Primary Facilities Research Articles

PENGARUH KOMUNIKASI INTERPERSONAL PETUGAS KESEHATAN TERHADAP PENGETAHUAN PASIEN BPJS MENGENAI RUJUKAN DI PUSKESMAS PB SELAYANG 2 MEDAN

Health care referral system implemented in phases in accordance with medical needs, from health care first level and second level. medical health care at this level can only be given if the participant gets a referral from the primary facility. This reference is only given if the patient requires specialist health services and primary health facilities designated to serve participants. This reference is only given if the patient requires specialist health services and primary health facilities designated to serve participants. if the disease can not be handled in the secondary health facilities, the participant may be referred to a tertiary care facility. Lack of interpersonal communication is very influential in patients' knowledge about the implementation of the referral system. Patients feel cumbersome if you want to get a referral to hospital services require a referral clinic. This is due to the lack of interpersonal communication that is openness, empathy, being supportive, positive attitude and equality. This study aims to determine the effect of interpersonal communication of health workers towards patients' knowledge about the reference BPJS in Puskesmas PB Selayang 2 Medan. Population in this research is patient referral BPJS participants in November 2023 in Puskesmas PB Selayang 2 Medan, as many as 408 people. This type of research is descriptive analytic observational with cross sectional design. The sample is patient referral BPJS participants as many as 40 people. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews. Data were analyzed using Chi-Square test at α <5%. Health workers in interpersonal communication in Puskesmas PB Selayang 2 Medan. majority less as many as 23 people (57.5%) and minorities well and as many as 17 people (42.5%). From the results of the bivariate analysis (chi-square) that there is a p-value (0.031) <α (0.05) no significant relationship between interpersonal communication of health workers towards patients' knowledge about the reference BPJS in Puskesmas PB Selayang 2 Medan. Suggested to the officer interpersonal health centers to improve knowledge so that patients' knowledge about the referral BPJS better.

Primary facility for traceable measurement of BSSRDF: erratum.

An erratum is presented to correct the measurement equation used for the calculation of the BSSRDF in our manuscript [Opt. Express29 (21), 34175 (2021)10.1364/OE.439108]. This correction affects slightly the results showed in Figs. 7 and 8 of the primary manuscript, so they are replaced by Fig. S1 and Fig. S2, respectively, of the current erratum. The discussion on the results of Fig. 7 of the primary manuscript is completely valid also for the new results, but a slightly different discussion is given on the new results showed in Fig. S2. Nevertheless, the conclusions of the original manuscript are not affected at all.

Risk Factors for Post-Discharge Adverse Outcomes Following Hospitalization Among Older Adults Diagnosed With Elder Mistreatment.

Using 100% Medicare data files, this study explored whether primary elder mistreatment (EM) diagnosis, EM type, and facility type were associated with 3-year mortality and 1-year unplanned hospital readmission among older patients diagnosed with EM with hospital discharge from 10/01/2015 through 12/31/2018 (n = 11,023). We also examined outcome differences between older patients diagnosed with EM and matched non-EM patient controls. Neglect by others was the most common EM diagnosis. Three-year mortality was 56.7% and one-year readmission rate was 53.8%. Compared to matched non-EM patient controls, older EM patients were at an increased risk of mortality and readmission. Among patients diagnosed with EM, patients with a secondary (vs. primary) diagnosis and those discharged from a skilled nursing facility (vs. acute hospital) were at an increased risk for both mortality and readmission. Compared to other EM types, patients diagnosed with neglect by others had a greater risk for mortality following discharge.

Unit costs for allopathic and AYUSH outpatient care in public facilities in Urban Delhi, India.

The National Health Policy, 2017, suggests pluralism in health care with the integrated delivery of AYUSH and allopathic care at public facilities. Information on unit cost of outpatient visits for both types of care at public facilities is useful to guide the policies on health-care delivery. The costs in 2019-20 were estimated for each type of care at allopathic urban primary health center (UPHC) and AYUSH facilities using top-down methodology and adding out-of-pocket expenditures (OOPE) incurred to reflect true costs. Data from national health survey, annual government budgets, and reports were used. The average cost of an outpatient visit for allopathic care was ₹325 at a UPHC and ₹189 in a homeopathic dispensary and ₹692 in an Ayurvedic dispensary. While OOPE per visit at UPHC was ₹177, no OOPE was incurred at AYUSH facilities. The government expenditure per visit for allopathic care at UPHC at ₹148 was the lowest compared to any type of AYUSH care. The cost per facility for allopathic UPHC was higher than both Ayurvedic and homeopathic dispensaries. Unani dispensaries were least cost-effective, both in terms of cost per visit and cost per facility. Costs per visit at a facility are impacted by footfalls. For Ayurveda, despite lower facility costs as compared to UPHC, per visit costs were higher due to low utilization. Improving evidence-based utilization of AYUSH care is critical for the success of the government policy of mainstreaming AYUSH care at low cost.

A qualitative exploration of the facility-based trauma care for Road Traffic Crash patients in Bangladesh: When only numbers do not tell the whole story

ObjectiveBangladesh is currently undergoing an epidemic of road traffic crashes (RTCs). In addition to morbidity and mortality, the economic loss from RTC as per cent of gross domestic product is...

Postabortion care availability, readiness, and accessibility in Niger in 2022: results from linked facility-female cross-sectional data

BackgroundPostabortion care (PAC), which is an essential element of emergency obstetric care, is underresearched in Niger. The study aims to assess the availability, readiness, and accessibility of facility-based PAC services in Niger.MethodsThis study uses female and facility data from Performance Monitoring for Action Niger. The female data include a nationally representative sample of women aged 15–49 (n = 3,696). Using GPS coordinates, these female data were linked to a sample of public and private facilities (n = 258) that are expected to provide PAC. We assessed PAC availability and facility readiness to provide basic and comprehensive PAC using the signal functions framework, overall and by facility type. We then calculated the distance between women and their closest facility and estimated the proportion of women living within five kilometers (5 km) of a facility providing any PAC, basic PAC, and comprehensive PAC, overall and by women’s background characteristics.ResultsOnly 36.4% and 14% of eligible facilities had all basic and comprehensive PAC signal functions, respectively. Oxytocics and laparotomy were the most missing signal function for basic and comprehensive PAC, respectively. Private facilities were the least ready to provide the full range of PAC services. While 47% of women lived within 5 km of a facility providing any PAC services, only 33.4% and 7.9% lived within 5 km of a facility providing all basic and all comprehensive PAC signal functions, respectively. Women who were divorced/widowed, had higher levels of education, and were living in urban areas had increased odds of living within 5 km of a facility with any or basic PAC. Women who were never married had increased odds of living within 5 km of a facility with comprehensive PAC, while urban residence was fully predictive of living within 5 km of a facility with comprehensive PAC.ConclusionsThis study found PAC availability and readiness to be insufficient in Niger, with inadequate and disparate accessibility to facilities providing PAC services. We recommended stakeholders ensure stock of essential commodities and availability of PAC services at primary facilities in order to mitigate the negative maternal health repercussions of unsafe abortion in this setting.

Diabetes health care specific services readiness and availability in Kenya: Implications for Universal Health Coverage.

Diabetes is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide yet preventable. Complications of undetected and untreated diabetes result in serious human suffering and disability. It negatively impacts on individual's social economic status threatening economic prosperity. There is a scarcity of data on health system diabetes service readiness and availability in Kenya which necessitated an investigation into the specific availability and readiness of diabetes services. A cross sectional descriptive study was carried out using the Kenya service availability and readiness mapping tool in 598 randomly selected public health facilities in 12 purposively selected counties. Ethical standards outlined in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments were upheld throughout the study. Health facilities were classified into primary and secondary level facilities prior to statistical analysis using IBM SPSS version 25. Exploratory data analysis techniques were employed to uncover the distribution structure of continuous study variables. For categorical variables, descriptive statistics in terms of proportions, frequency distributions and percentages were used. Of the 598 facilities visited, 83.3% were classified as primary while 16.6% as secondary. A variation in specific diabetes service availability and readiness was depicted in the 12 counties and between primary and secondary level facilities. Human resource for health reported a low mean availability (46%; 95% CI 44%-48%) with any NCDs specialist and nutritionist the least carder available. Basic equipment and diagnostic capacity reported a fairly high mean readiness (73%; 95% CI 71%-75%) and (64%; 95%CI 60%-68%) respectively. Generally, primary health facilities had low diabetic specific service availability and readiness compared to secondary facilities: capacity to cope with diabetes increased as the level of care ascended to higher levels. Significant gaps were identified in overall availability and readiness in both primary and secondary levels facilities particularly in terms of human resource for health specifically nutrition and laboratory profession.

Evaluation of the Design and Development of the HeLe Newborn Hearing Screening Tele-Audiology Systems for the Philippines.

There is increasing interest in innovation development and management in the Philippines, especially in the last decade. In the advocacy for universal hearing health, the HeLe, "Hearing for Life'' Research Program was implemented. HeLe developed novel telehealth technologies and field tested a proof-of-concept service delivery model to improve provision of newborn hearing screening and intervention services in the Philippines. As the HeLe research period concludes, this appraisal was organized to document and assess the health information technology systems of the HeLe. The evaluation follows the elements of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines for evaluation of public health surveillance systems. It centers on the status of the eHealth-based components of the HeLe NHS interventions: HeLe NHS module in the Community Health Information Tracking System (CHITS) electronic medical records system, the Tele-Audiology module in National Telehealth System (NTS), and the HeLe NHS registry. The evaluation is based on interviews of key HeLe research staff and documentation review. The HeLe system has a stable, SQL-Server-based architecture. It is a secure, web-based system with clean separation of back-end database and front-end Web, using Secure Socket Layer (SSL) technology. Standardization of data via mapping ensures reliable, comparable measures. HeLe demonstrates that NHS data collected by the HeLe NHS device can be sent to, stored in, and extracted from the CHITS electronic medical record system and exchanged across platforms. Where actual patient and NHS data were available, this HeLe system is validated to be efficacious to capture and seamlessly exchange data across various eHealth platforms. These eHealth technologies are described to be at Technology Readiness Level 5, "technologies are validated in a relevant environment". The HeLe program, however, needs to address completeness in documentation as a standard practice, if only to ensure better management of risks introduced by novel eHealth systems in patient care. The CDC public health surveillance checklist used for this assessment is useful in identifying gaps in research management for the HeLe inventors. It is recommended to be incorporated to be standard and implemented early in the next iteration of the HeLe research. Overall, the HeLe technologies, in this initial stage of research, have achieved the purpose for which they were developed. As a novel technology-based NHS system, HeLe is a potentially powerful tool to assist in monitoring newborn hearing disease caseloads by community-based primary care clinics, NHS facilities, and hospitals that provide definitive medical services. As other health systems strengthening reforms take root in the Philippines, secure exchange of data electronically across the country would depend on sound technologies, including those used in hearing health. This paper can be instructive to the emerging research community in the eHealth and biomedical development space especially in resource-challenged settings. Likewise, lessons can reinforce institutional support from research agencies, clinicians, and state/ county or subnational health departments for policy and resource mobilization to better manage those identified with congenital hearing loss.

Public satisfaction with the quality of First Health Facility Services in Indonesia: Does sociodemographic matter?

Objective: To investigate individual characteristics related to satisfaction with the quality of First Health Facility Services (FHFS) in Indonesia. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzes national representation data. Meanwhile, the study involved 9846 representative respondents in 2019. Respondent's satisfaction with FHFS based on the five dimensions of service quality (SERVQUAL) is a dependent variable. Independent variables consist of sex, marital status, age, education, employment, insurance ownership, and economics. The study used multivariate logistic regression to explain the relationship between individual characteristics and FSHS quality. Results: 77.3% Respondents were satisfied with FHFS, with the highest order of satisfaction dimensions being assurance (59.4%), empathy (57.3%), reliability (53.6%), responsiveness (52.7%), and then tangibility (49.1%). Multivariate logistic analysis showed that divorce was 1.48 more likely than never-married to be satisfied (95% CI 1.17-1.87). Employees were 0.77 less likely than the unemployed to get satisfied (95% CI 0.70-0.86). Respondents with higher education was 0.82 less likely than those with primary education to be satisfied (95% CI 0.67-0.99). Meanwhile, respondents who had government-run insurance were 1.61 more likely than uninsured to be satisfied (95% CI 1.42-1.80). Moreover, the rich were 0.82 less likely than the poor to get satisfied (95% CI 0.73-0.92). Conclusions: Community satisfaction with FHFS is generally high, though some areas could be improved. Demographic factors are still strongly related to satisfaction ratings. The government can assess the quality of services in accordance with standards and disseminate information about service standards for primary facilities to all levels of society, ensuring that service satisfaction is rated as good by all groups.

Management accounting of organic production and methods for assessing the level of efficiency of its development

For Ukraine, organic production is one of the most important areas of further business development in agriculture, the processing industry of agricultural products, and the consumption of high-quality food products by the population, which ensures care for the environment and soil fertility, human health, social responsibility, resource-saving technologies, animal and plant health and well-being. Over the 30 years of independence, Ukraine has undergone three phases of organic production development: organizational, legislative, and strategic. Assessing the effectiveness of organic production depends on the specifics of its implementation by business entities. Organic production can be carried out by all structural units (organic enterprise), separate responsibility centers and objects of activity regarding crops and animals, and types of food products combined with transitional and conventional production. Management accounting should be essential in preventing economic risks in organic production. The objects of management accounting for the needs of organic production are organic production units, which are defined as assets comprising primary production facilities, land plots, pastures, open-air areas, premises for farm animals or parts thereof, beehives, fishponds, closed systems and facilities for algae or aquaculture animals, as well as storage facilities for crops, plant products, algae products, livestock products, raw materials and any other relevant. The main driving force for the development of organic production is its effectiveness in terms of economic effect in terms of profit and added value. In the context of making a profit from organic production, it is necessary to operate with absolute indicators of gross profit, created profit, and net profit and, accordingly, relative indicators of profitability of production costs (production cost) and operating costs (total cost), net income received and the coefficient of economic security (financial stability) of organic products and food. Keywords: organic production; management accounting; objects of accounting; added value; gross profit; effect of organic production.

Development of primary reference facilities and measurement comparison of standard artifacts for the bidirectional transmittance distribution function

To determine the bidirectional transmittance distribution function (BTDF) of diffusely transmitting materials, two new primary facilities have been developed at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) and Aalto University (Aalto). A detailed description of both facilities and the different approaches used are presented in this paper. The performance of both facilities is compared by determining the BTDF of two different diffuser types in both in-plane and out-of-plane bidirectional geometries at four different wavelengths in the visible spectral range. Due to delayed completion of PTB’s primary facility, the measured BTDF values are compared between Aalto’s primary facility and another PTB setup, whose measurement scales are successfully transferred to PTB’s primary facility by an internal comparison. A thorough analysis of the measurement uncertainty is presented, leading to a combined k = 1 standard uncertainty of 0.8%–1.2% for PTB’s primary facility and 1.3%–1.7% for Aalto’s primary facility. The BTDF results obtained agree well within their expanded k = 2 uncertainty. This indirect bilateral comparison shows that Aalto’s and PTB’s new facilities are suited as primary reference setups for the determination of the BTDF. These studies also reveal action points to improved measurement capabilities and for a reduction of the measurement uncertainty, depending on the type of diffuser under test.

CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN AGRARIAN ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Today, agrarian entrepreneurship is a great chance for people migrating from agrarian and semi-remote areas to cities. Conversely, it is also true that most agrarian entrepreneurs face many challenges. The problem stems from the lack of access to primary facilities in agrarian areas of developing countries like India, lack of pedagogy, economic problems, lack of methodological and abstract skills, and too difficult for agrarian entrepreneurs to establish themselves in agrarian industry. This paper highlights key issues faced by entrepreneurs, especially in agrarian areas. This paper highlights the challenges and opportunities in agrarian entrepreneurship and by taking advantage of the opportunities and prospects and hitting the market to become a successful entrepreneur. It also points out the problems face by agrarian entrepreneurs in marketing their products, financial facilities, and other major facilities unavailability of electricity, lack of internet facilities, water, and transportation system and required energy etc. Keywords: Agrarian Entrepreneurship, Challenges, Problems, Agrarian Areas, opportunity.

Implementing One Stop Schooling System Program in Reaching Graduate Standards of Santri at Salaf Islamic Boarding Schools

The study aims to describe the application of the one-stop schooling system in achieving standards for graduating students in the Islamic Boarding School Al-Ma'had Setu Bekasi. The study uses field research with a qualitative descriptive research design, while data is collected by using interviews, observation, and document collection related to the research focus. Interview techniques are used to collect data from several sources, including the school's founders, management, and students. The analysis flow follows an interactive analysis model, with the process of analysis made through 4 stages data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and deduction. The findings suggest that the Pondok Pesantren Salaf Al-Ma'had Setu Bekasi uses the One Stop Schooling System to achieve the standard characters for graduating students; ten standards have been designed. Pondok Pesantren Salaf Al-Ma'had Setu Bekasi belongs to the traditional Islamic boarding school but uses modern teaching systems and methods. In the application of the One Stop Schooling System, a teaching and educational method becomes the primary facility for achieving the character standards for graduating students. In the program, there is also an organization that serves as a support facility to help students develop their insights, knowledge, talents, and skills.

Development and substantiation of an improved version of a main drainage facility classical scheme at a kimberlite mine developed by block caving method

Evidence demonstrates that as the production capacity of a kimberlite mine increases, there is a corresponding increase in the volumetric concentration of suspended solids in the mine water extracted from its watercollecting workings. The Udachny mine, known for its high productivity in comparison to other domestic kimberlite mines, experiences a higher concentration of suspended solids in the mine waters, leading to significant sludge settling within the primary drainage facility’s water-collecting workings. This determinal effect adversely affects the operational efficiency of pumping equipment and the reliability of LHDs. To address these issues, an enhanced version of the conventional main drainage facility scheme, specifically designed for kimberlite mine utilizing the block caving method, is proposed. This modified scheme aims to provide improved clarification of the mine water in the water-collecting workings and facilitate more efficient dewatering of the settled slurry sludges. Furthermore, a methodology has been developed to determine the time required for slurry sludge removal, the sedimentation characteristics of the solid phase, and the rheological properties of the liquid phase of the mine water.

A Facility-Level Phaseout Strategy for China's Blast Furnaces to Address Multiple Policy Objectives.

Given the urgency of addressing climate change and the declining demand for steel, it is imperative that China's iron and steel industry begin phasing out its primary production facility, the blast furnace. While there are various studies examining the decarbonization pathways for this sector and the resulting impacts, research exploring how to design decarbonization pathways that consider economic, environmental, and regional aspects equally is lacking. Moreover, it remains unclear how the individual heterogeneity of facilities affects the effectiveness of climate policies. In this study, we address the aforementioned research gaps by proposing a novel strategy that takes into account economic, carbon, water, and health factors in determining the priority for the closure of China's blast furnaces. We developed a bottom-up framework that incorporates a facility-level data set, a stock-driven dynamic material analysis, and retirement metrics with uncertain parameters to measure the multidimensional impacts of various phaseout pathways for China's blast furnaces. We have identified potential pathways that can improve environmental efficiency in multiple aspects compared with the cost-minimization pathway without impeding regional equality.

Prevalence of Undiagnosed Hypertension and Associated Factors among Adults in Mizan-Aman Town, Bench Sheko Zone, Southwest Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension and associated factors among people aged 18 years and above in Mizan-Aman town of Bench Sheko Zone in Southwest Ethiopia. Study Design. A community-based cross-sectional study design was carried out among people aged 18 years old and above from April 1 to 30, 2021, in Mizan Aman town. A community-based cross-sectional study design was carried out among people aged 18 years old and above from April 1 to 30, 2021, in Mizan Aman town. Seven hundred fifty-nine subjects were selected by the multistage sampling technique. A structured pretested STEPwise questionnaire was used to interview the participants. Data entry and analysis were done using EpiData 3.1 and SPSS version 25 statistical software, respectively. Descriptive analysis was undertaken, and the results were presented using frequency tables, graphs, and statistical summaries. The dependent variable has a dichotomized response of yes and no, and hence binary logistic regression was used to predict a dependent variable based on independent variables, and predictors having p ≤ 0.25 on the bivariable analysis were considered as candidates for the multivariable analysis. Odds ratios with their 95% confidence intervals were calculated to measure the strength of association, and finally a p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension was 14.8% with 95% CI [12.3-15.6]. Older age (AOR = 3.1, 95% CI [1.5-6.5]), male (AOR = 2.2, 95% CI [1.3-3.9]), low physical activity (AOR = 3.9, 95% CI [1.8-8.3]), low consumption of fruit and vegetable (AOR = 4.5, 95% CI [2.4-8.8]), and higher BMI (AOR = 2.7, 95% CI [1.6-4.6]) were significantly associated with undiagnosed hypertension. The current study outlined that the prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension was high in the study area. In addition, most of the risk factors identified were modifiable, and hence community-based preventive approaches like lifestyle modification, increasing awareness, and strengthening routine screening at primary health service facilities resulted in a substantial change in tackling the burden effectively.

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICESAMONGPRIMARY CARE WORKERS ON INFECTION, PREVENTION AND CONTROL AMIDST THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Insufficient awareness of infectious diseases among primary care workers results in delayed detection of new cases, the spread of infection, and inadequate infection control methods. Therefore, primary care workers must be well-informed about infection, prevention, and control procedures and guidelines in order to wage an effective war against COVID-19. This study seeks to examine the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (KAP) of healthcare workers regarding infection, prevention, and control in the context of COVID-19 in several primary care facilities in Baguio City. Between March and April 2022, a descriptive, correlational online questionnaire-based study was conducted. Using ANOVA and Pearson r, differences in the degree of KAP among diverse subjects were evaluated. A total of 119 HCWs from primary facilities responded to the survey. Overall, respondents had general level of IPC knowledge (AWM of 3.69), had laid-back attitudes, and consistently used 9/10 indicators. Poor KAP performance was associated with inadequate training. The female employees were more knowledgeable and had a more positive attitude, but the male employees were more likely to practice appropriately on a regular basis. Notably, participants from the nursing profession exhibited a less positive attitude than those from other medical professions. Nevertheless, they had to be the best at employing appropriate techniques. The inadequacy of KAP among Primary care workers, coupled with the persistence of the pandemic, highlights the need for sustained COVID-19-specific infection control training, which should be incorporated into the annual operational planning.

Entrepreneurship opportunities for agriculture graduate and rural youth in India: a scoping review

The majority of the world’s population lives in rural areas whereas, in the case of India, 73% population is dependent on agriculture and related works as their mainstream revenue resources. Entrepreneurship in rural areas could be one of the utmost vital initiatives towards the country’s economic development under the adverse impacts of climate change. Entrepreneurship is a crucial feature for the sustainable survival of small-scale agriculture in a continuously increasing compound international economy. Contrarily, most rural entrepreneurs in developing nations, including India, face numerous problems due to the unavailable primary facilities in remote areas. Several agricultural entrepreneurship technologies have been scientifically studied and introduced by numerous countries. Information regarding the progress in modern agriculture entrepreneurship has become crucial for agriculture graduates and the rural youth engaged in the agriculture sector. Hence, it becomes essential for developed and developing economies to emphasize the large-scale demonstrations of agriculture entrepreneurship technologies. In the present manuscript, several such interventions are highlighted in the form of various points which will be of immense use to the self-reliant movement of India. In this endeavour, helpful information on agriculture entrepreneurship technologies from various research institutions and universities has been generated to benefit agriculture graduates and rural youth.

Abortion care availability, readiness, and access: linking population and health facility data in Kinshasa and Kongo Central, DRC

BackgroundThe Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) legalized abortion in 2018 to preserve health and pledged to provide quality postabortion care (PAC), yet little is known about the availability of abortion care services and if facilities are prepared to provide them; even less is known about the accessibility of these services. Using facility and population-based data in Kinshasa and Kongo Central, this study examined the availability of abortion services, readiness of facilities to provide them, and inequities in access.MethodsData on 153 facilities from the 2017–2018 DRC Demographic and Health Survey Service Provision Assessment (SPA) were used to examine signal functions and readiness of facilities to provide services across three abortion care domains (termination of pregnancy, basic treatment of abortion complications, and comprehensive treatment of abortion complications). To examine PAC and medication abortion provision before and after abortion decriminalization, we compared estimates from the 2017–2018 SPA facilities to estimates from the Performance Monitoring for Action (PMA) data collected in 2021 (n = 388). Lastly, we assessed proximity to PAC and medication abortion using PMA by geospatially linking facilities to representative samples of 2,326 and 1,856 women in Kinshasa and Kongo Central, respectively.ResultsFew facilities had all the signal functions under each abortion care domain, but most facilities had many of the signal functions: overall readiness scores were > 60% for each domain. In general, readiness was higher among referral facilities compared to primary facilities. The main barriers to facility readiness were stock shortages of misoprostol, injectable antibiotics, and contraception. Overall, provision of services was higher post-decriminalization. Access to facilities providing PAC and medication abortion was almost universal in urban Kinshasa, but patterns in rural Kongo Central showed a positive association with education attainment and wealth.ConclusionMost facilities had many of the necessary signal functions to provide abortion services, but the majority experienced challenges with commodity availability. Inequities in accessibility of services also existed. Interventions that address supply chain challenges may improve facility readiness to provide abortion care services, and further efforts are needed to narrow the gap in accessibility, especially among poor women from rural settings.

Uncovering the factors influencing the vitality of traditional villages using POI (point of interest) data: a study of 148 villages in Lishui, China

Improving vitality has been a major bottleneck in the revitalization of traditional village heritage worldwide. The vitality of traditional village (VTV) varies greatly depending on socioeconomic factors and natural conditions. Significant spatial variation exists in VTV, even within the same urban jurisdictions in China; however, the main determinants for this have not yet been quantified owing to the difficulty of obtaining data from large rural samples, making targeted invigoration difficult. Thus, we applied point of interest data, which are easily accessible big data, to bridge the data source gap. To assess the VTV’s influencing factors and analyze the spatial variations among the factors’ impacting intensity, we used the Ordinary Least Squares and Geographically Weighted Regression models and conducted empirical studies involving 148 traditional villages in Lishui, China. Seven factors influenced the vitality of traditional villages in the study area, with the most significant being topographic relief, elevation, scenic spots and commercial industry. Moreover, the factors’ impacting intensity varied by region. Topographic relief and elevation had the greatest impact intensity in the north and south of Lishui, whereas primary education, transportation facility and agricultural bases had the greatest impact in the north, and scenic spots and commercial industry had the greatest impact in the middle of Lishui. Taken together, this method makes a large sample of VTV’s impact factor analysis feasible, has global implications, and can provide a foundation for the scientific and precise regional promotion of VTV, which is beneficial for rural heritage revitalization.