Primary Mode Of Transportation Research Articles

Strategi Implementasi Kebijakan Pengurangan Emisi melalui Infrastruktur Sepeda di Perkotaan Indonesia di Kota Bekasi

Motorized vehicle-based transportation is one of the primary contributors to carbon emissions in urban areas of Indonesia. Bekasi City, as one of Jakarta's buffer cities, faces challenges in reducing carbon emissions due to the dominance of motorized vehicles and inadequate transportation infrastructure. This study aims to analyze the policy implementation strategies for reducing carbon emissions through the development of bicycle infrastructure, focusing on the integration of bike lanes, supporting facilities, and public transportation. The findings reveal that the adoption of bicycles in Bekasi remains low due to a lack of infrastructure support and public awareness. This study recommends strategic measures such as enhancing coordination among stakeholders, allocating adequate budgets, and conducting public awareness campaigns to promote bicycles as a primary mode of transportation. With an integrated approach, this policy is expected to support carbon emission reductions in Bekasi and other cities in Indonesia.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Use of Helicopter Transport After Severe Trauma in the US

In the US, traumatic injuries are a leading cause of mortality across all age groups. Patients with severe trauma often require time-sensitive, specialized medical care to reduce mortality; air transport is associated with improved survival in many cases. However, it is unknown whether the provision of and access to air transport are influenced by factors extrinsic to medical needs, such as race or ethnicity. To examine the current trends of racial and ethnic disparities in air transport use for patients who sustain severe trauma. This population-based cohort study used data from the National Trauma Data Bank from 2016 to 2022. Participants were patients older than 15 years who sustained a severe injury and required an urgent surgical procedure or intensive care unit (ICU) admission at level I or II trauma centers with helicopter service. Severe injury requiring treatment at a level I or II trauma center. The primary mode of transport, categorized as either helicopter ambulance or ground ambulance. A multifaceted approach was used to narrow the observed racial and ethnic disparities in helicopter deployment. The secondary outcome was mortality after helicopter transport vs ground ambulance transport. Data were included for 341 286 patients at 458 level I or II trauma centers with helicopter service. Their mean (SD) age was 47 (20) years; 243 936 patients (71.6%) were male and 96 633 (28.4%) female. Asian individuals were less likely to receive helicopter transport compared with White individuals (6.8% vs 21.8%; aRR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.30-0.48; P < .001), driven by lower use for Asian patients in teaching hospitals (aRR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.21-0.40; P < .001) and level I trauma centers (aRR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.24-0.44; P < .001). In addition, Black patients were less likely to receive helicopter transport (8.7% vs 21.8%; aRR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.36-0.49; P < .001), particularly in teaching hospitals (aRR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.33-0.50; P < .001) and level I trauma centers (aRR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.34-0.49; P < .001). A similar but less pronounced disparity was noted for Hispanic patients. Helicopter transport was associated with a lower mortality risk compared with ground transport (37.7% vs 42.6%; adjusted relative risk [aRR], 0.87; 95% CI, 0.85-0.89; P < .001). This study found that racial and ethnic minority patients, particularly Asian and Black patients, and notably those treated at level I teaching hospitals were less likely to receive airlift services compared with White patients. The current expansion of helicopter emergency medical services has yet to translate into equitable care for patients of all races and ethnicities.

Flow environment affects nutrient transport in soft plant roots.

This work estimates Michaelis-Menten kinetics parameters for nutrient transport under varying flow rates in the soft roots of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) using a plant fluidic device. To find the metallic components within the roots, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis was performed. The flow rate-dependent metabolic changes were examined using Raman spectral analysis. In addition, three-dimensional numerical simulations were conducted to assess mechanical stresses resulting from the concentration difference that enhances osmotic pressure and flow loading at the root-liquid interface. Convection, the primary mode of nutrient transport in flowing media, was observed to reduce nutrient uptake at higher flow rates. In contrast, diffusion became more prevalent in areas where the complex root structure restricted the flow field. The concentration gradient between the upstream and downstream regions of the root caused nutrient diffusion from downstream to upstream. As seen, an increase in flow rate resulted in a decrease in root length due to the reduction of advantageous metabolites, which led to lower average mechanical stress and osmotic pressure loading. Additionally, osmotic pressure at the root-liquid interface was found to increase over time. Numerical simulations revealed that the average internal mechanical stress was substantially greater when osmotic pressure was considered. This emphasizes the importance of accounting for osmotic pressure when assessing mechanical stress in roots. This study uses a fluidic device that replicates hydroponic conditions for the first time in order to evaluate the convection-dependent Michaelis-Menten kinetics of nutrient uptake in plant roots.

Clinico-epidemiological study of snakebite: an audit of 13 years of data from a community-based treatment centre in eastern Nepal

Abstract Background Snakebite envenomation is a global public health concern, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. We describe the demography, presentations, treatments and outcomes of snakebites from a community snakebite treatment centre in Nepal. Methods This was a retrospective study of snakebite cases from 2008 to 2021 presenting in a community-based treatment centre in eastern Nepal. The data were collected from predesigned forms in the centre. Results The median age of the victims (N=13 825) was 29 y (interquartile range 18–43) predominantly comprising farmers (39.5%). Cobras (Naja spp.) were the predominant species. Self-treatment practices like the application of tourniquets are common (74.5%) and antivenom was infused to 3.3% of victims. Motorcycles (57.9%) were the primary mode of transport, significantly reducing the time to reach healthcare centres compared with other means (p&amp;lt;0.001). The majority of patients visiting the community snakebite centre exhibited improvement (98.4%), with a low referral rate (0.6%) and case fatality rate (1.26%). Conclusions Snakebites are a common problem in rural Nepal. Neurotoxic envenomation, inflicted by the common cobra, predominates in this area. This community-based snakebite treatment centre, managed by paramedics, exemplifies the successful outcome of snakebite management in Nepal.

Study on discrete prediction model for mechanical behavior of buried pipelines under the influence of differential frost heave

Pipelines are the primary mode of oil and gas transport in cold regions. Differential frost heaving of frozen and non-frozen soil masses can damage such pipelines, posing economic and environmental risks. The present study investigates the mechanical behaviors of buried pipelines under differential frost heaving forces. A discrete forecasting model of these mechanical behaviors based on frost heaving springs is proposed. The relationship between the frost heaving amount and force at any moment is established using the Takashi empirical equation and the corresponding development of frost depth. On this basis, the properties of nonlinear frost heaving springs are disclosed. A model of pipeline mechanical state is derived to understand the deformation and stress at any moment, allowing the dynamic prediction of mechanical behaviors. The model is applied to two case studies involving the Caen and Alaska buried pipelines. The modeling results agree well with measurements taken at these pipelines, and the discrete descriptions of their mechanical modes are effective. A sensitivity analysis of the modeling results for pipelines of different size was conducted, providing a theoretical foundation for the optimal design of buried pipelines in cold regions.

GRAIN EXPORT FROM UKRAINE: CHANGES DURING THE PERIOD OF MARTIAL LAW

This article delves into the complexities and challenges faced by Ukraine’s grain export sector amid the ongoing conflict and evolving legislative landscape. The analysis begins by exploring the significance of grain exports for Ukraine’s economy, particularly during wartime, and the critical role they play in ensuring food security both domestically and globally. The article examines recent legislative initiatives aimed at enhancing transparency and accountability in the grain export process, specifically focusing on new laws intended to combat the issue of “black” grain exports, which have raised concerns about corruption and mismanagement. It discusses the implications of these laws for exporters, government agencies, and regulatory bodies, highlighting the need for effective implementation and oversight. A significant portion of the article is dedicated to the importance of railway logistics as a primary mode of transportation for grain exports, especially in light of disruptions caused by the conflict. The analysis considers how new transportation routes and strategies are being developed to facilitate the movement of grain despite the ongoing challenges. Additionally, the article examines trade disputes with Poland, which have complicated Ukraine’s export efforts and created further barriers to trade. It concludes that while recent legislative measures are crucial for stabilizing grain exports, their effectiveness depends on timely implementation of subordinate regulations and strong monitoring systems. The findings indicate that the Ukrainian government must enhance coordination among state bodies to ensure compliance and reduce corruption risks. Ultimately, the article emphasizes the importance of navigating the complexities of grain exports during wartime to safeguard national interests and contribute to global food security.

Unraveling the Link: Examining the Influence of Dollar Strength on Dirty Tanker Freight Rates

This study explores the asymmetric relationship between the U.S. dollar index (DXY) and dirty tanker freight rates, a largely unexamined area within maritime economics despite the dollar’s profound influence on global oil prices and economic stability. Tanker shipping, the primary mode of transportation for global oil and a capital-intensive sector, plays a crucial role in oil supply chains. Given that oil prices are quoted in U.S. dollars, fluctuations in dollar strength directly impact oil costs, demand for tankers, and the operational costs of tanker shipping. This study employs an asymmetric model, recognizing that dollar value changes affect the tanker market differently depending on whether the dollar is strengthening or weakening. Findings reveal that decreases in the DXY drive up tanker freight rates, while increases do not correspondingly decrease rates, highlighting the unique non-linear dynamics between currency strength and freight costs. This asymmetric approach provides a more accurate framework for understanding these interactions than traditional linear models.

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN FOR MOTORCYCLIST ERGONOMICS: EVALUATING A NOVEL ARMREST TO REDUCE MUSCLE STRAIN

Motorcycles are a primary mode of transportation in Malaysia, widely used for daily activities and work. The well-being of motorcyclists is crucial, especially regarding comfort during prolonged rides. This study evaluates the effectiveness of an armrest prototype in reducing muscle activity, measured by surface electromyography (sEMG), thereby alleviating discomfort. In two sessions (with and without the armrest), 102 participants rode a motorcycle for two hours using a laboratory riding simulator. The simulator projected a road scenery video, simulating daytime riding conditions. EMG signals were recorded to assess muscle activity in the right and left arms, with electrodes attached to the skin. The findings revealed a reduction in sEMG levels for both arms when using the armrest prototype for the flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris muscles. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in exertion muscles levels (X2 (63) = 757.76, p&lt;0.001) between the experimental group and the control group during the two-hour riding process. This study demonstrates that the armrest prototype can effectively reduce muscle activity and improve comfort for motorcyclists. By promoting better posture, this innovation could enhance rider safety and health, potentially reducing the risk of accidents.

The Environmental and Biodiversity Impacts of a New Cableway System: A Comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment

The Environmental and Biodiversity Impacts of a New Cableway System: A Comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment

Understanding COVID-19 pandemic-related shifts in active commute patterns: Insights from employees of a Canadian university

Understanding COVID-19 pandemic-related shifts in active commute patterns: Insights from employees of a Canadian university

Optimizing ferry route networks for sustainable island development using social network analysis: A study of Mokpo, South Korea

South Korea’s over 3300 islands play vital roles in the nation’s geography, economy, culture, and national security. Despite their importance, these islands face significant challenges, including population decline, aging demographics, and a severe lack of healthcare, childcare, and education facilities. With only 20% of inhabited islands connected to the mainland by bridges, coastal ferries are the primary transportation mode. However, the infrequent ferry services and numerous intermediate stops cause considerable inconvenience. This study conducts an analysis of the coastal ferry route connectivity within the Mokpo Area, focusing on proposing improvements to enhance access to community infrastructure for local island residents. This study analyzes the Mokpo Area’s coastal ferry network, identifying Dochodo as a central hub island to improve connectivity for sustainable island development. By reorganizing routes around Dochodo with larger ferries for main routes and smaller ferries for local trips, the study aims to enhance service access and boost tourism for island communities.

Stawanie się miejskim rowerzystą. Biografie mobilności dojeżdżających do pracy rowerem

This article presents the results of semi-structured interviews with eight individuals whose primary or significant mode of transportation in the city is the bicycle. The purpose of the analysis was to describe the trajectory of becoming an urban cyclist. During the interview, three stages of bicycle use emerged: childhood, high school, and college and work. These stages were somewhat more clearly separated by interviewees, who were also able to distinguish periods of cycling and noncycling. At the same time, the beginning of a new stage may represent one of the key moments when survey participants may give up cycling (especially the start of high school) or take up the activity anew (e.g., children entering a period of greater independence). In addition, the start of cycling for transportation purposes may be easier to think about for those accustomed to physical activity, and especially for those cycling for recreational or sporting purposes. The city’s bike-sharing system can be a significant factor in initiating the practice of cycling for people who did not own bicycles and/or have not used them for many years.

Eco-Sustainability in Hospital Pharmacy: A Pilot Survey on 'Going Green'.

Purpose: Between 2009 and 2015, the Canadian health care system was estimated to be responsible for 4.6% of national carbon emissions. Determine awareness of and describe eco-initiatives that the department of pharmacy can implement to aim to reduce the carbon footprint in hospital pharmacy in an effort to 'go green'. Methods: In a quality improvement initiative, pharmacy employees (i.e. pharmacists and pharmacy technicians) completed a cross-sectional survey designed to gauge willingness to 'go green' at work, to identify actionable areas of waste, and to assess commuting practices. Results: A total of 15 respondents completed the survey conducted March 14th -April 7th, 2022. Most respondents (73%) were willing to engage in more sustainable practices at work. The main barriers to implementing green practices at work were 'too time consuming' (20%), 'adds too much complexity' (20%), and 'cost' (16%). For commuting, 60% indicated the primary mode of transportation as 'personal vehicle', where 'subsidized transit' and was listed as the greatest incentive that could encourage a greener commute. The three largest areas of waste cited were 'single use plastic' (36%), 'limited of awareness of green practices' (15%), and 'lights left on in empty rooms' (12%). Conclusions: Pharmacy staff shared willingness to engage in more sustainable 'go green' practices but raised challenges to do so. With the knowledge that Canada has the second most climate intensive health system, there is a need for future research to describe how hospital pharmacies can contribute strategically to 'go green', advancing with implementing low carbon sustainable pharmacy practices.

How does the built environment affect intermodal transit demand across different spatiotemporal contexts?

How does the built environment affect intermodal transit demand across different spatiotemporal contexts?

India's Shift to Electric Mobility

The Automotive sector is a pivotal contributor to India’s economic growth and contributes 49% to India’s manufacturing GDP. In FY24, the country produced approximately 49 lakh passenger vehicles, 9.9 lakh three-wheelers, 214.7 lakh two-wheelers, and 10.7 lakh commercial vehicles. The world’s primary modes of transportation are facing two major problems: rising oil costs and increasing carbon emissions. As a result, electric vehicles (EVs) are gaining popularity as they are independent of oil and do not produce greenhouse gases. However, despite their benefits, several operational issues still need to be addressed for EV adoption to become widespread. This research delves into the evolution of EVs over time and highlights their benefits, including reducing carbon emissions and air pollution. India's transition from traditional internal combustion engines (ICE) to electric vehicles (EVs) is driven by a combination of environmental, economic, and policy factors. This shift is aimed at reducing the country's dependency on fossil fuels, lowering carbon emissions, and promoting cleaner air, particularly in urban areas plagued by pollution. Government initiatives such as the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME) scheme.

Who is ready to live a car-independent lifestyle? A latent class cluster analysis of attitudes towards car ownership and usage

Who is ready to live a car-independent lifestyle? A latent class cluster analysis of attitudes towards car ownership and usage

Refined air-cooled battery sizing process for conceptual design of eVTOL aircraft

Refined air-cooled battery sizing process for conceptual design of eVTOL aircraft

Flood risk awareness and transportation mode choice in communities with varying flooding frequencies: The cases of Bozkurt, Kastamonu, Turkey and Malanday, Marikina, Philippines

Flood risk awareness and transportation mode choice in communities with varying flooding frequencies: The cases of Bozkurt, Kastamonu, Turkey and Malanday, Marikina, Philippines

Simulation of LNG tank container leakage and dispersion on anchoring inland carrying vessel

Simulation of LNG tank container leakage and dispersion on anchoring inland carrying vessel

Pengaruh Tinggi Bukaan Katup terhadap Torsi dan Daya pada Motor Besin 4 Langkah Berkapasitas 200CC

Automobiles are now the primary mode of transportation due to rapid technological advancements. One method for accomplishing ideal volumetric effectiveness and augment power is to change the camshaft. This study means to grow understanding in the auto world in regards to power and force and to assess the impact of changes in camshaft lift level on a 200cc limit bike utilizing pertalite fuel. The information from the review is introduced in tables and examined utilizing the two-way ANOVA technique and charts. The results of the analysis indicate that a comparison of the power data obtained by adding the lift height (test 3) yields a result of 16 66 HP at 8500 RPM. In the mean time, the force information demonstrates the way that the force examination of the three tests can be supposed to be the most elevated information of the three tests, to be specific (test 3) which is completed by adding a high lift to get a force of 17 59 Nm at engine rotation 5000 RPM. Utilized DeepL.com (free version) for translation.