Primary Line Research Articles

Irreversible effects of drying-wetting cycles on shrinkage and water retention of compacted London clay

Long-linear assets, such as roads and railways, supported by earthworks are susceptible to deterioration caused by weather cycles, that translate into changes in soil hydro-mechanical properties. Failures in these earthworks are expected to become more common due to climate change as periods of drought and extreme rainfall events become more frequent. In the present study, the effect of the suction range of the moisture cycle on the soil-water retention curve (SWRC) and soil shrink-swell curve (SSC) of active London clay is investigated. Soil samples compacted at Proctor optimum conditions were subjected to drying-wetting cycles within a variable suction interval. A change in the SSC was observed when the water content reduced below a threshold that approximates to the shrinkage limit. A reduction in the ability of the soil to hold suction was observed with SWRCs becoming less steep, as the Primary Drying Line was steeper than subsequent drying phases (Scanning Drying Lines). Once the Scanning Drying Line intersects the Primary Drying Line, a yielding point is identified, and the soil loses further ability to hold suction. Irreversible deformations were observed associated with changes in the SWRC from drying-wetting cycles.

A Clinical Comparative Study of Apamarga Kshara Sutra and Kadali Kshara Sutra in the Management of Arsha

Background: Arshas is the most common condition among the anorectal diseases in our day-to-day practice in terms of incidence. The disease arshas troubles the patient like an enemy. Because of adoption of western life style, lack of physical exercise, excessive travelling lead to disease arshas. Arshas is of two types-Bahya and Abhyantara. Bhesaja chikitsa is recommended as the primary line of treatment, apamarga kshara sutra and kadali kshara on Arshas.Aim: Present study is aimed to clinically compare the effect of Apamarga kshara sutra and kadali kshara on arshas.Result and Conclusion: The application of Apamarga kshara sutra causes cutting by its alkaline characteristics and tension of tying and there is continuous cutting and healing tissue, formation of healthy granulation tissue, thus causes healing. Apamarga and haridra encourage the healing by new granulation tissue formation with base as well as maintain continuous aseptic condition after kshara sutra ligation

The Endovascular Options For Management of Superficial Femoral Artery Osteal Occlusions

Background: Endovascular intervention is now the primary line of treatment for patients with critical limb ischemia.Nevertheless, endovascular experts face several obstacles with these treatments due to the existence of broad multilevellesions, osteal lesions, and lengthy and entire chronic occlusive lesions.Aim of this work: Evaluation the different endovascular techniques of management the superficial femoral arteryosteal lesions in cases with critical limb ischemia or incapacitating claudication.Patients and Methods: This is a prospective study of 55 patients who presented to Beni Suef University Hospitals’vascular surgery unit between January 2020 and December 2021. Patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic occlusivedisease of the osteal region of SFA are included in the research.Results: Technical success was done in 92.7% of cases. Figure (4) shows that;the mean hospital stay of cases in thisstudy was 1.53 ± 0.81 days with range (1.0 – 4.0).Follow up at 1 and 3 months revealed that; patency was kept in 51(100%), 49 (96.07%) and 40 (78.43%) of all technical successful cases in one, three and six months respectively.Conclusion: Endovascular treatments show promising prospects as treatment options for SFA atherosclerotic occlusivedisorders, particularly when osteal lesions are present. Endovascular intervention techniques, facilities, and expertisehave greatly improved, resulting in a high technical success rate and a high proportion of lower limb patency in CLIpatients.

Local treatment of breast cancer brain metastases

Breast cancer, along with lung cancer and melanoma, is one of the most common origins of central nervous system metastases. Due to improvement of systemic therapy options for primary disease and consequential prolonged survival, treatment of brain metastasis (BM) is presenting an evolving challenge. While new systemic therapy approaches for breast cancer brain metastasis are focusing on overcoming the blood brain and blood tumor barrier, as well as targeted therapies, local therapy remains the primary line of treatment. The decision of which local therapies to use, depends upon the number and volume of BM, their localization, patient’s clinical status, previously used treatments, status of extracranial disease and patient’s prognosis. In cases when an active approach, including surgery and/or radiotherapy, does not bring benefit to the patient’s quality of life or overall survival, best supportive care is recommended.

EGS P09 An Ambulatory General Surgical Service, Reducing the On-Call Burden and Improving Patient Experience

Abstract Background The management of acute General Surgical patients is dramatically changing with the emergence of Emergency General Surgery departments. The trend is moving towards consultant-led services, and managing patients on ambulatory pathways. This prospective study aims to demonstrate the impact of a consultant-led ambulatory surgical clinic and primary care telephone access on the acute surgical take in a busy tertiary hospital. Methods Data was collected from March 2021-March 2022. Patients were included via the primary care access line, as well as patient attendances either via surgical assessment unit (SAU), or ambulatory surgical clinic (ASC). Their pathways were recorded i.e. admit, discharge, further ambulatory investigation, listed for surgery. Results Consultants took 6,948 calls from primary care from March 2021–22. 43.7% of patients were given an appointment for ASC, 37.3% admitted to SAU, 3.5% directed to ED, and 15.5% given advice or redirected elsewhere. 54.6% of those seen in ASC were discharged without further follow up, the other 45.4% were either admitted, followed up or added to a waiting list. General Surgery patient attendances to SAU fell from an average of 1020 per month between March to October 2021 to 542 attendances November 2021 to present. Conclusions The introduction of a consultant-led ambulatory service has reduced the on-call burden by half. The dramatic reduction in SAU attendances is likely to be the result of developed ambulatory pathways, improved communication with primary care and Consultant Emergency General Surgeons, and autonomy of Junior Surgical Trainees to redirect ED referrals onto refined and supported ambulatory pathways. A Consultant-led primary care access line has reduced ED attendances and allowed for effective streaming of patients. These changes have improved the patient experience significantly, by directing them straight to specialty with same or next day consultant clinics, and reduced waiting times overall. There has been a significant reduction in complaints and consistent improvement in patient feedback.

IM-3 IDENTIFICATION OF THERAPEUTIC TARGET ANTIGENS USING PATIENT DERIVED GLIOBLASTOMA AND THEIR APPLICATION TO CAR-T THERAPY

Abstract Introduction Recently, CAR-T cell (chimertic antigen receptor T-cell) therapy has been attracting and has shown high therapeutic efficacy, especially in the hematological tumors. The T cells from patient are then genetically engineered to specifically bind to and attack the target tumor cell antigen. In the brain, EGFRvIII or HER2 have been used as antigens, but have yet to show positive results. It is necessary to find antibodies that are more specific and have a therapeutic effect. Methods A primary culture line was prepared from glioblastoma surgical specimens, and immunized to Balb/c mice with it.The B cells from the mice were fused with myeloma cells, immortalized, and cultured monoclonally to obtain a number of monoclonal antibodies reacted glioblastoma cells. The obtained antibodies were reacted with glioblastoma cells and normal brain cells, and those that specifically react to glioblastoma were selected by flowcytometry to obtain antibody candidates that could be specifically expressed on the surface of glioblastoma cells. Results Approximately 20,000 antibody-producing strains were generated. From these, about 3,200 strains were selected as the reacted with immunized glioblastoma. About 560 strains was selected that reacted with at least one other glioblastoma, and from these, we selected 30 strains that did not react with normal brain cells. Finally, the cells were frozen and thawed at least once, and 13 stably growing strains selected. Discussion We have been identified one antibody among approximately 500 strains in past our study, and have confirmed that it is B7H3, a pan-tumor antibody. We will generate more antibody candidates in the future, as well as identify antibodies in 13 strains that have already been selected and confirmed to be glioblastoma-specific antibodies. We will also create CAR-T cells targeting these antibodies and confirm their anti-tumor effects.

Gilteritinib activity in refractory or relapsed FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia patients previously treated by intensive chemotherapy and midostaurin: a study from the French AML Intergroup ALFA/FILO.

The real-world efficacy and safety of gilteritinib was assessed in an ambispective study that included 167 R/R FLT3-mutated AML patients. Among them, 140 received gilteritinib as single agent (cohort B), including 67 previously treated by intensive chemotherapy and midostaurin (cohort C). The main differences in patient characteristics in this study compared to the ADMIRAL trial were ECOG ≥ 2 (83.6% vs. 16.6%), FLT3-TKD mutation (21.0% vs. 8.5%), primary induction failure (15.0% vs. 40.0%) and line of treatment (beyond 2nd in 37.1% vs. 0.0%). The rates of composite complete remission, excluding those that occurred after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), were similar at respectively 25.4% and 27.5% in cohorts B and C. Median overall survival (OS) for these two groups was also similar at respectively 6.4 and 7.8 months. Multivariate analyses for prognostic factors associated with OS identified female gender (HR 1.61), adverse cytogenetic risk (HR 2.52), and allogenic HSCT after gilteritinib (HR 0.13). Although these patients were more heavily pretreated, these real-world data reproduce the results of ADMIRAL and provide new insights into the course of patients previously treated by intensive chemotherapy and midostaurin and beyond the 2nd line of treatment who can benefit from treatment in an outpatient setting.

Innate Immune Responses to Sporothrix schenckii: Recognition and Elimination.

Sporothrix schenckii (S. schenckii), a ubiquitous thermally dimorphic fungus, is the etiological agent of sporotrichosis, affecting immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Despite current antifungal regimens, sporotrichosis results in prolonged treatment and significant mortality rates in the immunosuppressed population. The innate immune system forms the host's first and primary line of defense against S. schenckii, which has a bi-layered cell wall structure. Many components act as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in pathogen-host interactions. PAMPs are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and complement receptors, triggering innate immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells to phagocytize or produce mediators, contributing to S. schenckii elimination. The ultrastructure of S. schenckii and pathogen-host interactions, including PRRs and innate immune cells, are summarized in this review, promoting a better understanding of the innate immune response to S. schenckii and aiding in the development of protective and therapeutic strategies to combat sporotrichosis.

The Efficacy of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in Managing Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A New Frontier?

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a significant public health concern for which existing therapies are only marginally effective. Indisputably, the primary line of treatment for PTSD is psychotherapy, according to current treatment guidelines. However, PTSD continues to be a chronic condition even after psychotherapy, with high psychiatric and medical illness rates. There is a dire need to search for new compounds and approaches for managing PTSD. The usage of psychedelic substances is a potential new method. This article reviews the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapy in treating PTSD and improving patient outcomes. It will examine current research on the topic and evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of different therapies. The current evidence for the use of four different types of psychedelics (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ketamine, classical psychedelics, and cannabis) in the treatment of PTSD will be reviewed. It will also include an overview of the therapeutic justification, context of use, and level of evidence available for each drug. Several questions are formulated that could be studied in future research in order to gain a better understanding of the topic.

Timing of Intervention for Aortic Intramural Hematoma

Intramural hematoma (IMH) is one of the acute aortic syndromes along with acute aortic dissection and penetrating aortic ulcer. The three conditions can occur alone or in combination with overlapping presentation. Medical, open surgical, and endovascular treatment is tailored depending on clinical presentation, timing, and location within the aorta. Among patients who present with acute IMH affecting the ascending aorta (Type A), urgent open surgical repair is considered the primary line of treatment in patients who are suitable candidates and unstable. The management of IMH in the descending aorta and aortic arch (Type B) is similar to that applied to treat acute dissections in the same segment. Medical treatment with sequential imaging is recommended in patients with uncomplicated course, and endovascular repair is indicated in patients with rupture, persistent pain, end-organ ischemia, or rapid aortic enlargement. This review discusses the ideal timing for treatment of IMH.

Evaluation of a Functional Assay for Radiosensitivity in the Pediatric Prospective Cohort ARPEGE

<h3>Purpose/Objective(s)</h3> Approximately 900 children/adolescents are treated with radiotherapy (RT) every year in France. However, among the 80% of survivors, the cumulative incidence of long-term morbidity – including second malignancies - reach 73.4% thirty years after the cancer diagnosis. Identifying a priori the subjects at risk for RT sequelae is a major challenge of pediatric oncology. Individual radiosensitivity (IRS) of children/adolescents is unknown at this time. The cellular response to radiation depends on the recognition and repair of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). Unrepaired DSB as well as a delay in the intra nuclear activation of the pATM protein are common features to patients with RT toxicity. From these conclusions, we proposed and retrospectively validated a functional IRS immunofluorescence assay based on Radio-Induced ATM Nucleoshuttling (RIANS) (Granzotto et al, 2016). The purpose of this study was to define prospectively the predictive impact of RIANS assay in children. <h3>Materials/Methods</h3> Patients of the ARPEGE prospective open-label, non-randomized multicenter clinical trial were included in the study and prospectively evaluated for early toxicities. For each patient, skin samples were collected prior RT to raise a primary dermal fibroblast line and carry out in blind the RIANS assay. Different endpoints were measured: residual double-strand breaks at 24 h (γH2AX marker), pATM foci at 10 min and 1 h (pATM marker) and micronuclei at 24 h respectively after ex vivo radiation (2 Gy). The procedures were repeated in triplicates in blind in two independent expert centers (Neolys and Institut de Cancerologie de Lorraine). In parallel early toxicity was reported according to NCI-CTCAE v4.0 three months after the completion of RT. Patients with grade <2 or ≥2 toxicity were considered as radioresistant (RR) and radiosensitive (RS) respectively. We correlated the parameters of the RIANS assay according to toxicity with logistic regression. <h3>Results</h3> Among the 29 analyzable patients, 37 % exhibit brain cancers, 10% Hodgkin lymphomas, 10% nephroblastoma, 10% neuroblastoma, 10% Ewing cancer and 13% malignant mesenchymal cancer. The mean delivered dose was 32.5 Gy (range 1,5 - 60 Gy) with fractionation between 1.5 to 2 Gy. 16/29 (56%) patients were clinically considered as RS. There was no significant difference in total dose delivered between the two groups. Among the radiobiological factors tested, the number of Micronuclei at 24h post irradiation provided the best discrimination among RS patients (p-value= 0.0216). Overall, the RIANS assay provided the following performance: sensitivity=0.82, specificity=0.70 and AUC=0.75 (0.550-0.888). <h3>Conclusion</h3> ARPEGE is the first study to document the distribution of IRS in such a population. Screening hypersensitive patients would be a major step forward in the management of cancers, opening a way to personalized pediatric oncology.

Systematic Review of Incidence of Cancer in Burns

INTRODUCTION: The incidences of malignant transformation of burn scar are well documented. The most common carcinoma in burned areas is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), followed by basal cell carcinoma (BCC). However, there is a lack of information regarding the rate of SCC and BCC onset after burn injury and if burn injury itself attributes to such malignancies. METHODS: A systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Section for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines to retrospectively determine the incidence of cancer development, mainly squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma, reported in burn studies. Two independent reviewers screened eligibility and selected 120 studies (75 SCC, 23 BCC, 32 others) from 330 published studies between 1946 and July 16, 2021. RESULTS: The patients’ age at the onset of burn exhibited a negative correlation with the length of the latency period in both SCC and BCC studies. The mean latency period for BCC was 40.8 + 22 years compared with SCC, 32.2 + 22.3 years. The latency period for SCC development after burn was lower for males (28.8 + 23.48 years) compared with females (38.9 + 20 years; Figure). Around 5% of studies reported scars in the grafted sites. Wide local excision followed by autologous skin grafting was the primary line of treatment in most of the studies; however, there was no consensus regarding the treatment of recurrence of carcinoma.Figure.: BCC, basal cell carcinoma; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma.CONCLUSION: Future retrospective studies with a higher number of patients are warranted to determine whether burn injury accelerates cancer progression.

RAKTAMOKSHANA (BLOODLETTING), A MULTI-DIMENSIONAL PREVENTIVE AND CURATIVE APPROACH IN ORAL DISORDERS: A REVIEW

Mukha is considered one of the essential parts of urdhwajatru because it reflects the body's health by acting as the gateway of the alimentary canal. Fast food culture, unhealthy habits like smoking and improper oral hygiene have caused irreversible damage to human health, resulting in different oral cavity diseases. In Ayurveda, mukharoga has been elaborately explained with its symptoms and treatment, which can be well co-related to present oral cavity diseases mentioned in contemporary science. In our classics, various treatment modalities have been explained for different oral cavity diseases, from lips to throat. Raktamokshana is the primary line of treatment mentioned for mukharogas, followed by pratisarana, kavala, gandusha, shastra karma and oral medications. Acharya Vagbhata highlights the importance of Raktamokshana in mukha, danta, dantamoola and gala roga. Since all these diseases are kapha-rakta in origin, they require frequent bloodletting. Specifically, in mukharoga, bloodletting as a method is indicated in puti aasya, paaka of oshtha. In these diseases, bloodletting should be done by shringa, jalouka, and alabu or by cutting the sira. There are many kinds of research undertaken to study the action of bloodletting using leeches and have found plenty of beneficial actions like analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity. Overall, Raktamokshana is a very effective line of treatment in most of the mukharogas, curing the disease and preventing further recurrence.

Expression of O-glycosylated oncofetal fibronectin in alternatively activated human macrophages.

Macrophage (Mϕ) polarization is an essential phenomenon for the maintenance of homeostasis and tissue repair, and represents the event by which Mϕ reach divergent functional phenotypes as a result to specific stimuli and/or microenvironmental signals. Mϕ can be polarized into two main phenotypes, M1 or classically activated and M2 or alternatively activated. These two categories diverge in many aspects, such as secreted cytokines, markers of cell surface, and biological functions. Over the last 10years, many potential markers have been proposed for both M1 and M2 human Mϕ. However, there is scarce information regarding the glycophenotype adopted by these cells. Here, we show that M2- but not M1-polarized Mϕ expresses high levels of an unusual glycoform of fibronectin (FN), named O-glycosylated oncofetal FN (onf-FN), found in fetal/cancer cells, but not in healthy tissues. The onf-FN expression was confirmed in vitro by Western blot and real-time RT-qPCR in primary and cell line monocyte-derived Mϕ. onf-FN was induced by IL-4 and IL-13, but not by pro-inflammatory stimuli (LPS and INF-γ). RNA and protein analysis clearly demonstrated that it is specifically associated with the M2 polarization. In conclusion, we show by the first time that O-glycosylated onf-FN is expressed by M2-polarized Mϕ.

Escitalopram-Induced Hyperprolactinemic Galactorrhea

Galactorrhea is milky secretions from the breast in women who have not breast-fed for a year. Escitalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), owing to its potency and tolerance, is regarded as the primary line drug in the management of depression and anxiety disorders. SSRIs may rarely cause symptoms brought on by enhanced prolactin levels. Antidepressants that increase serotonin may additionally cause a rise in prolactin by improving dopamine neurotransmission. In the current research, we present a case of hyperprolactinemic galactorrhea linked to escitalopram. A 32-year-old woman presented with bilateral breast heaviness and milky secretions after using escitalopram for anxiety and her serum prolactin level was found to be elevated. Galactorrhea disappeared and her prolactin level returned to normal after escitalopram was stopped.

Evaluation of grain yield stability of tritipyrum as a novel cereal in comparison with triticale lines and bread wheat varieties through univariate and multivariate parametric methods.

Salinity is a major abiotic stress affecting cereal production. Thus, tritipyrum (x. Tritipyrum), a potential novel salt-tolerant cereal, was introduced as an appropriate alternative for cereal production. The purposes of this study were to evaluate agronomic traits, yield, and yield stability of eight primary tritipyrum lines, five promising triticale lines, and four bread wheat varieties and to screen a stable yielding line. The experiments were conducted in randomized complete block designs with three replicates in three locations during four growing seasons. Analysis of variance in each environment and Bartlett's test for the variance homogeneity of experimental errors were made. Subsequently, separate experiments were analyzed as a combined experiment. The stability of grain yield was analyzed according to Eberhart and Russell's regression method, environmental variance, Wrick's ecovalance, Shokla's stability variance, AMMI, and Tai methods. Genotype × environment interactions (GEI) and environments were significant for the agronomic traits. Stability analysis revealed that combined primary tritipyrum line (Ka/b)(Cr/b)-5 and triticale 4115, 4108, and M45 lines had good adaptability in all environments. The results of the AMMI3 model and pattern analysis showed that the new cereal, tritipyrum, had the most stable response in various environments. The tritipyrum line (Ka/b)(Cr/b)-5 had the best yield performance and general adaptability. Based on Tai's method, the contribution of spike number to the stability of grain yield over different environments was higher than that of other yield components. Also, tritipyrum lines demonstrated higher stability compared with wheat and triticale. Totally, M45 triticale and tritipyrum (Ka/b)(Cr/b)-5 lines were the most stable genotypes with high grain yield. Complementary agronomic experiments may then release a new grain crop of triticale and a new pasture line of combined primary tritipyrum for grain and forage. Moreover, the combined tritipyrum line can be used in bread wheat breeding programs for producing salt-tolerant wheat cultivars.

Superconducting Multifunctional Transmission Line Fundamentals

Primary Superconductors Multifunctional Transmission Line (SCMTL) engineering basic project built on High Temperature Superconductors (HTSCs) Interior Optimization (IO) and Molecular Effect Model (MEM) previous research series is explained and detailed. Results comprise fundamental design of SCMTL and functional applications with several HTSCs materials. Advantages and inconvenients of SCMTL project are evaluated. A number of applications are presented. Transmission Lines (TLs) and optimization in several electric power installations types are shown.

BTH: Behavior-Based Structured Threat Hunting Framework to Analyze and Detect Advanced Adversaries

Organizations of every size and industry are facing a new normal. Adversaries have become more sophisticated and persistent than ever before. Every network is facing never-ending onslaughts. Yet many organizations continue to rely on signature-based reactive threat detection and mitigation solutions as the primary line of defense against new-age, cutting-edge attacks. Even conventional attacks can bypass such security solutions. This means legacy protection solutions leave the organization’s data vulnerable to damage, destruction, and theft. Adversarial attacks are like ocean waves: they are very persistent and keep coming like attack campaigns. Sometimes the waves, in our case, attacks, look the same, where indicators of compromise (IoCs) effectively detect the attacks, while sometimes, the waves or attacks change and continue to look different, especially over a while. If somehow the defenders can recognize what is making those attacks or waves and the conditions, then detecting threats and attacks can have a longer-lasting effect of success. This study focuses on the behavior and habits of the attackers that can provide better and long-lasting results when matching adversarial profiles instead of using just IoCs. The paper presents a unique framework for behavior-based structured threat hunting to deliver rapid, consistent remediation against emerging threats and malware on systems and networks.

Mechanostimulation of breast myoepithelial cells induces functional changes associated with DCIS progression to invasion

Women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) have an increased risk of progression to invasive breast cancer. Although not all women with DCIS will progress to invasion, all are treated as such, emphasising the need to identify prognostic biomarkers. We have previously shown that altered myoepithelial cells in DCIS predict disease progression and recurrence. By analysing DCIS duct size in sections of human breast tumour samples, we identified an associated upregulation of integrin β6 and an increase in periductal fibronectin deposition with increased DCIS duct size that associated with the progression of DCIS to invasion. Our modelling of the mechanical stretching myoepithelial cells undergo during DCIS progression confirmed the upregulation of integrin β6 and fibronectin expression in isolated primary and cell line models of normal myoepithelial cells. Our studies reveal that this mechanostimulated DCIS myoepithelial cell phenotype enhances invasion in a TGFβ-mediated upregulation of MMP13. Immunohistochemical analysis identified that MMP13 was specifically upregulated in DCIS, and it was associated with progression to invasion. These findings implicate tissue mechanics in altering the myoepithelial cell phenotype in DCIS, and that these alterations may be used to stratify DCIS patients into low and high risk for invasive progression.

Self‐Frequency‐Mixing Raman Laser Based on RbTiOPO4

AbstractIn this work, the generation of yellow laser emission from a self‐frequency‐mixing Raman laser utilizing RbTiOPO4 (RTP) is reported. The RTP crystal is positioned within the cavity of a Nd:YAG/Cr4+:YAG composite, passively Q‐switched laser. By utilizing this intracavity configuration, Raman conversion of the fundamental laser wavelength to Stokes wavelengths and frequency mixing of these near‐infrared wavelengths to the visible wavelength range is achieved using a single RTP crystal. Multiple visible wavelengths are generated, with a primary line at 574.3 nm and additional weaker lines at 552.3 and 563.9 nm. An average output power of 180 mW is measured from the output coupler end of the laser setup (note that laser emission in the visible wavelength range is also generated toward the input end of the laser cavity) for an incident pump power of 11.4 W. The results demonstrate the potential of RTP as a self‐frequency‐mixing, Raman crystal, which may be used for the development of efficient and compact yellow lasers.