Primary Incisors Research Articles

Predictors of Developmental Defects of Enamel in Primary Maxillary Central Incisors Using Bayesian Model Selection

Introduction: Localized non-inheritable developmental defects of tooth enamel (DDE) are classified as enamel hypoplasia (EH), opacity (OP), and post-eruptive breakdown (PEB) using the enamel defects index. To better understand the etiology of DDE, we assessed the linkages amongst exposome variables for these defects during the specific time duration for enamel mineralization of the human primary maxillary central incisor enamel crowns. In general, these two teeth develop between 13 and 14 weeks in utero and 3–4 weeks’ postpartum of a full-term delivery, followed by tooth eruption at about 1 year of age. Methods: We utilized existing datasets for mother-child dyads that encompassed 12 weeks’ gestation through birth and early infancy, and child DDE outcomes from digital images of the erupted primary maxillary central incisor teeth. We applied a Bayesian modeling paradigm to assess the important predictors of EH, OP, and PEB. Results: The results of Gibbs variable selection showed a key set of predictors: mother’s prepregnancy body mass index (BMI); maternal serum concentrations of calcium and phosphorus at gestational week 28; child’s gestational age; and both mother’s and child’s functional vitamin D deficiency (FVDD). In this sample of healthy mothers and children, significant predictors for OP included the child having a gestational period >36 weeks and FVDD at birth, and for PEB included a mother’s prepregnancy BMI <21.5 and higher serum phosphorus concentration at week 28. Conclusion: In conclusion, our methodology and results provide a roadmap for assessing timely biomarker measures of exposures during specific tooth development to better understand the etiology of DDE for future prevention.

Tooth Loss in Adults: A Survey of Reasons and Patterns in the Eastern Province of Aljabal Al-Akhder–Libya

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the reasons and patterns of tooth extraction among adults in the eastern province of Libya.&#x0D; Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in three cities in Aljabal Al-Akhder in the east of Libya. A convenience sample was recruited from Libyan adult patients who underwent teeth extractions in dental practices in Albida, Goba and Derna from January 2022 to December 2022. The reasons and patterns for tooth extraction were collected using a form and it is categorized into: caries, periodontal diseases, orthodontic treatment, prosthetic treatment, impaction, trauma, and other reasons. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS software, the significance level was set at P value 0.05.&#x0D; Results: The study included data from 1000 patients, of whom 55.7% were females, and the mean age was 28 years (SD = 13.8). The most commonly reported reason for tooth extraction was dental caries (59.2%), followed by severe periodontitis (14,1%), tooth impaction (8,2%), prosthodontics reason (4.8%), and failed RCT (4.6%). The most common tooth extracted was the first molar (27.1%), followed by the third molar (19.2%) and second molar (15.3%). The least extracted teeth, other than retained primary teeth, were canine (1.7%) and central incisors (2.5%).&#x0D; Conclusion: Dental caries and periodontal diseases are the main causes of tooth loss among Libyan adults in Aljabal Al-Akhder. Molar teeth were the most commonly extracted teeth. Measures should be directed toward the prevention and early treatment of oral conditions to reduce teeth extractions and improve the oral health related quality of life.

Timing of Primary Tooth Eruption in Infants Observed by Their Parents.

The timing of primary teeth eruption is a visible indicator of infant physical growth other than body weight or height. It also reflects neurological integrity and development as well as nutrition, socioeconomic state, or underlying diseases. Therefore, the timing of primary teeth eruption is one of the major concerns for parents in health checkups for infants and children. However, the detailed developmental timing of teeth eruption differs depending on the survey methodology, country, or generation. We hypothesized that the timing of primary teeth eruption differs between the medical checkup by dentists and the daily records by parents. We conducted a questionnaire survey on the date of eruption of primary teeth as an adjunct study among Miyagi Regional Center participants in the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS), a large-scale birth cohort study. A total of 1695 responses (3793 participants) were analyzed. The median ages of eruption were 7.1 months (male) and 7.6 months (female) for mandibular primary central incisors, 8.7 months (male) and 9.2 months (female) for maxillary primary central incisors, 10.0 months (male) and 10.3 months (female) for maxillary primary lateral incisors, and 10.4 months (male) and 10.8 months (female) for mandibular primary lateral incisors, which were earlier than the reported timings based on dental check-ups. Comparing the eruption time of preterm and term infants, the eruption time was earlier in preterm infants in the corrected ages. The eruption timing observed and described by the parents is earlier than that examined by dentists at regular check-ups. In addition to examining the primary teeth eruption of full-term birth children, we also examined that of preterm birth children because of the increasing number of premature births. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report from a large cohort study to clarify the eruption time of primary teeth monitored by parents.

Assessment of Pulpal Oxygen Saturation in Caries-free and Carious Maxillary Primary Central Incisors Using a Customized Dental Pulse Oximeter.

Pulpal status is best determined by assessing the pulp vitality, which proves to be important yet sceptical with the use of conventional thermal and electrical testing methods. The use of pulse oximetry helps to arrive at a definitive diagnosis by detecting the pulpal oxygen saturation. To assess and compare the pulpal oxygen saturation in caries-free and carious maxillary primary central incisors using a customized dental pulse oximeter sensor probe. A total of 225 maxillary primary central incisors were selected from children aged 3-6 years. Teeth were categorized into group I-caries-free teeth, group II-deep caries lesion, and group III-pulpectomized teeth (n =75 in each group). Pulpal oxygen levels were assessed using a three-dimensionally (3D) designed custom-made probe, and the readings were tabulated. The values were subjected to statistical analysis using paired t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey's HSD post hoc test. The mean oxygen saturation levels of teeth in group I (92.03%) were statistically significantly high compared to group II (64.36%), that was statistically significant. Readings noted from group III, which was kept as control, was 0%. The obtained results showed that the caries-free group exhibited higher saturation compared to the carious group. 3D designed customized pulse oximeter can be used as an adjunct to assess the pulp vitality in primary teeth. Kanumuru KR, Solomon N, Ramkumar H, et al. Assessment of Pulpal Oxygen Saturation in Caries-free and Carious Maxillary Primary Central Incisors using a Customized Dental Pulse Oximeter. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(4):560-564.

The Impact of Prenatal Vitamin D on Enamel Defects and Tooth Erosion: A Systematic Review.

Prenatal Vitamin D has been suggested to be critical for dental health in children, affecting outcomes including the prevalence of enamel defects and tooth erosion. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the potential impact of prenatal Vitamin D levels on these dental health outcomes. A total of seven studies, involving 6978 participants, were included after a comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus from 2013 to June 2023. The average age of mothers varied across studies, with Vitamin D levels or supplementation practices displaying significant variation among the study populations. The age of children at examination ranged from 3.6 to 6.6 years. The analysis demonstrated a diverse association between Vitamin D levels and dental outcomes, with enamel defects reported in 21.1% to 64% of the children and opacities ranging from 36% to 79.5% across studies. Maternal Vitamin D insufficiency was identified as a significant risk factor for enamel defects in one study (OR: 3.55), whereas high prenatal Vitamin D levels indicated a protective effect against Hypomineralized Second Primary Molars (OR: 0.84) and Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (OR: 0.95) in another. Conversely, low Vitamin D levels increased the risk of enamel hypoplasia (OR: 1.29) and dental decay. The maternal and child demographics varied greatly across the studies, and the assessment and prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency were heterogenous. This review illuminates the potential influence of prenatal Vitamin D on dental health in children, underscoring the importance of adequate Vitamin D levels during pregnancy. However, more robust research is required to establish the optimal Vitamin D intake during pregnancy to ensure healthy dental outcomes in children.

504 A Curious Case of a Slow-Growing Intra-Oral Swelling in a Paediatric Patient

Abstract Background A 15-year-old male attended the paediatric dental department as an urgent self-referral. Clinical examination revealed a large, firm lesion in the right maxilla which had been slowly increasing in size for the past year. No altered sensation and facial numbness was detected. The upper right central incisor (UR1) was missing however, a primary central incisor was extracted at the dentist three months prior. Investigations An orthopantomogram (OPG) at initial presentation illustrated a well-defined radiolucency extending from the upper right first molar (UR6) to the upper left central incisor (UL1) with root displacement of adjacent teeth. A subsequent cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan identified a well-defined corticated radiolucency with an area of radioopacity of mixed density in the posterior-medial aspect. Buccal expansion and root displacement in the premolar segment were noted. The unerupted UR1 was extremely displaced, lying horizontal and just inferior to the nasal cavity. Diagnosis/Management Differential diagnoses for the anterior right maxilla radiolucency included calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour, adenomatoid odontogenic tumour and an odontome. The histopathology of the cystic lining taken under general anaesthetic during enucleation and curettage revealed the diagnosis of a calcifying odontogenic cyst. Discussion Calcifying odontogenic cysts are very rare developmental lesions occuring due to proliferation of odontogenic epitheluim and scattered nest cells. As in this case, these cysts are usually associated with unerupted/impacted teeth. Awareness of dental eruption timelines is essential in identifying impacted teeth and associated pathology. Slow growing lesions in the maxilla should be identified early and investigated within multidisciplinary teams.

Effect of 38% Silver Diamine Fluoride on Salivary Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Levels in Children with Early Childhood Caries: A Clinical Study.

Early childhood caries is a major oral health problem in most industrialized countries, affecting the overall quality of life of children. It is caused by the action of bacterial acids on the enamel surface thereby demineralizing it and progressively destroying the tooth. It presents initially as smooth-surface carious lesions affecting the primary maxillary incisors. With the advancement of the lesion, decay progresses further to involve other primary teeth as well and if not treated early, the caries may involve the pulp leading to irreversible pulpitis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of endopeptidases that degrade almost all the proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Among the different types of MMP, MMP-9 (gelatinase B) is one of the chief MMPs responsible for the breakdown of the organic matrix. Traces of MMP-9 can be found in the human carious lesions, saliva, and gingival crevicular fluid. They are activated by the release of acids by cariogenic bacteria and once activated they are able to digest demineralized dentin matrix. Thus, host-derived MMPs, which are activated by bacterial acids have a crucial role in the destruction of dentine by caries. Thus, this study was undertaken to investigate the effect of 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) solution on MMP-9 levels. This clinical trial investigated the MMP-9 levels before and after the application of 38% SDF in children with early childhood caries. About 15 children were selected and were subjected to clinical and radiographic assessment before the commencement of the procedure. After the collection of saliva, the teeth with carious lesions were isolated and SDF was applied. Saliva samples were again collected after 1, 3, and 6 months postapplication of SDF. The collected saliva samples were then analyzed for their MMP-9 levels using a human salivary enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Finally, the data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis by repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA). The MMP-9 levels were found to be gradually increasing postapplication of 38% SDF and were significantly higher after 6 months and the highest mean difference in the MMP-9 levels was observed between baseline and 6th-month follow-up. Also, no new carious lesion appeared in the teeth during the experimental time period of 6 months and the decayed, extraction needed, filled teeth (deft) scores remained the same. Bora P, Saxena A, Goswami M. Effect of 38% Silver Diamine Fluoride on Salivary Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Levels in Children with Early Childhood Caries: A Clinical Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(S-1):S51-S56.

Çocuk diş hekimliği kliniğine travmatik diş yaralanmaları nedeniyle başvuran hastaların değerlendirilmesi: retrospektif bir çalışma

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs), as well as to evaluate different factors associated with TDIs among children and adolescents referred over three-year period to the Pamukkale University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Denizli. &#x0D; Materials and methods: Dental trauma records of patients were reviewed regarding demographic data, affected teeth, type and etiology of TDIs, location and season of TDIs, time elapsed following TDIs and initial treatment, and treatment of TDIs.&#x0D; Results: Data associated with 258 patients, 471 traumatized teeth (primary teeth:152, permanent teeth:319) were analyzed. Both the primary and permanent maxillary central incisors were the most common affected teeth by TDIs. Primary teeth showed a higher frequency of periodontal tissue injuries (75.00%) and lower frequency of dental hard tissue injuries (21.05%) compared with permanent teeth (49.84% and 58.62%, respectively). Falls were the main etiological factor of TDIs both in the primary (73.68%) and permanent (58.31%) teeth. Only 27 patients (5.49%) were referred to the clinic within one hour following TDIs. &#x0D; Conclusion: Early management of TDIs is important to improve the prognosis of traumatized teeth and prevent post-traumatic complications. The low rate of early referral indicates the need for educational and preventive programs regarding TDIs among the patients, parents/legal guardians, and teachers.

Pattern of Tooth Extraction and Use of Space Maintainers in Paediatric Dental Patients in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja

The primary dentition is essential in the maintenance of normal occlusion in the permanent dentition. Both dentitions enhance aesthetic, speech and are functional in nature. Early loss of the primary dentition necessitates the placement of space maintainers. This study determined the pattern of tooth extraction of patients attending the paediatric dental clinic in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja and the use of space maintainers. A retrospective study carried out using the dental records of patients who attended the Paediatric dental clinic, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 20 (IBM, New York). The prevalence of tooth extraction was 49.8% among a population of 410 subjects with a total of 353 extracted teeth. The male to female ratio was 1:1.37. Majority (58.3%) of the subjects had only one tooth extracted. The commonest reason for extraction was retained primary teeth (35.8%). The commonest arch and segment of extraction was the mandible (56.1%) and the anterior teeth (51.0%). The commonest tooth extracted was upper right primary central incisor (7.6%). The most common space maintainer was band and loop. Retained teeth was the most common reason for tooth extraction followed by sequelae of dental caries, caries and trauma. This highlights the need for implementation of oral health prevention policies with regards to the use of fluoride, fissure sealants, silver diamine fluoride increased awareness of safety protocols to mitigate traumatic injuries and introduction of dental health education programs in schools and community.

Survey of primary tooth eruption status of down syndrome in Japan: Comparison with the Japanese National Survey of Dental Diseases

IntroductionDown syndrome (DS) can cause irregular dental eruption patterns and hypodontia. However, data on primary tooth eruption with DS in Japan are insufficient. Therefore, this study aimed to conduct a questionnaire survey to predict dental abnormalities in DS based on tooth eruption status. MethodsA questionnaire survey on the age, sex, number of present teeth, and dental formula of patients with DS was conducted at facilities providing dental care for the disabled in Japan, and the results were compared with those of the Survey of Dental Diseases used as for the control survey. ResultsA total of 3656 valid responses were received. This study was analyzed according to the age group of the Survey of Dental Diseases. At 1–14 years old, the mean number of primary teeth per patient was the highest at 4 years old (19.3 teeth). The largest difference from the control survey was at 1 year old, and the difference decreased with age until 4 years. At 3–5 years old, the rate of individual primary tooth eruptions was 14.2% lower for the mandibular primary lateral incisors than that in the control survey. At 15 years old or older, the percentage of people who had persistence of primary teeth was 19.2%. The second primary molars were the most common persistent primary teeth. ConclusionDS is characterized by delayed tooth eruption, high incidence of missing teeth, particularly the mandibular primary lateral incisors, and persistence of primary teeth. These findings indicate the importance of developmental support and oral management.

Effect of N-Acetylcysteine on initial Carious Enamel Lesions in primary teeth: an In-vitro study

BackgroundDental caries initiates with non-cavitated enamel lesions as the first stage. The cariogenic potential of N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) may be due to its usage frequency and form. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of exposure time of NAC on initial enamel caries-like lesions in primary teeth by assessing the morphological alteration using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and mineral content using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX).MethodsForty primary incisor teeth were randomly divided into 4 groups S, S1, S2, and S3 (10 specimens/group). Teeth crowns were cut from their roots and inserted into an acrylic mold with its buccal surface directed upward. Centrally isolated enamel window (2 × 2 mm) on the tooth was done. Ten specimens were selected to evaluate normal enamel while the remaining thirty specimens were immersed in demineralizing solution for 96 h to produce enamel caries-like lesions. PH cycling was performed by immersing each tooth sample in 20 mL of demineralizing solution for 3 h then, preserved for the remaining day hours in 10 ml of artificial saliva interspersed with treatments applications with 10 ml NAC for 10 min twice a day for one- or three-months different treatment modalities. Thermocycling was done for all specimens then they were subjected to SEM and EDX analysis. ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests were utilized in data analysis.ResultsIn teeth treated by NAC for 3 months (group-S3), SEM images showed severe loss of enamel architecture with large NAC deposits detected. A meaningful difference was observed among different groups concerning calcium, phosphorus, fluoride, ca/P ratio, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen contents (P < 0.05).ConclusionNAC had a detrimental impact on enamel caries-like lesions in human primary teeth.

Photobiomodulation and its benefits in the dental trauma protocols for children: a case report

The classification of traumatic dental injuries can involve teeth, supporting structures, or gingival and oral mucosa. The therapeutic use of lasers has become standard practice in many medical fields, but dental traumatology is not yet one of them. This case report relates dental trauma of a 36-month-old girl referred to the Dental Trauma Center for Children and Adolescents in a University dental clinic (Brazil). Her fall down the stairs at home resulted in face trauma, avulsion of a primary incisor and soft tissue injuries. The mother reported pain and inflammation of the lacerated lip. After examination, a low-level laser was applied to ulcerated lip and gingival tissues. The protocol was punctual and continuous application at 660nm, 1J/point every 48 hours. The low-level laser biomodulation capacity provided complete tissue healing after 14 days of sessions. Clinical trials are suggested. Conservative treatment in this case of severe soft-tissue injuries into a baby showed a clinically satisfactory result. Minimal intervention was also important to minimize possible psychological side effects of surgical dental therapy. Low-level lasers are an excellent alternative therapy for children, because of their analgesic/anti-inflammatory and biomodulatory effects.

Non syndromic hypodontia with retained natal teeth-a rare case report

Teeth that erupt prematurely have been designated with various terms such as natal teeth, neonatal teeth, congenital teeth, pre-deciduous teeth and dentitio praecox. Tooth agenesis is one of very common finding in a person. Developmental or congenital absence of one or more teeth excluding the third molars is a highly prevalent condition referred to as hypodontia. The incidence of hypodontia usually varies from 1.6-6.9% while the incidence of natal teeth on the other hand is noted to be approximately 1:2,000-1:3,000. Lower primary central incisors are the most affected tooth. The occurrence of retained natal teeth and that too with hypodontia is not found in the literature. This case report presents a rare occurrence of hypodontia with presence of retained natal teeth in a 14-year-old male child. Diagnosis made as non-syndromic hypodontia and retained natal teeth.

THE EFFECT OF CHILD TOOTHPASTE CONTAINS Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) AND NOT CONTAINS Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (NON-SLS) ON PRIMARY TEETH ENAMEL SURFACE ROUGHNESS

Brushing teeth combined with toothpaste is influential in maintaining dental and oral hygiene, especially for children still developing. Toothpaste contains several active ingredients, including detergent in the form of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS). This study aims to determine whether or not using children's toothpaste that contains SLS and does not contain SLS on the enamel surface roughness. An experimental laboratory study was conducted on twenty primary incisors divided into two groups of treatment samples to be brushed using toothpaste containing SLS and not SLS. Toothbrushing treatment was carried out for 30 days in the morning and evening with the assumption that the accumulated time for 6 minutes was the same as the time to brush your teeth in 1 day, 2x brushing your teeth in the morning and at night. The tooth enamel surface roughness was measured before and after treatment in the middle 1/3 of the labial surface using a Mituyo SJ 301 profilometer. Statistical analysis using the Dependent t-Test showed that the P-value of the enamel surface roughness variable was less than 0.05 (P-value &lt;0.05), thus it can be explained that there is a statistically significant mean difference between the enamel surface roughness variables before and after brushing treatment on both groups. Toothpaste that contains SLS and without SLS affects the enamel surface roughness, which can reduce the enamel surface roughness.

Comparative Evaluation of Extrusion of Apical Debris in Primary Maxillary Anterior Teeth Using Two Different Rotary Systems and Hand Files: An In Vitro Study.

Successful outcome of pulp therapy depends on good chemomechanical preparation of the canals. This is completed with the help of various upcoming rotary and hand files. However, during this preparation, there might be an apical extrusion of the debris which may result in postoperative complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the number of debris apically extruded during canal preparation using two different pediatric rotary file systems and conventional hand file systems in primary teeth. 60 primary maxillary central incisors that were extracted due to trauma or untreated dental caries with no signs of resorption were taken. Canal preparation was executed using three different file systems: Group A: Group A hand K file system, Group B Kedo S Plus, Group C Kedo SG Blue. For each of these files using the Myers and Montgomery model, the pre- and post-weight of the eppendorf tube was assessed to quantify the number of apical debris. The maximum extrusion of apical debris was noticed with the Hand K-file system. The least debris was noticed in the Kedo S Plus file system. Statistical analysis revealed that there were highly significant differences in apical extrusion and debris when comparing hand files and rotary files and also between the two rotary files used. Apical debris collection is an unavoidable outcome of canal instrumentation. Among the file systems compared, rotary files had lesser extrusion when compared to hand files. Among the rotary files, Kedo S plus showed normal extrusion compared to SG Blue.

In Vitro Comparison of Fracture Resistance of Severely Damaged Primary Anterior Teeth Restored with Different Post and Core Systems.

This study aimed to compare the fracture resistance (FR) of severely damaged primary anterior teeth restored with five different post and core systems. This in vitro, experimental study evaluated 60 extracted primary maxillary central incisors. The teeth were horizontally sectioned at 1 mm above their cementoenamel junction (CEJ), underwent pulpectomy, and their root canals were filled with Metapex paste. After post space preparation and sealing of root fillings with light-cure glass ionomer (1 mm thickness), the teeth were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 12) of (1) glass fiber post and everX composite (reinforced with short fibers), (2) glass fiber post and bulk-fill composite, (3) everX composite post and core, (4) bulk-fill composite post and core, and (5) Filtek conventional composite post and core. The teeth underwent 5,000 thermal cycles between 5°C and 55°C, and their FR was measured in a universal testing machine (0.5 mm/min, 148°). The mode of failure was also determined. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test at 0.05 level of significance. The FR was the highest in fiber post and everX composite, and the lowest in Z250 conventional composite post and core group (P < 0.001). The FR of fiber post and everX composite group was significantly higher than that of everX composite post and core (P = 0.04), bulk-fill composite post and core (P = 0.001), and Z250 composite post and core (P < 0.001) groups. The frequency of repairable fractures was the highest in glass fiber post plus everX composite (91.66%) and the lowest in Filtek conventional post and core group (66.66%) (P > 0.05). Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the results showed that restoration of severely damaged primary maxillary central incisors with glass fiber post and everX composite reinforced with short fibers enhanced their FR, and increased the chance of reparability in case of restoration fracture. This technique may be recommended for the restoration of primary anterior teeth since it is simple and saves time.

Five-Year Follow-Up of a Child with Non-Syndromic Oligodontia from before the Primary Dentition Stage: A Case Report

Congenital absence of teeth is a major dental abnormality in pediatric dentistry and the absence of six or more teeth is defined as oligodontia. Few reports of patients with non-syndromic oligodontia without systemic disease have continued dental follow-up from an early age. We performed the five-year follow-up from before the eruption of the primary dentition of a Japanese child with non-syndromic oligodontia and analyzed changes in dental arch growth. At the oral examination at the age of 1 year and 2 months, eight primary incisors were congenitally absent. Therefore, we made dentures for the patient at the age of 3 years and 4 months. From the age of 5 years and 1 month, the child received articulation training for dysarthria from a speech therapist to improve the function and appearance of the oral cavity. Measurement of the patient's dental models revealed a particularly narrow dental arch, especially between the primary canines. Our findings highlight the importance of treatment for patients with non-syndromic oligodontia from an early age by multiple medical professionals, recognizing that the missing teeth affect the growth of the maxillofacial region.

The Effect of Different Obturation Techniques in Primary Teeth on the Apical Microleakage using Endoflas: A Comparative In Vitro Study.

This study was carried out to quantitatively evaluate and compare the sealing ability of Endoflas by using different obturation techniques. After 42 extracted primary maxillary incisors and canines were decoronated, their canals were instrumented with K files of size ranging from #15 to #50. In accordance with the obturation technique, the samples were divided into three experimental groups, namely, group I: endodontic pressure syringe, group II: modified disposable syringe, and group III: reamer technique, and two control groups. Dye extraction method was used for leakage evaluation. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Dunnett's T3 post hoc tests. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Endodontic pressure syringe had significantly less leakage than the modified disposable syringe and reamer techniques (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, no significant difference was found in the mean leakage between the modified disposable syringe and the reamer techniques. Amongst all the techniques used in this study, endodontic pressure syringe could be preferred as an obturation technique in primary teeth when used with Endoflas obturation material because of its potential to provide good apical seal.

Bond Strength of Resin Composite Posts Placed in Primary Teeth: A Comparison of Adhesive Systems

Objective: In this study, researchers used two different adhesives to determine which ones had the strongest push-out connection between resin composite posts and primary teeth's intracanal dentin. Methods: Fifty primary lateral incisors were split into two groups (n = 25) and treated with either Adper Single Bond 2 (ASB group) or Clearfil SE Bond 2 (CSE). Resin composite was used to fill the canal in the root's coronal one-third. A universal testing equipment was used to conduct the push-out evaluation. The data was analyzed using t-test. Results: Strengths of push-out bonds were found to be significantly different amongst the two groups using t-test (p=0.000). The mean±S.D push-out bond strength of the samples in ASB group was 8.41±4.83 Mpa, while mean±S.D push-out bond strength of the samples in CSE group was 14.21±4.03 Mpa. Most failures were adhesive, and there was no difference (p=0.327) in the fracture mode distribution between bonding agents. Conclusion: In terms of push-out bond strength, CSE group was clearly superior to ASB group. When placing resin composite posts in primary anterior teeth, it is advised to utilize a universal adhesive system and self-etch adhesives from the sixth generation. Due to their simplicity of use, reduced technical sensitivity, and reduced number of required clinical processes, bonding agents may be a desirable choice for repairing primary teeth with short resin composite posts. Keywords: Adhesive system, bond strength, primary teeth, resin composite

Full Mouth Rehabilitation of A Child with Early Childhood Caries: A Case Report

Early childhood caries is a multifactorial disease that severely degrades the primary maxillary incisors and molars in a child aged 71 months or younger. It can cause reduced masticatory efficiency, loss of vertical dimension, development of speech problems, esthetic-functional problems such as malocclusion and space loss, and psychological problems that can compromise the behavioral development of the child. The treatment of severely decayed primary teeth presents a special challenge to pediatric dentists. The present case report describes the oral rehabilitation of a 5-year-old male patient with type II ECC whose teeth were restored using various treatment modalities including preformed space maintainers, preformed zirconia crowns, fiber post, SSC, pulpectomies and composite restorations.&#x0D; Keywords: Early Childhood Caries, Stainless-steel crowns, Zirconia crowns, Fibre-post, Dental caries