Primary Irritant Contact Dermatitis Research Articles

Pathological Study of Skin Disorders in Dogs and Cats at Alexandria Governorate, Egypt

Skin disorders in dogs and cats are among the most common health problems seen in veterinary medical hospitals. This study aimed to determine the histopathological classification of skin affections and their prevalence among different breeds of dogs and cats. Thirty-three cases of animals (29 dogs and 4 cats) of different breeds and ages (1.5 month up to 4.7 years) were collected during the period from February 2018 to February 2020. The cases were investigated at the Alexandria Veterinary Medicine Directorate and Private Clinics at Alexandria, Egypt. The animals were of both sexes (16 females and 17 males). The results revealed that the affections were divided into infectious and non-infectious (miscellaneous) skin affections. The highest percentage of infectious skin affections estimated as flea allergy dermatitis (dogs 24.14%, cats 75%) followed by juvenile onset canine localized demodicosis (dogs 17.24%), juvenile onset canine generalized demodicosis (dogs 3.45%), dermatophytosis (dogs 3.45%) and feline gangrenous mastitis (cats 25%). The highest percentage of miscellaneous skin affections was found as primary irritant contact dermatitis (dogs 31.03%) followed by food allergic dermatitis (dogs 13.79%) then epidermal necrolysis (dogs 3.45%) and thermal burns (dogs 3.45%). In conclusion, our data indicated that the skin disorders were higher in dogs than in cats. The infectious skin affections were the most frequent evaluated affections than miscellaneous skin affections. The infectious affections were represented as parasitic skin affections mainly flea allergy dermatitis however, miscellaneous affections represented mainly as primary irritant contact dermatitis.

Contact dermatitis: etiologies of the allergic and irritant type

The term contact dermatitis describes an inflammatory process of the skin that occurs in response to contact with exogenous substances and involves pruritic and erythematous patches. Approximately 80% of all contact dermatitis is primary irritant contact dermatitis (ICD), whereas allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) makes up only 20% of contact dermatitis cases, the estimated prevalence of contact dermatitis in the United States being 1.4%. Among patch-tested patients, nickel has been identified as the most common allergen. Cobalt is the second most common metal allergen and is found in various dental alloys, paints, and coloring components of porcelain and glass. The average prevalence of dermatitis due to p-phenylenediamine (PPD) was found to be 4.3% in Asia, 4.0% in Europe, and 6.2% in North America. Rubber gloves are a major cause of occupational ACD in healthcare workers. Occupations involving frequent handwashing, between 20 and 40 times per day, have shown an increased incidence in cumulative ICD. The prevalence of occupational hand dermatitis was 69.7% in workers that reported a handwashing frequency exceeding 35 times per shift. The use of alcohol-based sanitizers is much more prevalent among today's healthcare workers than frequent handwashing. Both allergic and ICD are worldwide problems.

Primary irritant contact dermatitis in sheep

Primary irritant contact dermatitis in sheep

A forgotten complication of diaper dermatitis: Granuloma gluteale infantum

Granuloma Gluteale Infantum (GGI) is a rare condition of unclear etiology,[1] presenting as asymptomatic cherry red nodules in the diaper area appearing in the setting of primary irritant contact dermatitis.[2] A 50 day old infant with GGI is presented to emphasize that the condition may be easily missed, and that it may result from the misuse of fluorinated topical steroids used to treat a rash in the diaper area. This is the first case reported from Saudi Arabia.

An open-label tolerability and efficacy study of an aluminum sesquichlorhydrate topical foam in axillary and palmar primary hyperhidrosis

Primary hyperidrosis (PH) is a disorder characterized by excessive eccrine sweat gland production that primarily involves the axillae as well as palms and soles. Common first-line topical treatment for PH consists of aluminum salts (AS) that act by physically blocking eccrine sweat gland ducts. However, primary irritant contact dermatitis is a common side effect of AS treatment. Recently, a new low-residue, thermophobic foam formulation containing 20% aluminum sesquichlorohydrate has been developed (Nidrox, Mipharm S.p.A.). To evaluate the local tolerability and efficacy of 20% aluminum sesquichlorohydrate foam in the treatment of axillary and palmar PH. Twenty subjects affected by PH were enrolled in a multicenter, open-label study. Local tolerability was evaluated by physicians assessing itching, burning, and skin irritation using a four-point score (from 0: no symptoms to 3: severe symptoms). Skin irritation was quantified with a visual score. Efficacy was assessed by means of Minor test score using a four-point score (range 0-3). The foam was applied to clean dry skin, every night during the first 2 weeks and three times a week during the following 2 weeks. Clinical evaluations were performed at baseline, at day 14 and at day 28. Patients were monitored throughout the study for adverse events. All 20 subjects completed the study. The foam induced a significant reduction of the Minor score in comparison with baseline values (p = 0.0002) both at day 14 and at day 28. At the end of the 4-week treatment period, the foam reduced eccrine sweating by 61% (Minor score: 3.3 vs. 8.5). No skin irritation was observed during the trial except for one subject who experienced a mild and transient itching sensation. No other side effects were reported during the study. This new foam appears to be an effective and well-tolerated topical treatment in reducing sweating in patients with axillary and palmar PH.

Tertiäre Prävention von Berufsdermatosen

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Die Indikation zur stationären tertiären Prävention bei Berufsdermatosen ist gegeben, wenn ein objektiver Zwang zur Unterlassung der schädigenden Tätigkeit droht. Frühere Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, daß mit einer tertiären Präventionsmaßnahme bei 2/3 solcher Patienten ein langfristiger Berufsverbleib erzielt werden kann. Berufspezifische Daten zur Wirksamkeit der tertiären Prävention liegen bislang nicht vor. Patienten und Methodik: Wir analysierten unser Patientenkollektiv des Jahres 2002 berufsgruppenspezifisch bezüglich Diagnosen, früherer und aktueller Therapie und klinischem Erfolg der tertiären Präventionsmaßnahme. Ergebnisse: Bei den 296 Patienten wurde in 91 % der Fälle primär ein Kontaktekzem der Hände diagnostiziert (75 % primär irritativ bedingte Handekzeme (37 % kumulativ‐toxische Handekzeme, 38 % irritativ‐provozierte atopische Handekzeme, 16 % primär allergische Handekzeme). Klinisch relevante Typ‐IV‐Sensibilisierungen wurden insgesamt in 42 % der Fälle konstatiert, überwiegend im Sinn sekundär aufgepfropfter allergischer Kontaktekzeme. In über 83 % konnte eine vollständige bis weitestgehende Abheilung erzielt werden.Klinisch relevante Sensibilisierungen waren am häufigsten bei Friseuren (66 %). Die Angehörigen der Reinigungsberufe gaben am häufigsten (60 %) eine regelmäßige Kortikosteroid‐Vorbehandlung an; wir dokumentierten bei dieser Berufsgruppe am häufigsten sowohl eine Kortisonentzugssymptomatik (53 %) als auch eine Hautatrophie der Hände (23 %). Schlußfolgerung: Die Daten zur tertiären Prävention von Berufsdermatosen geben Hinweise auf Optimierungsmöglichkeiten der ambulanten Therapie und bezüglich Berufsgruppen‐typischer Risikofaktoren. Die unterschiedlichen Kenndaten der Kollektive der einzelnen Berufsgruppen und die unterschiedlichen Ansprechraten auf die tertiäre Präventionsmaßnahme basieren zumindest teilweise auf Unterschieden in der derzeit gehandhabten Sekundärprävention.

Contact dermatitis of the vulva.

Vulvar diseases rarely stand alone. They are often caused or worsened by primary irritant or allergic contact dermatitis, and this should be considered when evaluating any vulvar complaint. All irritants should be avoided in all women, and those with vulvar dermatoses should be patch tested to help define or rule out allergens.

The red face: Drugs, chemicals, and other causes

Adverse reactions to drugs or chemicals limited to the face are often linked to contact dermatitis. Of four patients with typical findings, three had used vitamin E oil, and one used aloe vera juice on the face. 1 All four developed redness, stinging, and burning contact dermatitis of the face which resolved with difficulties. The 41-year-old man who treated himself with vitamin E oil following a dermabrasion for acne scarring was able to tolerate vitamin E oil again 2 years after recovering from the initial episode of contact dermatitis. This scenario indicates either the first episode was a primary irritant contact dermatitis, or the first episode was an allergic contact dermatitis to vitamin E oil and the patient subsequently lost the sensitivity. Undoubtedly, the exposure of the dermabraded skin to vitamin E influenced the outcome.

Prevention of primary irritant contact dermatitis by using moisturizers

Prevention of primary irritant contact dermatitis by using moisturizers

SOD Activity in Skin of Guinea Pigs with Experimental Allergic or Irritant Contact Dermatitis

To elucidate the possible involvement of oxidant tissue damage and protective effect of skin superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity during contact dermatitis, we investigated SOD activity in the skin of guinea pigs after elicitation of either allergic or primary irritant contact dermatitis. Remarkably decreased skin SOD activity was observed after induction of irritant contact dermatitis but not after elicitation of the allergic type. Although chronic allergic contact dermatitis affects the skin SOD activity, it seems likely that, in an experimental model, the skin SOD activity level is more readily reduced in response to the severe inflammation or tissue injury induced by irritant contact dermatitis than in response to allergic contact dermatitis. The data suggest that if we have the ability to down-regulate the expression of contact dermatitis, it is required, as one of the possibilities, to suppress oxidant tissue damage by manipulating cytoprotection activity against oxidative attacks to the skin.

Cytochemical and ultrastructural studies of the Langerhans' cells. Sequential observations in experimental contact allergic reaction.

In the guinea pig, experimental allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and primary irritant contact dermatitis (PICD) were induced with different concentrations of dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). The epidermal Langerhans' cells (LCs) were observed sequentially by both adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and electron microscopy. Light microscopically, in ACD, the density and dendritic processes of LC decreased markedly within 12 h after antigen challenge. Almost no recognization LCs could be seen within 2 to 5 days. Later, LCs began to repopulate in the epidermis. Within 14 days, the density and shape of the LCs returned to normal. On the contrary, LCs changed more rapidly in PICD. The dendritic processes of LC decreased within 2 h and cell density decreased dramatically within 6 h after DNCB application. LCs also repopulated more rapidly in the epidermis. Electron microscopically, in ACD, we observed that lymphocyte-like cells apposed to LCs; LCs were activated and damaged; however, in PICD, we found neither the apposition of lymphocyte-like cells to LCs, nor the activation of LCs. LCs play an important role in the convalescence phase as well as in the early and later phases of contact allergic reaction.

Primary irritant contact dermatitis from synthetic pyrethroid insecticide exposure.

Synthetic pyrethroids are widely used insecticides with numerous applications, varying from food protection to general pest control. Humans are capable of tolerating greater acute and chronic exposures to the pyrethroids than to many other insecticides. An abnormal cutaneous sensation (paresthesia) is known to occur after dermal contact with the pyrethroids. Recent field studies have indicated that a primary irritant contact dermatitis may also develop. This investigation evaluated dermal irritancy from cutaneous synthetic pyrethroid application to albino rabbits. Through repeated daily applications of either fenvalerate or permethrin, a slight erythema was noted visually which correlated with increased cutaneous blood flow measured by laser Doppler velocimetry. Histopathological changes were also documented, but no significant differences were detected in edema or thermal variation.

Cytochemical and Ultrastructural Studies of the Langerhans' Cells

Abstract: In the guinea pig, experimental allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) And primary irritant contact dermatitis (PICD) were induced with different concentrations of dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). The epidermal Langerhans' cells (LCs) were observed sequentially by both adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and electron microscopy. Light microscopically, in ACD, the density and dendritic processes of LC decreased markedly within 12 h after antigen challenge. Almost no recognization LCs could be seen within 2 to 5 days. Later, LCs began to repopulale in the epidermis. Within 14 days, the density and shape of the LCs returned to normal. On the contrary, LCs changed more rapidly in PICD. The dendritic processes of LC decreased within 2 h and cell density decreased dramatically within 6 h after DNCB application. LCs also repopulated more rapidly in the epidermis. Electron microscopically, in ACD, we observed that lymphocyte‐like cells apposed to LCs; LCs were activated and damaged; however, in PICD, we found neither the apposition of lymphocyte‐like cells to LCs, nor the activation of LCs. LCs play an important role in the convalescence phase as well as in the early and later phases of contact allergic reaction.

Ulcerative Contact Dermatitis Caused by Sodium Silicate

A 57-year-old man had had recurrent ulcerative lesions on his left hand for two years. The ulcers were associated with chronic eczematous changes resulting from primary irritant contact dermatitis to sodium silicate, as indicated by positive patch tests. The patient also had another type of cutaneous reaction to sodium silicate, ie, contact urticaria. An immediate wheal and flare reaction was found 15 minutes after application of sodium silicate to a scratch test site. This response was not seen in healthy control subjects. To our knowledge, the coexistence of primary irritant contact dermatitis and contact urticaria, both induced by sodium silicate, has not previously been described.

Ulcerative contact dermatitis caused by sodium silicate. Coexistence of primary irritant contact dermatitis and contact urticaria

Ulcerative contact dermatitis caused by sodium silicate. Coexistence of primary irritant contact dermatitis and contact urticaria

Topical Fluorouracil Therapy for Precancers and Cancers of the Skin

Topical fluorouracil (FU) is an extremely effective agent for treating multiple actinic keratoses. It is also of value in the treatment of Bowen's disease, actinic cheilitis, arsenical keratoses, radiodermatitis, X-ray-induced keratoses, leukoplakia, and the erythroplasia of Queyrat. Topical FU may be successful in the treatment of superficial basal-cell carcinomas, but should not be used for nodular carcinomas of the face or neck except under unusual circumstances and with mandatory histologic follow-up evaluation. The usual method of treatment is twice daily application of a 1 percent FU solution in propylene glycol. Several modifications of various types of commonly employed preparations and the manner in which each is used are described, along with the respective indications. The considerable discomfort associated with the use of topical FU can be lessened by the stepwise approach outlined--a method extraordinarily valuable for older patients. Occasional complications are primary irritant dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis; these must be recognized promptly and treated, as must other less frequent side effects. Topical FU appears to be of great value in the destruction of existing precancerous skin lesions. When used repeatedly, it may postpone indefinitely the development of significant precancerous and cancerous skin lesions.

Atopic Dermatitis and Tuberculin Reactivity

Transient suppression of already established tuberculin reactivity by a wide-spread, allergic contact dermatitis as well as by primary irritant contact dermatitis has been recently reported. Similar transient suppression of tuberculin reactivity by the eczematous inflammation of atopic dermatitis is now shown to occur. Thus, when the dermatitis is active, atopic dermatitis patients show diminished tuberculin reactivity. While they are in remission, however, a significant increase of their tuberculin reactivity occurs. Before the onset of dermatitis, their tuberculin reactivity was normal. Healed patients showed normal tuberculin reactivity. The presence of dermatitis may play an important role in the diminished cell-mediated immunity in atopic dermatitis.

Irritant dermatitis during the relining of a blast furnace.

An outbreak of dermatitis is reported amongst steel erectors, platers and welders working on the relining of a blast furnace. Evidence is produced for regarding this as an occupational primary irritant contact dermatitis.

CONTACT DERMATITIS AND LYSOSOME ACTIVITY

ABSTRACTChanges in acid phosphatase and β‐glucuronidase activity were observed in lesions in cases of primary irritant and allergic contact dermatitis caused by dinitrochlorobenzene in guinea pigs.In both types of contact dermatitis, the enzyme activity rose, following the induction, and the peak of activity appeared much later than that of the inflammatory changes; that is, changes in the inflammatory symptoms do not parallel changes in enzyme activity.Thus, it is suggested that changes in lysosomal activity do not have a causative, but a secondary, value in contact dermatitis.

A Comparative Study Of Allergic And Primary Irritant Contact Dermatitis With Dinitrochlorobenzene (Dncb) In Dogs

Attempts were made to induce allergic contact dermatitis in dogs, a species generally considered poorly responsive to experimental allergic contact dermatitis. Yound Beagles were sensitized to 2,4 dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) by multiple intradermal injections. Two weeks after sensitization, these dogs were challenged topically with 0.1% DNCB by a standard closed-patch technique. Sensitization evidenced by various degrees of reaction following challenge was established in all of 14 pups used, while 7 nonsensitized control pups did not react to challenge. Primary irritant contact dermatitis was induced in the skin of nonsensitized Beagle pups by 1%, 5%, and 10% solutions of DNCB. In allergic contact dermatitis the sites of challenge were grossly indurated, erythematous, and edematous. Histologically at these sites there was an infiltration of mononuclear cells which reached maximum intensity at 3 to 4 days. Accumulations of lymphoid cells were marked around sweat galnds and hair follicles. Penetration of leukocytes into these cutaneous adnexa was associated with degenerative processes in their cellular structures. Mononuclear cell infiltration into the epidermis was mild. Spongiosis was observed in the epidermis, but vesicle formation was rare. In primary irritant contact dermatitis gross lesions were characterized by severe erythema, edema, and gangreen of the skin. Microscopically, the main lesions were necrosis of the epidermal cells, separation of the epidermis from the dermis, dermal edema, and massive infiltration of the dermis with polymorphonuclear cells.