Primary Disabilities Research Articles

Implementation of e-learning by vocational-school teachers of mechanical engineering

During the Covid-19 pandemic, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia ruled that all instructional activities be conducted online. Online instructional programs have been done by the teachers of vocational schools using e-learning. All learning activities that were formerly conducted on-site become online, including practicum classes.The present study is aimed at (1) evaluating teachers' readiness for online learning, (2) identifying handicaps encountered by teachers, (3) identifying e-learning platforms that are used, and (4) analyzing the instructional methods. A total of 118 mechanical engineering teachers at vocational schools from all over Indonesia who attended a webinar on developing learning resources in online learning participated as respondents of the study. The research instrument was a questionnaire dispersed online using the Google Form format, and descriptive statistics analyzed data. Findings show that: (1) a large number (55.6%) of the teachers state that they are not quite ready to implement e-learning, and the readiness of productive teachers is lower than that of adaptive teachers; (2) the primary handicaps encountered by teachers in the e-learning lie in the aspects of learning resources and implementation of the instructional processes; (3) in the running of the e-learning, a total of 87.29% teachers use the WhatsApp platform, 73.73% use Zoom, and GMeet video conference applications, and 36.44% use LMS; and (4) a total of 88.98% teachers have applied the student-centered learning mode combined with teacher-centered learning.

Fisioterapia precoce na Síndrome de Freeman-Sheldon: relato de caso

Freeman-Sheldonn Syndrome (FSS) is a rare condition that presents as autosomal dominant due to mutations in the embryonic myosin heavy chain (MYH3). Individuals with FSS develop contractures that lead to motor and respiratory impairments and difficulties in eating. Physiotherapy can act in the prevention of skeletal deformities, muscle rebalance and in the improvement of respiratory function, thus aiming to promote more functionality for the patient. This study aimed to report a case of physiotherapy in the FSS. This is the first case report of an infant with FSS seen at a teaching clinic twice a week, lasting 1 hour each session, for a period of two consecutive months. The care protocol was built based on the assessment of the infant's primary and secondary disabilities, from which the functional goals (short, medium and long term) were pre-established and the activities developed aimed at functional improvement. The performance of physiotherapy in the FSS over a period of two months had a positive effect on improving cervical extension in prone posture and improving cervical alignment in supine posture. Physiotherapy plays an important role in the prevention and maintenance of functional aspects, improving the patient's health condition, from increasing functionality and reducing disabilities.

Botulinum toxin preparations in complex therapy of infantile cerebral palsy (literature review)

The relevance of the topic is confirmed by statistical data related to primary childhood disabilities, according to which a number of congenital developmental anomalies and disorders of the nervous system are especially common. Cerebral palsy (CP) occupies a leading position in this regard. It is obvious that complex therapy for patients with cerebral palsy is effective, but it is not of economic benefit to the state, which to a certain extent provides support in the rehabilitation of this category of patients. In this connection, budgetary allocations and contributions from insurance companies both in the Russian Federation and other countries are distributed in a rational manner. Botulinum toxin preparations, used in standard clinical practice to combat focal spasticity syndrome in patients with cerebral palsy, have proved to be a feasible and economically beneficial medical technology. A similar therapy strategy has demonstrated a positive clinical effect. It is also the least expensive technology in the medical armamentarium used for the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with infantile cerebral palsy.

Work disability due to cardiovascular diseases in newly diagnosed patients in Ukraine during the first year of the war (2022) compared to prior nine years (2013-2021)

Aim: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a significant problem in Ukraine, accounting for over 60% of all deaths in the country. It is expected that the ongoing Russian aggression will augment this problem. The study aimed to analyze the trends of work disability due to CVDs in newly-diagnosed patients between 2013 and 2022.Methods: This retrospective study included data obtained from the official document “Report on the Causes of Disability and Indications for Medical, Professional, and Social Rehabilitation” commissioned by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. The data on disability due to CVD were obtained from 24 regions and the city of Kyiv for 2013-2022.Results: Between 2013 and 2022, the average incidence of work disability due to CVD per 10000 working-age individuals was 9.86. Among these disabilities, cerebrovascular diseases accounted for the highest proportion, followed by ischemic heart disease (IHD). The incidence of CVD-related primary disabilities displayed a variable upward trend over the observed period, with cerebrovascular diseases and hypertensive diseases showing clear upward trends. Compared to 2021, in the year 2022 (corresponding to the beginning of the Russian aggression) an 20% increase has been observed for CVDs, while for cerebrovascular diseases, IHD, hypertensive disease, acute rheumatic fever, and chronic rheumatic heart disease the increase was 20%, 18%, 22%, and 14%, respectively. The CVD-related work disability varied substantially in different regions of Ukraine.Conclusions: During the first year of the war in Ukraine (the year 2022) there was an increase in primary disability due to CVD compared to the period between 2013 and 2021. This may be associated with war-related psychosocial factors and global impact on CVD. The regions in southwestern parts of Ukraine proved to be especially prone to this increase requiring special attention.

Statistical indicators of primary and secondary disabilities in children born with very low and extremely low bodyweight

Statistical indicators of primary and secondary disabilities in children born with very low and extremely low bodyweight

Disability indicators for the social protection and rehabilitation measures in the population of the Russian Federation

BACKGROUND:To improve social policy and to study the mechanisms of public administration, it is important to analyze the trends in the development of the social phenomenon population disability. The need for a systematic analysis in the planning and regulation of social protection measures for people with disability and rehabilitation to minimize the risks of negative socioeconomic consequences leads to a long-term comprehensive study and analysis of disability indicators in the population of the Russian Federation.
 AIM:To identify the medical and social characteristics of the state and trends of disability in the Russian Federation and St. Petersburg for 20152019.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS:The study analyzed people with primary disability living in St. Petersburg and the Russian Federation. Data were obtained from the State Statistical Reporting 7 Social Security. Analytical, expert assessment methods, and statistical analysis were performed.
 RESULTS:During the study period (20142019), the level of primary disability in the adult population of the Russian Federation tended to decrease: in 2015, it was 58.9 per 10 thousand adult populations, and in 2019, it was 53.1 per 10 thousand people. The dynamics showed an uneven rate of decrease in the level of primary disability, with a peak decline in 2016. In the analysis of the indicators of people with primary disability by age, for over 5 years, the proportion of people of working age and with disabilities decreased from 46.8% in 2015 to 42.3% in 2019. A study of the need for vocational rehabilitation measures for people with disability, specifically the need to create special jobs for the employment of people with primary and secondary disabilities, showed that medical and social specialists identified the need to create special jobs for 27.7% of the analyzed population (n=15,977), and the largest share of recommendations on the need to create a special workplace was issued to people with secondary disability, i.e., 89.8% (n=14,341). The share of the recommendations on the creation of special jobs for people with secondary disability was 2.6 times higher than for those with primary disability, with an average of 72.3% (n=41,769), and recommendations were drawn up mainly for people with secondary disability, with 88.4% (n=36,937).
 CONCLUSIONS:At present, it is relevant to plan the socioeconomic costs for the implementation of social and vocational rehabilitation programs of people with disability and the creation of conditions for their employment in special jobs. This enables the delivery of organized and optimal rehabilitation for the constituents of the Russian Federation.

Medical and social characteristics of people with disability and neuromuscular, skeletal, and movement-related disorders

BACKGROUND:Measures of growth are important for creating a construction and expansion system of opportunities for the constituents of the Russian Federation. The need for complex rehabilitation in people with impaired neuromuscular, skeletal, and movement-related functions is still not fully understood.
 AIM:This pilot study aimed to determine the need for comprehensive rehabilitation of adults with neuromuscular, skeletal, and movement-related functions according to the main indicators of primary disability.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS:The comparative analysis of the dynamics of newly detected (primary) disabilities in the Russian Federation due to all causes and disorders of neuromuscular, skeletal, and movement-related functions (categories b710b799 according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disabilities and Health) was conducted. Indicators in the Leningrad region were analyzed from 2016 to 2020.
 RESULTS:The need for rehabilitation in the Leningrad region is lower than that in the whole country. Individuals with neuromuscular, skeletal, and movement-related disorders aged 1844 years need the most intensive rehabilitation.
 CONCLUSIONS:The results of this study revealed that the decrease in overall primary disability is faster than the decrease in primary disability in the target group. The prevention and rehabilitation of neuromuscular and statodynamic disorders were slower, whereas the need for rehabilitation was higher in the specific-cause group than in the all-cause group.

Malignant neoplasms as a nosological cause of primary disability in the Russian Federation during the COVID-19 pandemic

BACKGROUND:In cases of health disorders secondary to malignant neoplasms that lead to social restrictions and the need for social protection measures, including rehabilitation, disability is established. This is the most important health indicator of the population. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has significantly affected the management of patients with malignant diseases, and a more severe course of COVID-19 commonly occurs in older age groups.
 AIM:This study aimed to analyze the dynamics and structure of primary disability caused by malignant neoplasms in the adult population in the Russian Federation.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS:Thestudy object was a cohort with newly recognized disability caused by malignant neoplasms in the Russian Federation (by applying to the Bureau of Medical and Social Expertise). The main outcome was the occurrence of primary disability during the study period. Three age groups of the adult population (young, middle, and old) were analyzed. The study was conducted in 20102020. Research methods included documentary, data copying, and statistical and graphics analysis.
 RESULTS:The dynamics of cancer-related primary disability in the Russian Federation was characterized by an annual increase in the number of people with disability from 180.2 thousand in 2010 to 214.6222.2 thousand in 20172019; however, this number decreased to 196.5 thousand in 2020. The number of older people with primary disability was the highest, followed by middle-aged people with primary disability, and no significant change was found in the number of young people with primary disability. The proportion of people with secondary disability decreased, and those with tertiary disability increased, with a negative trend in the growth of the proportion of people with primary disability in 2020.
 CONCLUSIONS:The incidence of disability caused by malignant neoplasms may not reflect the proportion of populations with persistent health disorders because residents were unable to present for medical consultations due to the restrictions caused by the spread of a new coronavirus infection. The scale and structure of primary disabilities caused by cancer become the scientific and practical basis for determining directions for developing healthcare and social protection services.

Short and Long Term Impacts and Implications of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Disorders on Cognitive Development in Childhood

Fetal alcohol syndrome disorders (FASD) represent a collection of disorders with which a child is born, due to maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. Known as an invisible disability, its prevalence is difficult to capture, in part due to societal stigma and the lack of physical markers contributing to diagnostic difficulty. In Canada, FASD prevalence is estimated to be around 4%. The symptoms experienced by a child with FASD are typically classified into two categories: primary disabilities to describe functional deficits since birth as a result of the impact of alcohol on the brain; and secondary disabilities that occur later in life as a result of a child’s environment and primary disabilities. The impacts of FASD will affect each child differently in both the types and severity of disabilities. A major challenge faced by children and youth with FASD is receiving adequate mental health support, as well as evidence-informed practices involved in improving behavioural and cognitive functioning. COVID-19 has dramatically affected both children with FASD and their caregivers, likely exacerbating existing challenges. With increased rates of alcohol consumption and other mediating factors, experts are concerned about rising FASD rates during the pandemic.

Показатели инвалидности при заболеваниях эндокринной системы взрослого населения г. Ош (Кыргызстан)

The article examines the indicators of disability in diseases of the endocrine system of the population of Osh city (Kyrgyzstan). Health promotion, disease prevention, rehabilitation of disabled people are the main tasks in modern health care and social protection of the population. The number of people with disabilities is increasing from year to year in Kyrgyzstan. This growth is associated with a high level of morbidity and traumatism of the population, inadequate quality of medical care, and unfavorable environmental conditions. The study compares the five-year rate of disability in diseases of the endocrine system of the population of Osh. In the periods studied (2016, 2018, 2020), an increase in the number of primary disabilities in diseases of the endocrine system among residents of the city of Osh was revealed.

The imperfect fit: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder as the basis to commit individuals involuntarily as sexually violent predators/persons.

Prenatal alcohol exposure produces a broad range of primary disabilities that lead to adverse life course outcomes in children raised in adverse environments. Inappropriate sexual behaviors are a commonly occurring secondary disability, with a large minority of individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) displaying sexual aggression. Adults with FASD who commit repeated criminal sexual acts may be subject to legal proceedings for indefinite involuntary civil confinement as sexually violent predators/persons (SVP) in certain jurisdictions in the United States. Studies about the diagnostic practices among psychologists and psychiatrists retained by states to evaluate individuals as SVP do not recognize FASD as a mental disorder, despite the likelihood that hundreds of individuals petitioned for involuntary commitment suffer from FASD. Establishing an FASD diagnosis may provide exculpatory evidence to refute a government petition that an individual suffers from a mental condition that affects emotional or volitional capacity by predisposing the person to committing criminal sexual behavior. This article provides a framework for identifying, assessing, and deciding whether individuals with the FASD diagnosis suffer from the legally defined mental disorder that is necessary to indefinitely confine individuals as SVP.

Analysis of disability due to organic mental disorders for 2019 in the Republic of Mordovia

Background. The trend of recent years is a steady increase in mental illness among the population. according to the statistics of the ministry of health of the russian federation, mental disorders were classified as socially significant diseases in russia in 2018. Thus, the absolute number of patients with a first-time diagnosis of a mental disorder who applied for counseling and treatment in the Russian Federation in 2018 was 379818, which is 3.4% more than in 2017. [20,21,22,23,24] the number of patients with a first-time diagnosis of " mental disorder (except for diseases related to the use of psychoactive substances)" taken under dispensary observation in the republic of mordovia in the same year was 35.5 per 100,000 population. In addition, mental illnesses are in third place among disabling diseases, second only to malignant neoplasms and diseases of the circulatory system. In the structure of repeated disability by class of diseases, this group of diseases is 9%, and the lion's share falls on people of working age. Thus, there is a steady increase in mental illnesses, as well as disability due to them [1], [3]. The question arises of the need to study the patterns of disability formation in order to further develop theories and concepts of ways to protect human health, prevent disability, assess the rehabilitation potential and prognosis, develop rehabilitation measures that improve social adaptation and integration of patients in the family and society.
 The aim- study of the patterns of disability formation due to organic mental disorders in the Republic of Mordovia, taking into account age characteristics and severity of disability, which is important for the development of comprehensive measures for the prevention of morbidity, early diagnosis and rehabilitation of this group of people.
 Materials and methods. The analysis included information from the statistical collections of Rosstat and approved forms of state statistics No. 7-sobes for 2019. The data of all first-time persons recognized as disabled due to mental disorders in the Republic of Mordovia for 2014-2019 on the basis of the ITU information base for the Republic of Mordovia are analyzed using a continuous method.
 Results. Having analyzed the data of all first-time persons recognized as disabled due to mental disorders in the Republic of Mordovia for 2014-2019 on the basis of the ITU information base for the Republic of Mordovia, it was concluded that a significant place in the structure of disability is occupied by organic mental disorders. The percentage of people with organic mental disorders among those first recognized as disabled 18 years and older over the past five years is significant and stable, ranging from 20.1 (in 2017) to 25.1 (in 2014). In the structure of patients who were diagnosed with disability with this diagnosis, there is a predominance of repeated patients over primary ones (by 23.6 %), and it should be noted that this pathology is more common in men (71% of the total number of persons (or in the population) with the above diagnosis). Patients with both primary and re-recognized disabilities with a diagnosis of "Organic mental disorder" were more often assigned to the third group of disability (62% of cases among primary, 57.4% among repeated). Also, the third group of disability prevails regardless of the patient's gender. The study of age-related features of disability due to organic mental disorders in the Republic of Mordovia in 2019 showed that organic mental disorders are most often found in the working-age population. In addition, the proportion of young people (from 18 years to 44 years) is high, it is 59.2% for men, 50% for women.
 Conclusions. Given the steady increase in mental illness and disability as a result of it, it is necessary to study the theories and concepts of medical and social expertise and rehabilitation of patients suffering from mental disorders. The role of fundamental and applied research in the field of medical and social expertise and medical and social rehabilitation is significant in order to create ways to protect human health, prevent disability, and develop factors that improve social adaptation and integration of patients in the family and society. in order to develop such concepts, it is necessary to study the structure of disability, the patterns of formation, and the peculiarities of the influence of age and gender factors.

Policy Requirements for the Prevention and Management of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in South Africa: A Policy Brief.

This policy brief is aimed to guide policymakers in developing a comprehensive and multi-sectoral policy for the prevention and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). FASD is a leading source of non-genetic developmental and intellectual disability globally and is usually associated with primary and secondary disabilities. South Africa has been identified to have the highest reported prevalence of FASD in the world. Nevertheless, evidence shows that there is no specific policy for FASD, albeit there are clauses that could be attributed to its prevention and management in other existing policies. In this brief, we present a guideline to inform programmes and interventions to tackle the FASD problem in South Africa and other relevant contexts through developing a policy.

Outcome analysis of biplanar mandibular distraction in adults.

BackgroundMandibular deficiency leading to facial asymmetry causes cosmetic deformity as well as psychological stigma for the patient. Correction of these mandibular asymmetries is a major challenge. The study investigates the efficacy of bidirectional mandible distraction for the treatment of mandibular deficiency.MethodsThis prospective study included six individuals aged between 17 and 24.4 years. Five patients had hemifacial microsomia and one had unilateral temporomandibular joint ankyloses. All patients underwent mandibular distraction osteogenesis. Postoperative skeletal changes in affected mandible, and changes in occlusal plane and oral commissure cant were evaluated using three-dimensional reconstruction. Patient satisfaction and understanding of the procedure were assessed through three questionnaires administered during pre-distraction, distraction and post-distraction phases.ResultsIn pre-distraction phase, aesthetic appearance seemed to be the primary indication for surgery. In distraction phase, pain while chewing was the primary handicap. In post-distraction phase all patients were satisfied with the aesthetic outcome. The facial deformity was improved through mandibular distraction osteogenesis. On the affected side in all the patients, height and length of the mandible increased. Canting of the occlusal plane and oral commissure was corrected.ConclusionBidirectional mandible distraction is an effective treatment for correction of mandible deformities in adult patients.

Quality of Life in Patients with Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis: A Study on Physical, Psychological, and Social Status of Patients in Long-term.

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) causes significant problems for patients in the working age and may therefore negatively affect their quality of life (QOL). In the present study, we sought to evaluate the QOL and its predictors in subjects with CVST. This observational, prospective study investigated several outcomes of 56 CVST patients after thrombosis onset. Demographic characteristics, medical history, neurological signs and symptoms during hospitalization, and the employment status of the patients were retrospectively collected. Stroke-related functional scales, including the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and Barthel Index (BI) were employed. For physical and mental aspects of the QOL, we used the validated Persian version of the Stroke Specific Quality of Life (SS-QOL) scale. The physical and functional outcomes in the long-term were promising according to mRS and BI tools, as well as the improved rate of return to work. Mental domains of the SS-QOL, such as energy and personality represented the lowest scores. According to the multiple linear regression analysis, lower mRS score, and longer time interval between CVST onset and interview were associated with higher physical function of the patients while their better mental function was correlated with lower mRS score and thrombosis in merely one cerebral venous. CVST patients experience an acceptable alleviation of the primary physical disabilities, while residual symptoms, mostly in psychologic/mental domains, impair their QOL.

Challenges Faced by Language Learning Disabilities Primary Students in Learning English as Second Language

This paper reports on a study carried out to explore challenges faced by primary level Language Learning Disabilities (LDs) students in learning English as a Second Language (ESL) in Pakistan. The data was collected through a quantitative (close-ended) questionnaire filled in by 100 and a qualitative (open-ended) questionnaire filled by 10 Primary English language teachers in Pakistan. The findings revealed that language LDs hinder the development of literacy and oral skills of primary ESL learners. The study concluded that in order to improve the English language learning of students with language LDs, there is a need to assure the provision of teacher training facilities, application of sensorial activities, and establishment of good rapport between the teaching staff, school administration and parents of students with language LDs.

Factors Influencing Rehabilitation Motivation of Veterans after a Stroke

Purpose: Rehabilitation motivation is very important for veterans who have had a stroke because they already have primary disabilities they suffered during their official duties. The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with the rehabilitation motivation of hospitalized veterans after a stroke.Methods: The research was a cross-sectional, descriptive design using questionnaires. The participants were 128 veterans hospitalized following a stroke in five veterans’ hospitals in five major cities in South Korea. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA and multiple regression with the SPSS 25.0 program.Results: There were statistically significant differences in rehabilitation motivation according to monthly income and time since duagnosis. The rehabilitation motivation of these veterans showed significant positive correlations with self efficacy and social support, and a significant negative correlation with depression. Multiple regression analysis for rehabilitation motivation revealed that the significant predictors were self efficacy, family support, time since diagnosis and monthly income. These factors explained 35.6% of the variance.Conclusion: The results indicate a need to enhance self efficacy and social support to improve the rehabilitation motivation of veterans. The findings also suggest that individual characteristics through time since diagnosis and monthly income should be considered for tailored interventions related to rehabilitation motivation. Furthermore, it is necessary to develop programs enhancing self efficacy and social support to improve the rehabilitation motivation for veterans who have had a stroke.

Correction of serious speech disorders of preschool children taking into account electroencephalography indicators

All sustainable deviations of the speech system of the children with normacusis but without primary intellectual disabilities are severe speech disorders. Children need different types of correction depending on symptoms and etiology of speech disorders, the success of correction depends largely on the correct diagnosis. Currently, the choice of corrective programs aimed at the development of damaged brain structures is relevant nowadays. The purpose of the study is to determine the potential use of electroencephalography (EEG) indicators for early diagnosis of serious speech disorders and understanding of the correction activities and methods to be used in the work of a speech therapist. There have been many laboratory studies related to the functional activity of the brain but the electroencephalogram, as a means of diagnosing preschool children suffering from severe speech disorders, is becoming increasingly important. The EEG studies the regularities of the total electrical activity of the brain; The EEG is a method of graphical registration of the brain biopotentials, which allows analysing its physiological maturity and the presence of focal lesions, the nature of general brain disorders. The speech therapist studies activities only of the peripheral part of the speech apparatus, consequences caused by disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) of the brain, to be more precise. Thus, if the speech therapist has additional information about the function of the central parts of the brain when working with a child, this will help the specialist in choosing the most effective program for correcting disorders. Our research has shown that children’s speech disorders are not an only pathology, they are often combined with other disorders of the nervous system and child’s altered psycho-emotional status. The EEG analysis of the children suffering from speech disorders indicates the presence of pathological electrical activities of various degrees. This is consistent with the results of the studies dealing with higher mental functions which reveal their significant changes when having severe speech disorders. Understanding the neurophysiological mechanisms enabling the organisation of speech activities is a necessary condition for the development and application of adequate methods aimed at correcting speech disorders. The use of the electroencephalographic research reveals speech disorders by assessing the compliance of the electrical activities of the cerebral cortex and trunk with age-related norms. The study of the neurophysiological mechanisms that cause difficulties in developing children’s speech will help in the future to develop programs for special psychological and pedagogical correction.

Physical condition-based practice models of traditional games for children disabled elementary school age

This research has the goal of producing products such as exercise books and models in the physical condition of child disability. in this study using Borg and Gall method consists of ten steps and Research subjects are elementary students in SLB B PTN Bali. The model consists of 4 models with 40 items which have several times through the expert evaluation, testing and revision. This research uses pretest and posttest with significance level 0,05. The result of physical game exercise based on traditional game for children with disability between pretest and posttest obtained result tO = 9.595 bigger than price tt = 0.000 (at significance level 0,05), hence null hypothesis rejected. So, it can be concluded that there are significant differences between pretest and posttest results-based endurance exercise traditional games for children disabilities. Judging from the results of the physical condition of the model-based practice of traditional games for children of primary school age disabilities are effectively used to improve the results of the child’s physical condition.

Six-Month Follow-up of the Families on Track Intervention Pilot Trial for Children With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and Their Families.

When the primary disabilities associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are not well supported, individuals are at higher risk for mental health problems and other secondary conditions. The Families on Track (FOT) intervention was designed to prevent secondary conditions and improve family functioning in children with FASD. Promising results from a pilot study demonstrated positive effects on child and caregiver outcomes immediately following the intervention. The objective of this study was to examine the sustainability of these effects 6months postintervention. Thirty children (ages 4 to 8) with prenatal alcohol exposure and their caregivers were enrolled in the original study. Families were randomized to the FOT intervention or an active comparison group that provided comprehensive assessment and individualized feedback. The intervention integrated a positive parenting curriculum and a child skills group. Families were assessed at baseline, postintervention, and 6-month follow-up visits. Follow-up data were available for 24 families on child and caregiver outcomes. Data were analyzed using effect size calculations and analysis-of-variance techniques. Relative to the comparison group, intervention families showed continued gains in parenting efficacy and maintained prior improvements in FASD knowledge over the follow-up period. Although intervention families reported a decrease in their needs being met over the follow-up period, they continued to report their needs being met to greater extent than those in the comparison group. Consistent with postintervention outcomes, children in both groups exhibited similar decreases in child disruptive behavior 6months following the intervention. Unfortunately, positive gains seen at postintervention for child self-esteem and emotion regulation were attenuated at follow-up. This pilot study yielded promising effects on important areas of caregiver functioning. However, the intervention's impact on child functioning waned over time, suggesting the need for sustained or alternate child intervention.