on hold. A number of governments around the world, including those in Germany, Belgium, Italy, and Switzerland, used Japan's nuclear accident, rated at the maximum level of the International Nuclear Event Scale, as a policy window to change their energy policies. Uranium prices have dropped precipitously as the market envisions less global demand for nuclear fuel; the countries building the most new nuclear plants are primarily authoritarian ones (for example, China and Russia). [End Page 475] Domestic critics of Japan's advanced commercial nuclear power program envisioned that Japan would follow suit. They believed that the Fukushima meltdowns along with massive antinuclear rallies (some of which had more than 150,000 participants), citizens' referenda on energy selection in several major cities, and widespread opposition to nuclear would provide sufficient weight to their arguments and shift Japan away from atomic energy. The forced evacuation of more than 140,000 residents from towns like Namie, Futaba, and Ōkuma near the Fukushima plants and the continued dislocation of thousands of evacuees in temporary shelters throughout the country even now remain front page news. TEPCO's mismanagement of the disaster site, its inability to stop the outflow of contaminated water, and its need for financial rescue from near bankruptcy due to compensation for evacuees have caused dismay. Yet the current Japanese government under Prime Minister Abe Shinzō continues to push for full nuclear restarts for its remaining 48 commercial reactors and for a closed fuel cycle complete with fuel reprocessing. In this book, Hasegawa, like other scholars, including Richard Samuels and Richard Hind-marsh and Rebecca Priestly,1 explores why Japan's energy policy has not changed course more drastically as a result of the catastrophe. Through a comparative policy analysis of Japan and other advanced, industrial democracies, Hasegawa reveals what may help move Japan beyond Fukushima. Hasegawa argues that institutions, and not ideas or interest groups, have been the primary movers behind Japan's policy choices about atomic energy. A framework of financial redistribution to depopulating host communities known in Japan as the Dengen Sanpō (Three Power Source Development Laws, Dengen sanpō kōfukin seido) has given incentives to rural towns to invite in nuclear facilities.2 Once the initial plant is completed and the town budget has been boosted by hundreds of millions of yen a year in new buildings, roads, elder care facilities, assistance for business relocation to the area, and other infrastructure, host communities often are forced to invite in additional plants. The amount of money received from the initial plant wanes over time, so local officials must ask for additional plants to keep up their budgets and avoid dropping spending levels. Critics have called this a "cycle of addiction" and a "culture of dependency,"3 and others [End Page 476] have pointed out that the actual economic impact of hosting is, at best, mixed.4 As a result, a number of towns host as many as seven nuclear power plants (such as the the city of Kashiwazaki-Kariwa in Niigata) while others, like Futaba, hosted six. Beyond the demand side for nuclear facility hosting, other institutional factors such as a well-insulated nuclear bureaucracy (p. 27), site selection in impoverished rural areas with weak civil society organizations (p. 34), and a national judicial system which rarely takes activist or antigovernment stances (p. 202) have helped Japanese authorities develop their nuclear program from the top down. Japan also lacks a Green Party which has made environmental issues a top priority and has been able to serve as a coalition...

University Students' Views on Political Influences and the Status of Law in Post-Reform China: A Moderation and Mediation Analysis.

Scholars categorize societies into "rule of man" societies, "rule by law" societies, and "rule of law" societies on the basis of a status of law. After 1978, China's leaders invoked law as an alternative to the arbitrariness of the Cultural Revolution. In this study, we used quantitative methods to explore university students' views on the status of law in post-reform China. Surveys were conducted in three national universities located in different regions of China. Responses from university students show that their perceptions of well-developed legislation and perceptions of the publicity of law are associated with their perceptions of equality before the law, which could be the consequence of a "rule of law" system. However, the study found that university students are of the view that the political nature of legislation and interference in law enforcement moderate the relationship between legislation and equality before the law. The political nature of legislation also moderates the mediation effect of interference in law enforcement between law publicity and equality before the law. As such, the article concludes that although university students are no longer primary movers in China's social and political development after the Tiananmen incident, they are still knowledgeable if not critical about the status of law and its political implications.

Heirs to World Culture: Being Indonesian 1950–1965 ed. by Jennifer Lindsay and Maya H. T. Liem

Reviewed by: Heirs to World Culture: Being Indonesian 1950–1965 ed. by Jennifer Lindsay and Maya H. T. Liem Howard Federspiel (bio) Jennifer Lindsay and Maya H. T. Liem, ed. Heirs to World Culture: Being Indonesian 1950–1965. Leiden: Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (KITLV) Press, 2012. 529 pp. The title for this book, Heirs to World Culture, comes from a statement made in 1950 by an influential group of Indonesian intellectuals associated with the Siasat weekly magazine. The statement, given the title of “Testimonial of Beliefs,” was a declaration of intent and provided a general guideline for Indonesian artists and writers over the next decade, and is quoted in Lindsay and Liem’s introduction (p. 10): “We are the legitimate heirs to world culture, and we are furthering it in our own way.” Accordingly, the articles in this anthology examine the landscape of the Indonesian artistic scene in the period generally known as the “Sukarno era,” to test the legacy of that effort to advance Indonesian culture. The array of subjects is sufficiently broad to describe the many facets of the scene in those years and also rich enough in information and findings to invigorate studies of an era that has passed, yet was so pivotal to Indonesian national and societal development. The volume was prepared by independent scholars associated mostly with universities and think tanks across the world specializing in Indonesian studies. The group was organized by the prestigious Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asia and the Caribbean (KITLV), which has a record of a century and a half in sponsoring scholarly research on Indonesian themes. In this case, funding was provided by a grant from the Australian-Netherlands Research Collaboration program for two seminars that brought scholars together to discuss their findings and explore common themes in preparation for publishing a volume presenting the results of the research. Jennifer Lindsay and Keith Foulcher, two important scholars on Southeast Asia, were the primary movers of the intellectual part of the project. The effort aimed simply to bring together the important research being done on the era to give it common exposure. It was not expected that this publication would be a definitive study of the era under discussion, but rather a stepping stone to future research and understanding of arts from that era. As such, it has great value to other scholars, but less importance to groups looking for final answers. There is great range to the presentations in the volume. One group of studies centers on regional, ethnic, and religious diversity. Accordingly, there are studies about artistic development on Bali, among the Sundanese, at Medan, on Sulawesi, among the Indonesian Chinese, and with certain Muslim elements. A second collection addresses international audiences that were exposed to Indonesian culture through the efforts of these artists, notably the United States, Communist China, the Malay Peninsula and Singapore, and the Netherlands. A third category, which is really the heart of the study, centers on the organization known as Lekra (Lembaga Kebudayaan Rakyat, the Peoples Institute of Culture), a communist cultural front, which acted as a dynamo for intellectual and artistic development during the latter part of the era under [End Page 109] study. The final group, less clearly defined, but still apparent in general terms, deals with efforts in the sub-eras of this time frame.1 The first group, on regional diversity, is illustrated by Marje Plomp’s article on Medan in North Sumatra, which for a time in the early and mid-twentieth century was renowned for being the region’s capital of pulp fiction. The article describes the growth of a group of intellectual writers who contributed to a distinctive style of writing detective novels set among Malays in North Sumatra, Singapore, and the Malay Peninsula. This genre used the jawi script2 as its principal medium between 1950 and 1965, the writers interacted with the rising cultural elite in Jakarta, thereafter turning away from detective novels in favor of novels embracing the realism of the post-World War II Indonesian literary movement. This change in direction drained off many of the best writers and led to a waning of the influence of...

Stator voltage harmonics and unbalance compensation of the sensorless standalone doubly fed induction generator

Purpose – Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is widely used in wind energy conversion systems and it can operate with other primary movers. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the standalone operation of DFIG which may expand the area of possible applications and increase capabilities of the generation system in terms of power quality. Design/methodology/approach – Synthesis of the control method was preceded by analysis of mathematical model of the machine. The control method based on the negative sequence and high harmonics extraction has been developed and verified in the laboratory unit. Control of the fundamental frequency component uses neither rotor speed nor position sensors. Findings – The original method allows to compensate negative sequence and high harmonics of the generated voltage. At the same time, due to the active filtering capability of the grid side converter, the stator phase current shape is close to sine wave. Thus, it is seen by the machine as a linear load, what eliminates the electromagnetic torque ripples. Practical implications – The system and control method can be applied in variable speed generation systems, e.g. wind turbines or diesel engines operating in the standalone mode. Originality/value – Although the selective compensation of negative sequence and harmonics are known in the literature, until now the methods have been verified for the system with a rotor position sensor. Moreover, the stator current feed-forward improving the transient properties, as well as results of transient states caused by the load step change, have not been proposed in publications.

The Acute Hormonal Response to Free Weight and Machine Weight Resistance Exercise

Resistance exercise can acutely increase the concentrations of circulating neuroendocrine factors, but the effect of mode on this response is not established. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of resistance exercise selection on the acute hormonal response using similar lower-body multijoint movement free weight and machine weight exercises. Ten resistance trained men (25 ± 3 years, 179 ± 7 cm, 84.2 ± 10.5 kg) completed 6 sets of 10 repetitions of squat or leg press at the same relative intensity separated by 1 week. Blood samples were collected before (PRE), immediately after (IP), and 15 (P15) and 30 minutes (P30) after exercise, and analyzed for testosterone (T), growth hormone (GH), and cortisol (C) concentrations. Exercise increased (p ≤ 0.05) T and GH at IP, but the concentrations at IP were greater for the squat (T: 31.4 ± 10.3 nmol·L(-1); GH: 9.5 ± 7.3 μg·L(-1)) than for the leg press (T: 26.9 ± 7.8 nmol·L(-1); GH: 2.8 ± 3.2 μg·L(-1)). At P15 and P30, GH was greater for the squat (P15: 12.3 ± 8.9 μg·L(-1); P30: 12.0 ± 8.9 μg·L(-1)) than for the leg press (P15: 4.8 ± 3.4 μg·L(-1); P30: 5.4 ± 4.1 μg·L(-1)). C was increased after exercise and was greater for the squat than for the leg press. Although total work (external load and body mass moved) was greater for the squat than for the leg press, rating of perceived exertion did not differ between the modes. Free weight exercises seem to induce greater hormonal responses to resistance exercise than machine weight exercises using similar lower-body multijoint movements and primary movers.

Questions and Communication: The Role of Questions in Sūrat al-Aʿrāf

This article aims to cast light on one of the most important facets of the Qur'anic voice; the question. The significance of questions in the Qur'an, both explicit and implicit, lies in their role as primary movers in divine speech. Explicit and implicit questions feature abundantly throughout the Qur'an, and exegetes have endeavoured to elucidate each occurrence. They interpret the multiplicity of questions as resulting from the fact that the Qur'an does not respond to questions to the same extent as it raises them, presenting the believers with a questioning approach that they should follow in all aspects of their lives, and, likewise confronting the opponents of the prophets with clear signs through questioning. The latter type of question differs from the former in that it presents conclusive argumentation aiming to convince, and this is what we wish to concentrate on here. The Qur'anic discourse has a unique way of supporting its argumentation with linguistic and textual props, as will be addressed by this article in terms of the role of questions in Sūrat al-Aʿrāf.

Neandertal Humeri May Reflect Adaptation to Scraping Tasks, but Not Spear Thrusting

Unique compared with recent and prehistoric Homo sapiens, Neandertal humeri are characterised by a pronounced right-dominant bilateral strength asymmetry and an anteroposteriorly strengthened diaphyseal shape. Remodeling in response to asymmetric forces imposed during regular underhanded spear thrusting is the most influential explanatory hypothesis. The core tenet of the “Spear Thrusting Hypothesis”, that underhand thrusting requires greater muscle activity on the right side of the body compared to the left, remains untested. It is unclear whether alternative subsistence behaviours, such as hide processing, might better explain this morphology. To test this, electromyography was used to measure muscle activity at the primary movers of the humerus (pectoralis major (PM), anterior (AD) and posterior deltoid (PD)) during three distinct spear-thrusting tasks and four separate scraping tasks. Contrary to predictions, maximum muscle activity (MAX) and total muscle activity (TOT) were significantly higher (all values, p<.05) at the left (non-dominant) AD, PD and PM compared to the right side of the body during spear thrusting tasks. Thus, the muscle activity required during underhanded spearing tasks does not lend itself to explaining the pronounced right dominant strength asymmetry found in Neandertal humeri. In contrast, during the performance of all three unimanual scraping tasks, right side MAX and TOT were significantly greater at the AD (all values, p<.01) and PM (all values, p<.02) compared to the left. The consistency of the results provides evidence that scraping activities, such as hide preparation, may be a key behaviour in determining the unusual pattern of Neandertal arm morphology. Overall, these results yield important insight into the Neandertal behavioural repertoire that aided survival throughout Pleistocene Eurasia.

Interpreting the Emergence of Water Export Policy in Canada

Canadian water export is an important, yet not an autonomous, policy in its own right that would justify direct governmental intervention. Water export policy should be understood as a by‐product of larger and more imperative national governmental agendas such as the institutionalization of neoliberal projects, perceived national security concerns, and Canadian federal–provincial relations. Consideration of these agendas as primary movers and shapers of water export policy in Canada helps to fill in contextual gaps and bring into play a broader spectrum of evidence. Further, this approach may refine our understanding of the phenomenon and show that an explanation for the emergence of the policy problem under investigation could be found in the policies surrounding it.

Arthroplasty of the Elbow

Willis Cohoon Campbell was born in Jackson, Mississippi in 1880. He received his undergraduate training in his home state and medical training at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, where he graduated in 1924 [5]. After serving a two-year internship, he went into private practice in Memphis, Tennessee. As with other prominent orthopaedic surgeons (Ryerson among them), he visited medical centers in Europe, particularly London and Vienna. He evidently then spent some time in postgraduate work in New York City prior to returning to private practice in Memphis. (Most formal residencies were not established until the 1930s coincident with the formation of the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery in 1934, although many doctors took “postgraduate” work following one or two years of internship in general medicine or surgery.) In 1910, he was asked to organize a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at the University of Tennessee Medical School as the first Professor of Orthopaedics, a post he held until his death.In addition to forming a department for the university, Campbell helped establish one of the first hospitals for crippled children in the south, then the Willis Cohoon Campbell Clinic in 1920 [1], and finally in 1923 the Hospital for Crippled Adults. The Campbell clinic provided postgraduate training, meeting the requirements of the American Board for the Certification of Specialists. Dr. Campbell, while not one of the original nine board members of the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery, was influential in establishing the Board in 1934. According to Wickstrom [4], a “...persistent rumor, repeatedly denied, held that Henderson (Melvin) and Campbell were the primary movers behind the establishment of both the American Academy of Orthopaedic surgeons and the American Board in Orthopaedic Surgery; their actions were said to be a retaliatory response to their rejection by the orthopaedic establishment ‘in the East.’” Be that as it may, Dr. Campbell served as President of a number of professional organizations [1]. He published many papers and three monographs, including the classic “Operative Orthopaedics” [3], which has gone through 10 editions, was the standard textbook for orthopaedic surgeons for decades and remains one of the most widely read references. Dr. Campbell was widely known as a kind, courteous man [5].The article reproduced here describes arthroplasty of the elbow to restore motion to ankylosed joints [2]. In this article Campbell recognized some of the described resection arthroplasties (usually with interposition of various materials) left the elbow unstable and weak. He advocated creating a “double flap” of the triceps aponeurosis and underlying periosteum and suturing that to the anterior capsule of the elbow after resecting bone. This, he suggested, allowed functional motion within 6 months in the two cases he described. Interestingly, in his “Operative Orthopaedics” published in 1939, he recommends covering the exposed bony surfaces with fascia lata, and does not describe attaching the flap of the triceps to the anterior capsule, but rather suggests attaching “at a lower point than its former attachment to permit free play of the joint in flexion” [3]. Willis Cohoon Campbell, MD is shown. Photograph is reproduced with permission and ©American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Fifty Years of Progress, 1983.ReferencesCalandruccio RA. The history of the Campbell Clinic. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000:157–170.Campbell WC. Arthroplasty of the elbow. Ann Surg. 1922;76:615–623.Campbell WC. Operative Orthopedics. Saint Louis: CV Mosby Co; 1939.Wickstrom JK. Fifty years of the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery: 1934. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990;257:3–10.Willis Cohoon Campbell 1880–1941. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1941;23:716–717.

Biotechnology and the New Right: Neoconservatism's Red Menace

Although the neoconservative movement has come to dominate American conservatism, this movement has its origins in the old Marxist Left. Communists in their younger days, as the founders of neoconservatism, inverted Marxist doctrine by arguing that moral values and not economic forces were the primary movers of history. Yet the neoconservative critique of biotechnology still borrows heavily from Karl Marx and owes more to the German philosopher Martin Heidegger than to the Scottish philosopher and political economist Adam Smith. Loath to identify these sources—or perhaps unaware of them—neoconservatives do not acknowledge these intellectual underpinnings or their implications. Thus, in the final analysis, their critique is incoherent and even internally inconsistent. By not acknowledging and embracing their intellectual roots, neoconservatives are left with a deeply ambivalent and often confused view of biotechnology and the society that gives rise to it.

T. Franklin Williams Creates Template for Geriatric Care

T. Franklin Williams Creates Template for Geriatric Care

Coupling between muscle activities and muscle torques during horizontal-planar arm movements with direction reversal

In this study we investigated the hypothesis that the simple set of rules used to explain the modulation of muscle activities during single-joint movements could also be applied for reversal movements of the shoulder and elbow joints. The muscle torques of both joints were characterized by a triphasic impulse. The first impulse of each joint accelerated the limb to the target and was generated by an initial burst of the muscles activated first (primary mover). The second impulse decelerated the limb to the target, reversed movement direction and accelerated the limb back to the initial position, and was generated by an initial burst of the muscles activated second (secondary movers). A third impulse, in each joint, decelerated the limb to the initial position due to the generation of a second burst of the primary movers. The first burst of the primary mover decreased abruptly, and the latency between the activation of the primary and secondary movers varied in proportion with target distances for the elbow, but not for the shoulder muscles. All impulses and bursts increased with target distances and were well coupled. Therefore, as predicted, the bursts of muscle activities were modulated to generate the appropriate level of muscle torque.

Variations in muscle activation levels during traditional latissimus dorsi weight training exercises: An experimental study.

BackgroundExercise beliefs abound regarding variations in strength training techniques on muscle activation levels yet little research has validated these ideas. The purpose of the study is to determine muscle activation level, expressed as a percent of a normalization contraction, of the latissimus dorsi, biceps brachii and middle trapezius/rhomboids muscle groups during a series of different exercise tasks.MethodsThe average muscle activity during four tasks; wide grip pulldown, reverse grip pull down [RGP], seated row with retracted scapula, and seated rows with non-retracted scapulae was quantified during two 10 second isometric portions of the four exercises. A repeated measures ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey test was used to determine the influence of exercise type on muscle activity for each muscle.Results & DiscussionNo exercise type influenced biceps brachii activity. The highest latissimus dorsi to biceps ratio of activation occurred during the wide grip pulldown and the seated row. Highest levels of myoelectric activity in the middle trapezius/rhomboid muscle group occurred during the seated row. Actively retracting the scapula did not influence middle trapezius/rhomboid activity.ConclusionVariations in latissimus dorsi exercises are capable of producing small changes in the myoelectric activity of the primary movers.

Monetary Policy and the Yield Curve

This paper examines the empirical properties of a two-factor ane model of the term structure of interest rates, estimated with LIBOR and interest rate swap data from 1989 through 2001. Despite its relative simplicity, the model ts the interest rate data remarkably well, both across time and maturity, and identies changes in the current and expected stance of monetary policy as primary movers of the yield curve.

Monetary Policy and the Yield Curve

This paper examines the empirical properties of a two-factor affine model of the term structure of interest rates, estimated with LIBOR and interest rate swap data from 1989 through 2001. Despite its relative simplicity, the model fits the interest rate data remarkably well, both across time and maturity, and identifies changes in the current and expected stance of monetary policy as primary movers of the yield curve.

BEYOND PARTNERSHIP, TOWARDS NETWORKING: A KOREAN REFLECTION ON PARTNERSHIP IN THE WEB OF GOD'S MISSION

1. Historical development of mission-church relations In the history of mission, the ongoing paradigm change in the development of mission-church relations can be classified into four stages: (1) pioneer, (2) parent, (3) partner, and (4) participant. The first stage, pioneer, required, among other things, the gift of leadership. Since there were believers in the so-called non-Christian world, missionaries had to lead and do much of the work themselves. However, this stage was closely related to Western expansionism into the non-Western world, which was based on the subject-object way of viewing the world. The second stage, parent, required the gift of teaching and nurturing. The so-called daughter churches were in a growing child's relationship to the so-called mother churches. However, the parent could not avoid paternalism, and collaborated suspiciously with Western colonialism. At this stage, christianization was generally perceived to be the most important part of the civilization project, that is, of westernization. The third stage, partner, requires a change from a parent-child relationship to an adult-adult relationship. Although it is difficult for both to change, this is essential to the church becoming a mature adult. However, to a certain extent, the reality of the partnership, even after the historical and geographical colonial structure has been demolished, still maintains a neo-colonial, discursive and dependent nature. The fourth stage is that of participant. Every church throughout the five oceans and six continents is identified as the subjective participant of God's mission, particularly in its own local area. In this stage, networking and sharing have become the most important principles of doing mission. Missionaries need to work constantly to accept their marginal and ambiguous status. Missionaries are no longer, if they ever truly were, primary movers but collaborators, assistants, and servants. The primary agent of mission is the Spirit of God. Missionaries must not muzzle the Spirit or try to wrest initiatives from God. If missionaries presume too quickly to be the mouthpiece of God, they may overlook the still, small voice with which God likes to animate the silence. 2. Partnership matters: mutuality and power sharing After the colonial era, the term partnership has become part of the standard vocabulary in mission and development circles. It has been very convenient for agencies and churches in the North to speak of the churches and groups in the South with whom they have a relationship, as their partner churches and groups. The meaning of the word partnership suggests the relational quality of a pair who have freely and objectively chosen to work together for a common cause. In reality, in many instances the economic disparities are such that it is hard to see how choices could be made in an objective manner. The concept of partnership is therefore still ambiguous, and it is not appropriate to disregard those ambiguities by an uncritical use of the word partnership, particularly in the context of globalization. Being partners can only be incomplete and tentative, so that it becomes a goal, not an acquisition. It is something to be constructed, patiently, step by step. We should allow sufficient room to question one another. There can be failures, and nothing is taken for granted. Partnership in mission requires mutuality, and not just the mutual recognition of gifts but also of needs. The former mother churches are beginning to learn that their former daughter, now partner, churches have particular gifts to offer, although they have, as yet, to learn enough to expose their own needs. Mutuality in mission relationships is a necessary step in moving away from the one-directional flow of the past. Partnership in mission also requires openness or transparency. Transparency means the removal of certain obstacles that make it difficult for partners to perceive one another as they really are. …

Murder, Lies, and Storytelling: The Manipulation of Justice(s) in the Parliaments of 1397 and 1399

In the parliament that opened at Westminster on 17 September 1397, King Richard II of England was quite literally at the height of his power. With the parliamentary estates gathered in the yard outside Westminster and surrounded by his own personal retinue of over three hundred archers, Richard gazed down from a specially constructed throne raised above the assembly. From this perch the king presided over the parliament as the chief of a judicial tribunal exacting revenge against the primary movers of the Merciless Parliament of 1388. In this Revenge Parliament of 1397, all of the proceedings of 1388 were voided; the pardons to the Lords Appellant of 1388 were revoked; Richard Fitzalan, the earl of Arundel, was appealed of treason, tried, and summarily beheaded; his brother Thomas, the archbishop of Canterbury, was condemned to perpetual exile; and the king's own uncle, Thomas of Woodstock, the duke of Gloucester, who had been imprisoned across the English Channel in Calais, was accused of treason and, having died in captivity, was posthumously condemned. Shortly thereafter, on 28 September, the third principal appellant of 1388, Thomas Beauchamp, the earl of Warwick, was similarly accused of treason and condemned; but his death sentence was commuted to banishment after he confessed and pleaded for his life before the assembly. Triumphant over his former suppressors, Richard dismissed the parliament after having the judgments declared perpetually irrevocable.' Certainly the ascendant Richard of 1397 would never have predicted that within exactly two years he would be stripped of his power. In an uncanny example of that most medieval of commonplaces, the turn of Fortune's wheel, Richard's own fortunes were completely reversed. Following the Hereford-Norfolk dispute of 1398, the banished and disinherited Henry Bolingbroke, the duke of Hereford, reentered England from the east in early July of 1399 while Richard was on campaign in Ireland. When Hereford finally encountered Richard in north Wales at Conway and at Flint in mid-August, he managed to capture the king without struggle. He took Richard back to London, imprisoned him in the Tower, and

Accident and emergency: primary movers.

Accident and emergency: primary movers.