Primary Language Research Articles

Using multiple languages within an improvised fairytale during online arts-based collaborations

This article presents an illustration from an online creative arts project in which different languages were used by participants of a small group within fairytale-movement-music improvisation. The participants, consisting of creative arts therapists and students from different regions of the world, including Canada, New Zealand, and China, represented various world cultures and spoke different primary languages. A session was selected by the authors as it represented an example of a natural experiment that emerged from the global arts-based response to the COVID-19 pandemic, offering a unique case study of how art expression can contribute to communities during crisis events. The purpose of the article is to provide suggestions to guide future groups in the use of arts-based improvisation that might improve communication among participants who do not share a common primary language but have shared complex emotional experiences. In addition, the article includes a review of related education, dance, and drama projects that involve different languages and cultures as well as a drama therapy project that addresses the improvised dramatic communication of complex emotional experiences. Furthermore, the article offers a detailed review of one session from the project using an arts-based inquiry and suggests ways to apply multilingual imaginative storytelling within the communication of groups in community and educational cross-cultural settings.

Visual Field Testing Frequency and Associations in Children With Glaucoma.

Children with glaucoma had an average of 1.3 visual field tests per year. Self-reported black and multiracial patients had lower visual field testing rates, whereas older children with better visual acuity had more frequent testing. To evaluate frequency of visual field (VF) testing in children with glaucoma and identify characteristics associated with VF frequency. A retrospective cohort study of 82 children 6-18 years of age with glaucoma seen between August 2018 and May 2023. Patients were divided into those who had ≥1 VF test (303 VF tests of 61 children) and 0 VFs (21 children). Eyes were excluded if best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was counting fingers or worse. Characteristics obtained included age, self-reported race and ethnicity, sex, primary language, glaucoma diagnosis, distance to provider, office visit frequency, follow-up compliance, insurance type, and BCVA. The main outcome measure was VF testing frequency. Among children with ≥1 VF test, mean age at first VF was 11.8±2.8 years, mean number of VF/year was 1.3±0.8, and 44.9% of all VFs were reliable. Thirty nine percent of patients underwent <1 VF/year, 45.9% ≥1 to <2 VFs/year, and 14.8% ≥2 VF/year. Children who were black or multiracial had significantly lower VF testing frequency [estimated difference (ED) -1.2 (95% CI, -2.0 to -0.4, P =0.002) and ED -1.3 (95% CI, -2.2 to -0.3, P =0.008), respectively]. Better visual acuity and greater office visit frequency were significantly associated with higher VF testing frequency [ED 0.052 (95% CI, 0.001-0.103, P =0.045) and ED 0.2 (95% CI, 0.1-0.3, P <0.001), respectively]. Most children had between 1 and 2 VF/year, although less than half of all VFs were reliable. Ophthalmologists should consider barriers to care in glaucoma monitoring.

HelloTalk Application as an Alternative for Building Students’ Reading Ability on Narative Texts

English was regarded as a foreign language in Indonesia and holds significant importance in various domains, including education, economy, international relations, and technology. Consequently, the Indonesian government has designated English as the primary foreign language, mandatory for learning in both schools and universities. Thus, English has incorporated into the curriculum from elementary level up to university. This research aimed to determine if there is a significant difference in the reading abilities of students taught using the Hellotalk application compared to those taught through conventional methods.in this school most of students still low to read the English text so the Reseacher interesting to give new method for them. The method used Quantitative research, with an experimental method and quasi-experimental design. The target population consisted of seventh-grade students. Purposive sampling was utilized to select a sample of 25 students for the experimental group and 25 students for the control group. Data collection involved the use of a multiple-choice test, which was subsequently analyzed using the independent t-test in SPSS 25. The research findings revealed a significant distinction between the experimental group and the control group. This meant that Hellotalk Application was suitable to use in teaching reading on narrative texts at the seventh grade.

Factors Associated With Visual Field Testing Reliability in Children With Glaucoma or Suspected Glaucoma

To evaluate Humphrey Visual Field (HVF) test reliability and its associated risk factors in children with glaucoma or glaucoma suspect. Retrospective cohort study. None. Single-center childhood glaucoma clinic. One hundred thirty-six patients aged ≤18 years with glaucoma/glaucoma suspect, and least 1 completed 24 to 2 HVF test between 2018 and 2023. Demographic and clinical characteristics including age, primary language, visual acuity (VA), and glaucoma diagnosis were extracted from electronic health records. HVF 24 to 2 testing metrics, including FP, FN, and FL. Tests were defined as reliable using manufacturer guidelines of ≤33% FP, ≤33% FN, and ≤20% FL. For each patient, a reliability score was calculated as the percentage of reliable tests among all tests completed. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine factors associated with test-level reliability (yes/no). A multivariable linear regression model was used to determine factors associated with patient-level reliability score. Among 634 HVFs from 136 patients (Mean ± SD age at first test 12.0 ± 3.2 years, 47.8% female), 51.3% were reliable. Older age, better baseline VA, and English as primary language were associated with greater odds of test-level reliability (P < .04). Mean ± SD patient-level reliability score was 51.7 ± 38.1%. Older age at first clinic visit, better baseline VA, and English as primary language were associated with higher reliability scores (all P < .02), and number of prior VF tests was not (P = .56). Younger age, worse visual acuity, and non-English as primary language were associated with decreased reliability and should be considered when interpreting VF testing in children. A significant learning effect was not observed with repeated testing.

How appreciation preferences compare across employees who speak different languages

PurposeResearch has demonstrated that employees desire to be shown appreciation in various ways. The five languages of appreciation provide a model for exploring these differences. This study aims to explore whether individuals who speak different languages (and are from various cultures) differ in how they prefer to be shown appreciation.Design/methodology/approachThe Motivating By Appreciation Inventory (MBAI) is an online tool that assesses each person’s preferences in how they desire to be shown appreciation at work. Initially developed in English, the MBAI has been translated into seven additional languages. Over 2,200 employees took the MBAI in their preferred spoken language: Mandarin (Chinese), Danish, French (Canadian), Portuguese (Brazilian), Spanish (Latin American), Thai and Turkish. The frequency of each group’s preferred appreciation languages was analyzed to determine similarities and differences across the languages spoken.FindingsGiven the non-normal distribution of the data, the Kruskal–Wallis test found that there was a significant difference in preferences for participants’ primary appreciation language across the seven groups of various spoken languages. One key theme was that words of affirmation were most frequently chosen by five of the seven language groups, whereas employees from Thailand and Turkey chose acts of service most frequently. Additionally, tangible gifts were the least frequently chosen appreciation language by all groups, and at rates below their US counterparts. In three of the languages, quality time was preferred significantly less compared with the other languages.Research limitations/implicationsSome of the groups’ findings (Portuguese, Thai) may be impacted by a confounding variable of the type of work setting (manufacturing) in which the employees worked – in comparison to office-based work settings.Practical implicationsOne theme was, in comparison to other ways of receiving appreciation, tangible gifts are not highly valued by most employees across all language groups. Therefore, organizations using gifts as the primary way to communicate appreciation to employees may be wasting a lot of money. Similar to English-speaking employees, five of the seven language groups chose words as their preferred appreciation language. A wide range exists, however, across language groups with regards to the proportion who desire words, quality time or acts of service. Multicultural organizations should pay attention to employee preferences, lest they waste time and energy on undesired actions.Originality/valueTo the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first study that has examined the preferences of how employees like to be shown appreciation across seven different language groups.

Exploring the Linguistic Landscape of a Global Pandemic: Covid-19 Neologisms

Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic has given rise to a great number of neologisms that summarize the unique experiences and challenges of the global health crisis. This article investigates the creation methods, communicative purposes, and social reflections of these new constructions. Theoretical Framework: The connection between language, culture, and the COVID-19 pandemic is examined using an analytical approach based on a thorough literature review. The theoretical analysis in this descriptive qualitative study is based on structural semantics. Methodology: 35 neologisms widely used in the media, social networks, and conversational communication in Albanian during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic were collected and analyzed according to their word formation properties and semantic content. Findings: Our analysis shows that the urgency and universality of efforts to combat the pandemic have accelerated the rapid manifestation of new lexical units. These neologisms arise predominantly as full or partial direct borrowings, with English serving as the primary source language. Emergence processes include translation loans, borrowings, semantic loans, derivations, and mixed methods, reflecting the adaptability of the language in response to new challenges. Research Practical and Social Implication: These neologisms often appear as internationalisms, reflecting their widespread adoption across linguistic and cultural boundaries. By elucidating the mechanisms of the formation and spread of neologisms, we gain valuable insights into the evolution of language in response to global crises. Originality/Value: With this analysis, we aim to inform future research efforts and promote a nuanced understanding of the pandemic’s diverse effects on communication and society.

“Stay tuned!"

“Stay tuned!"

Language Processing Abilities in a Multilingual Context: The Role of Linguistic Background among Students in Amman, Jordan

Aim. This quantitative experimental study aims to examine the impact of linguistic background on language processing abilities among learners at a language academy in Amman, Jordan. The purpose of the study is to investigate how different linguistic backgrounds influence language processing skills specifically in the areas of grammar, syntax, and semantics. &#x0D; Participants. The participants consist of 100 learners aged 18-25 with Arabic, English, or German as their native or primary language.&#x0D; Methods. The study utilizes the Pinker Test as a measurement tool for assessing language processing abilities and collects data through a background questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses are conducted to analyze the data.&#x0D; Results. The results of the study indicate that linguistic background significantly affects language processing abilities (F(2, 97) = 4.72, p &lt; 0.05). Post-hoc analyses reveal significant differences in grammar task performance between English-speaking individuals and Arabic-speaking participants (p &lt; 0.05), while English and German speakers show similar scores. In the syntax task, English-speaking individuals outperform Arabic speakers (p &lt; 0.05), with no significant difference between English and German speakers. In the semantics task, English speakers outperform both Arabic and German speakers (p &lt; 0.05), while Arabic and German speakers differ significantly (p &lt; 0.05). &#x0D; Conclusions. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that linguistic background plays a significant role in language processing abilities, specifically in the areas of grammar, syntax, and semantics. These results support previous research and highlight the influence of language transfer effects and cognitive processing abilities influenced by linguistic background. The implications of this study's findings include the need for tailored teaching techniques that consider learners' linguistic backgrounds to enhance language instruction.

The protective effect of CALD identity in the presence of low income on missing teeth of Australian adults over time

Background‘Culturally And Linguistically Diverse (CALD)’ populations have diverse languages, ethnic backgrounds, societal structures and religions. CALD populations have not experienced the same oral health benefits as non-CALD groups in Australia. However, the socio-demographic profile of Australian CALD populations is changing. This study examined how household income modifies the oral health of CALD and non-CALD adults in Australia.MethodsData were from two National Surveys of Adult Oral Health (NSAOH) conducted in 2004-06 (NSAOH 2004-06) and 2017-18 (NSAOH 2017-18). The outcome was self-reported number of missing teeth. CALD status was identified based on English not the primary language spoken at home and country of birth not being Australia. Social disadvantage was defined by total annual household income. Effect-measure modification was used to verify differences on effect sizes per strata of CALD status and household income. The presence of modification was indicated by Relative Excess Risk due to Interactions (RERIs).ResultsA total of 14,123 participants took part in NSAOH 2004-06. The proportion identifying as CALD was 11.7% and 56.7% were in the low-income group, and the mean number of missing teeth was 6.9. A total of 15,731 participants took part in NSAOH 2017-18. The proportion identifying as CALD was 18.5% and 38.0% were in the low-income group, and the mean number of missing teeth was 6.2. In multivariable modelling, the mean ratio (MR) for CALD participants with low household income in 2004-06 was 2% lower than the MR among non-CALD participants with high household income, with the RERI being − 0.23. Non-CALD participants from lower income households had a higher risk of having a higher number of missing teeth than low income CALD individuals (MR = 1.66, 95%CI 1.57–1.74 vs. MR = 1.43 95%CI 1.34–1.52, respectively). In 2017-18, the MR for CALD participants with low household income was 3% lower than the MR among non-CALD participants with high household income, with the RERI being − 0.11. Low income CALD participants had a lower risk of missing teeth compared to their non-CALD counterparts (MR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.34–1.52 vs. MR = 1.57, 95% CI 1.50–1.64).ConclusionsThe negative RERI values indicate that the effect-measure modification operates in a negative direction, that is, there is a protective element to being CALD among low income groups with respect to mean number of missing teeth.

Missed Visits Predict Recurrence in Idiopathic Clubfoot.

Congenital talipes equinovarus, also known as "clubfoot," is a common congenital deformity. While reported relapse rates vary widely, relapse continues to be a common problem faced in the treatment of this condition. The objective of this study is to assess relationships between demographic/socioeconomic factors, follow-up, and rates of relapse in our population of clubfoot patients. Retrospective chart review was conducted for patients undergoing treatment for idiopathic clubfoot from February 2012 to December 2022 at a tertiary children's hospital. Records were analyzed for follow-up adherence and recurrence in the Ponseti method, in addition to patient demographic and socioeconomic factors. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate associations between recurrence, missed clinical visits, and demographic/socioeconomic factors of interest. Ninety-five patients were included in the study [74.7% male (N=71) and 25.2% female (N=24)]. A total of 64.2% (N=61) of patients developed recurrence during their treatment. Recurrence rates differed significantly by reported bracing noncompliance >1 month (35/46 vs. 26/49, P =0.019), having missed 1 or more clinical visits (38/61 vs. 8/34, P < 0.001), Medicaid or equivalent insurance type (41/56 vs. 20/39, P =0.028), non-white race (47/66 vs. 14/29, P =0.032, higher Social Deprivation Index score (56.13 vs. 41.06, P =0.019). Significant variables were analyzed using a multivariate logistic regression analysis (MVLR). After MVLR, having 1 or more missed clinical visits (OR 4.462, 95% CI: 1.549-12.856) remained significantly associated with increased rates of recurrence. Primary language preference and distance to the hospital were not associated with recurrence. Higher SDI scores, non-white race, Medicaid insurance, and missed clinical follow-up visits were all associated with increased rates of recurrence for clubfoot patients. Using an MVLR model, missed clinical follow-up visits remained independently associated with increased recurrence rates. Level 2-retrospective, prognostic study.

Nonresponse data in sexual well-being among breast reconstruction patients-who are we overlooking?

Missing data can affect the representativeness and accuracy of survey results, and sexual health-related surveys are especially at a higher risk of nonresponse due to their sensitive nature and stigma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the proportion of patients who do not complete the BREAST-Q Sexual Well-being relative to other BREAST-Q modules and compare responders versus nonresponders of Sexual Well-being. We secondarily examined variables associated with Sexual Well-being at 1-year. A retrospective analysis of patients who underwent breast reconstruction from January 2018 to December 2021 and completed any of the BREAST-Q modules postoperatively at 1-year was performed. The 2941 patients were included. Of the four BREAST-Q domains, Sexual Well-being had the highest rate of nonresponse (47%). Patients who were separated (vs. married, OR = 0.69), whose primary language was not English (vs. English, OR = 0.60), and had Medicaid insurance (vs. commercial, OR = 0.67) were significantly less likely to complete the Sexual Well-being. Postmenopausal patients were significantly more likely to complete the survey than premenopausal patients. Lastly, autologous reconstruction patients were 2.93 times more likely to respond than implant-based reconstruction patients (p < 0.001) while delayed (vs. immediate, OR = 0.70, p = 0.022) and unilateral (vs. bilateral, OR = 0.80, p = 0.008) reconstruction patients were less likely to respond. History of psychiatric diagnosis, aromatase inhibitors, and immediate breast reconstruction were significantly associated with lower Sexual Well-being at 1-year. Sexual Well-being is the least frequently completed BREAST-Q domain, and there are demographic and clinical differences between responders and nonresponders. We encourage providers to recognize patterns in nonresponse data for Sexual-Well-being to ensure that certain patient population's sexual health concerns are not overlooked.

Auditory-Motor Mapping Training With an Autistic Child from a Bilingual Family

Abstract Bilingual immigrant family members in the United States may experience specific challenges in providing support to their autistic children, who often exhibit speech delays and communication issues. These challenges can arise from a combination of language barriers, cultural obstacles, and a lack of therapeutic resources in their heritage language; a term synonymous with “home language,” “native language,” and “mother tongue,” referring to a language other than English used by immigrants and their children. This article focuses on addressing these issues through an adaptation of auditory-motor mapping training (AMMT), a specific therapeutic intervention originally designed for autistic children who consider English as their primary language, aiming to enhance speech production. This article brings forward a case example of an autistic child of a Korean immigrant family to illustrate the adaptation process of AMMT from English to another language, Korean, specifically the Seoul dialect. This study highlights three factors music therapists should consider during the adaptation: (a) phonological distinctions between the heritage language and English; (b) the language spoken within the child’s home and the parents’ perspective on bilingualism; and (c) the unique attributes of each autistic child. The pros and cons of AMMT and recommendations for music therapy professionals are also discussed.

Co-production processes for translation and validation of psychosocial assessments for older adults in aged care.

Given the diverse ethnic backgrounds of aged care clients, there is a critical requirement to translate psychosocial assessment tools into various languages to effectively evaluate social engagement and quality of life in older adults receiving aged care services. This study aimed to translate psychosocial tools into Turkish, Korean and Mandarin, the primary languages spoken by clients of an Australian community aged care provider. A co-development approach encompassing forward and backward translations of the Australian Community Participation Questionnaire and ICEpop CAPability measure for Older people tools, along with focus group discussions involving bilingual staff (n = 7) and clients (n = 16), was employed to ensure precision and cultural relevance. Multiple iterations were undertaken until linguistic, conceptual and scaling equivalence was achieved, with recorded sessions transcribed and analysed thematically. Cultural appropriateness significantly impacted the delivery of questions within the tools, emphasising translation challenges tied to specific queries. These difficulties included the lack of terms for unique places of worship, the use of outdated language (e.g., references to reading newspapers), and varying priorities in social and well-being matters between Western and Eastern/Asian cultures. Staff feedback identified that formal translated tool versions eased administration for culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) clients, enabling them to independently interpret questions, resulting in improved questionnaire completion rates. Insights indicate the need for continued efforts in tailoring assessment tools to diverse cultural contexts to ensure accurate and meaningful data collection.

Life-Sustaining Treatment and Advance Care Documentation among Chinese American ICU Decedents

ContextDespite being one of the fastest growing ethnic groups in the U.S., there exists a gap in how treatment preferences among Chinese Americans are expressed and enacted upon in inpatient settings. ObjectivesTo compare the rates of advance care documentation and life-sustaining treatment between Chinese American and White American ICU decedents. MethodsIn this matched retrospective decedent cohort study, we included four ICUs within a tertiary medical center located in a Chinatown neighborhood. The Chinese American cohort included adult patients during the terminal admission in the ICU with primary language identified as Chinese (Mandarin, Cantonese, Taishanese). The White American cohort was matched according to age, sex, year of death, and admitting diagnosis. ResultsWe identified 154 decedents in each cohort. Despite similar odds on admission, Chinese American decedents had higher odds of DNR completion (OR 1.82; 95%CI 0.99–3.40) and DNI completion (OR 1.81; 95%CI, 1.07–1.57) during the terminal ICU admission. Although Chinese American decedents had similar odds of intubation (aOR 0.90; 95%CI, 0.55–1.48), a higher proportion signed a DNI after intubation (41% vs 25%). Chinese American decedents also had higher odds of CPR (aOR 2.03; 95%CI, 1.03–41.6) with three Chinese American decedents receiving CPR despite a signed DNR order (12% vs 0%). ConclusionsDuring terminal ICU admissions, Chinese American decedents were more likely to complete advance care documentation and to receive CPR than White American decedents. Changes in code status were more common for Chinese Americans after intubation. Further research is needed to understand these differences and identify opportunities for goal-concordant care.

Is a Rapid Recovery Protocol for THA and TKA Associated With Decreased 90-day Complications, Opioid Use, and Readmissions in a Health Safety-net Hospital?

Patients treated at a health safety-net hospital have increased medical complexity and social determinants of health that are associated with an increasing risk of complications after TKA and THA. Fast-track rapid recovery protocols (RRPs) are associated with reduced complications and length of stay in the general population; however, whether that is the case among patients who are socioeconomically disadvantaged in health safety-net hospitals remains poorly defined. When an RRP protocol is implemented in a health safety-net hospital after TKA and THA: (1) Was there an associated change in complications, specifically infection, symptomatic deep venous thromboembolism (DVT), symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE), myocardial infarction (MI), and mortality? (2) Was there an associated difference in inpatient opioid consumption? (3) Was there an associated difference in length of stay and 90-day readmission rate? (4) Was there an associated difference in discharge disposition? An observational study with a historical control group was conducted in an urban, academic, tertiary-care health safety-net hospital. Between May 2022 and April 2023, an RRP consistent with current guidelines was implemented for patients undergoing TKA or THA for arthritis. We considered all patients aged 18 to 90 years presenting for primary TKA and THA as eligible. Based on these criteria, 562 patients with TKAs or THAs were eligible. Of these 33% (183) were excluded because they were lost before 90 days of follow-up and had incomplete datasets, leaving 67% (379) for evaluation. Patients in the historical control group (September 2014 to May 2022) met the same criteria, and 2897 were eligible. Of these, 31% (904) were excluded because they were lost before 90 days of follow-up and had incomplete datasets, leaving 69% (1993) for evaluation. The mean age in the historical control group was 61 ± 10 years and 63 ± 10 years in the RRP group. Both groups were 36% (725 of 1993 and 137 of 379) men. In the historical control group, 39% (770 of 1993) of patients were Black and 33% (658 of 1993) were White, compared with 38% (142 of 379) and 32% (121 of 379) in the RRP group, respectively. English was the most-spoken primary language, by 69% (1370 of 1993) and 68% (256 of 379) of the historical and RRP groups, respectively. A total of 65% (245 of 379) of patients in the RRP group had a peripheral nerve block compared with 54% (1070 of 1993) in the historical control group, and 39% (147 of 379) of them received spinal anesthesia, compared with 31% (615 of 1993) in the historical control group. The main elements of the RRP were standardization of preoperative visits, nutritional management, neuraxial anesthesia, accelerated physical therapy, and pain management. The primary outcomes were the proportions of patients with 90-day complications and opioid consumption. The secondary outcomes were length of stay, 90-day readmission, and discharge disposition. A multivariate analysis adjusting for age, BMI, gender, race, American Society of Anaesthesiologists class, and anesthesia type was performed by a staff biostatistician using R statistical programming. After controlling for the confounding variables as noted, patients in the RRP group had fewer complications after TKA than those in the historical control group (odds ratio 2.0 [95% confidence interval 1.3 to 3.3]; p = 0.005), and there was a trend toward fewer complications in THA (OR 1.8 [95% CI 1.0 to 3.5]; p = 0.06), decreased opioid consumption during admission (517 versus 676 morphine milligram equivalents; p = 0.004), decreased 90-day readmission (TKA: OR 1.9 [95% CI 1.3 to 2.9]; p = 0.002; THA: OR 2.0 [95% CI 1.6 to 3.8]; p = 0.03), and increased proportions of discharge to home (TKA: OR 2.4 [95% CI 1.6 to 3.6]; p = 0.01; THA: OR 2.5 [95% CI 1.5 to 4.6]; p = 0.002). Patients in the RRP group had no difference in the mean length of stay (TKA: 3.2 ± 2.6 days versus 3.1 ± 2.0 days; p = 0.64; THA: 3.2 ± 2.6 days versus 2.8 ± 1.9 days; p = 0.33). Surgeons should consider developing an RRP in health safety-net hospitals. Such protocols emphasize preparing patients for surgery and supporting them through the acute recovery phase. There are possible benefits of neuraxial and nonopioid perioperative anesthesia, with emphasis on early mobility, which should be further characterized in comparative studies. Continued analysis of opioid use trends after discharge would be a future area of interest. Analysis of RRPs with expanded inclusion criteria should be undertaken to better understand the role of these protocols in patients who undergo revision TKA and THA. Level III, therapeutic study.

NLP-reliant Neural Machine Translation techniques used in smart city applications

For smart city applications, Neural Machine Translation (NMT) methods based on Natural Language Processing (NLP) are crucial as they facilitate information sharing and communication among diverse populations. NLP techniques are used in many domains related to smart cities, such as development and research, business, industries, media, healthcare, and residences and communities. The majority of people in India communicate using their regional languages. The majority of applications used by users in smart cities will mostly accept English as input. These people will be able to interact with these smart city devices in their native tongues more effectively with the help of effective machine translation. Just 10% of Indians use English as their primary language of communication; there are 22 official regional languages in India. So, there is requirement of better machine translation using Natural language processing (NLP). Natural language processing for Indian regional languages has a very long way to go until it surpassing the abilities of existing rich NLP applications and techniques for English language. Machine Translation is technique of Natural Language Processing (NLP) which provides better inter-lingual communication. For low resourced Indian languages effective machine translation systems became important for establishing proper communication. Machine Transliteration is a technique to convert source language into target language using machine. The developed system takes English language as input and then applies machine translation techniques to translate the source language into multiple languages using trained RNN model and multi-lingual search model which search the input word across all the datasets and generate the output into other Indian languages such as Hindi, Tamil. Our approach achieves top performance for English-Hindi language pair and comparable results for other cases.

Differential effects of gender and ethnicity on children’s receptive language scores after a Canadian two-generation preschool program: follow-up to adolescence

ABSTRACT Preschool programs for socially vulnerable children are believed to affect school readiness and language development but infrequently include follow-up to adolescence; observational measurement of receptive vocabulary is rare. The purpose of this longitudinal cohort study (55 children and 41 parents) was to report the trajectory of receptive vocabulary development for socially vulnerable children of diverse ethnicities (Indigenous, other Canadian-born, and Immigrant) who participated in a two-generation preschool program. English receptive vocabulary scores were measured at 5-time points: (a) program intake, (b) program exit, (c) age 7 years, (d) age 10 years, and (e) adolescence, using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test – Third Edition (PPVT-III). For all children, PPVT-III scores increased the most between program intake and exit and positive changes were sustained until adolescence. When the sample was examined by gender, PPVT-III scores were higher for boys than girls at all time points. When the sample was examined by ethnicity, other Canadian-born children scored higher than Indigenous and Immigrant children at all time points. Immigrant children scored lowest until age 7 years, and at age 10 years and adolescence scored higher than Indigenous children. Using mixed-effects modeling, PPVT-III scores increased when English was the primary language spoken at home at intake. PPVT-III scores increased slightly as caregiver age and caregiver Adverse Childhood Experiences score increased. PPVT-III scores were lower for Immigrant girls and Indigenous boys than other sub-groups of children. Differential effects of the two-generation preschool program by gender and ethnicity suggest tailoring programming to increase equitability of receptive vocabulary development for immigrant girls and Indigenous boys. Children with intergenerational adversity may require additional support.

Missed Screening Mammography Appointments: Patient Sociodemographic Characteristics and Mammography Completion After 1 Year

ObjectivePatients who miss screening mammogram appointments without notifying the health care system (no-show) risk care delays. We investigate sociodemographic characteristics of patients who experience screening mammogram no-shows at a community health center and whether and when the missed examinations are completed. MethodsWe included patients with screening mammogram appointments at a community health center between January 1, 2021, and December 31, 2021. Language, race, ethnicity, insurance type, residential ZIP code tabulation area (ZCTA) poverty, appointment outcome (no-show, same-day cancelation, completed), and dates of completed screening mammograms after no-show appointments with ≥1-year follow-up were collected. Multivariable analyses were used to assess associations between patient characteristics and appointment outcomes. ResultsOf 6,159 patients, 12.1% (743 of 6,159) experienced no-shows. The no-show group differed from the completed group by language, race and ethnicity, insurance type, and poverty level (all P < .05). Patients with no-shows more often had: primary language other than English (32.0% [238 of 743] versus 26.7% [1,265 of 4,741]), race and ethnicity other than White non-Hispanic (42.3% [314 of 743] versus 33.6% [1,595 of 4,742]), Medicaid or means-tested insurance (62.0% [461 of 743] versus 34.4% [1,629 of 4,742]), and residential ZCTAs with ≥20% poverty (19.5% [145 of 743] versus 14.1% [670 of 4,742]). Independent predictors of no-shows were Black non-Hispanic race and ethnicity (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-2.07; P = .007), Medicaid or other means-tested insurance (aOR, 2.75; 95% CI, 2.29-3.30; P < .001), and ZCTAs with ≥20% poverty (aOR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.14-2.72; P = .011). At 1-year follow-up, 40.6% (302 of 743) of patients with no-shows had not completed screening mammogram. DiscussionScreening mammogram no-shows is a health equity issue in which socio-economically disadvantaged and racially and ethnically minoritized patients are more likely to experience missed appointments and continued delays in screening mammogram completion.

Understanding the psychosocial determinants of effective disease management in rheumatoid arthritis to prevent persistently active disease: a qualitative study

BackgroundAccording to epidemiological studies, psychosocial factors are known to be associated with disease activity, physical activity, pain, functioning, treatment help-seeking, treatment waiting times and mortality in people with rheumatoid arthritis...

104 Perceived Barriers to the Recruitment and Retention of Underrepresented Racial and Ethnic Groups (URGs) in Clinical Research

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The inclusion of underrepresented racial and ethnic groups (URGs) in clinical research is critical for ethical and scientific reasons. This initiative aimed to assess the perspectives, barriers, needs, and recommendations encountered by research teams when enrolling and retaining URGs in clinical research. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: An anonymous, web-based survey comprised of quantitative and qualitative questions was administered to individuals involved in clinical research at an academic medical center. The survey assessed three main domains: 1. Research teams' perceptions and experiences with enrolling URGs in clinical research, 2. Factors that discourage URGs from participating in clinical research, and 3. Research teams’ overall willingness to support URG enrollment. Demographics were also collected. The survey was reviewed by experts in clinical research, research ethics, and diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility (DEIA). The assessment was piloted among research professionals and edits were made accordingly prior to official dissemination. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: There was a total of 63 responses. A majority of respondents have more success enrolling patients whose primary language is the same as their own and that time arranging for an interpreter has negatively impacted enrollment efforts. Approximately half of the respondents believe that the race and/or ethnicity of the potential study participant influences enrollment success. Factors discouraging URGs from participating in clinical research include unavailability for follow-up visits due to transportation issues, distrust in doctors and/or researchers, fear of unknown side effects, and unavailability of medical interpreters. Respondents report that they are not discouraged from enrolling URGs and would utilize resources related to encouraging the inclusion of URGs DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Language appears more influential than ethnicity or race when it comes to enrolling and retaining URGs. Additionally, it appears that enrolling is a bigger challenge than retaining. Major themes that emerge with respect to retaining enrolled participants include the inability to attend follow-up visits and the lack of incentives/compensation.