Primary Discipline Research Articles

Injury rates and risk-factors associated with eventing: a total cohort study of injury events among adult Swedish eventing athletes

The aim of this study was to examine injury events and risk-factors among Swedish adult eventing athletes. A cross-sectional study design with retrospective recording of 1-year sports-specific exposure and injury data was used. The invited study population consisted of all members of the Swedish Equestrian Federation with eventing as their primary discipline (n = 513). The participation rate was 70.0%. The total 1-year injury prevalence was 26.6%; the specific 1-year prevalence of traumatic injury was 19.3% and of overuse injury 10.9%. The incidence of traumatic injury events was 0.54 injury events/1000 eventing hours (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.35–0.73 injury events/1000 eventing hours) for novices and 0.35 injury events/1000 eventing hours for qualified riders (95% CI, 0.21–0.49 injury events/1000 eventing hours). A total of 27.9% of the traumatic injury events led to severe injuries (causing more than 3 weeks absence from riding). Attitude to risk-taking was the only factor predicting an athlete becoming injured (p = 0.023), and qualification level was the only risk factor for additional injuries among injured riders (p = 0.003). Our results suggest that injury prevention programs in eventing should also give attention to overuse injuries and that care should be taken when eventing athletes are licensed into higher qualification groups.

Preface: On the Eradication of Smallpox and the Beginning of a Public Health Career

When I was a medical student, there were few lectures on public health at our university and such was true at most. The focus was on the treatment of individual patients with limited regard for the problems of the community. But as time has passed, there has been increasing concern about the population as a whole and approaches that might be appropriate for prevention of both acute and chronic diseases, for containing the spread of infection and for fostering healthy lifestyles. Many disciplines are involved but epidemiology, being the primary discipline of public health, lends itself well to serving as a common platform in joining all the disciplinary fields. Such was the case with the smallpox eradication program. The lessons learned from this experience are very relevant to current and future issues in public health. This is undoubtedly the most exciting time in history to enter the field of public health—so much is changing and so many new opportunities are presenting as the importance of population-based public health is increasingly perceived by governments, universities, and the community as a whole. The experience of working on the eradication of smallpox was a major development in my career as it was for many colleagues who served with me. I am pleased to be able to share this experience with a new generation, which faces both enormous challenges and opportunities in disease control and health promotion.

Gerontechnology Education: Beyond the Barriers

Multidisciplinary education lets students break outside the sometimes narrow confines of their primary discipline. Washington State University is designing new classes in health-assistive technologies that provide crossover training and experience to effectively lead research on interdisciplinary challenges and transition scientific advances into real-world solutions.

Cooperation and competition in multidisciplinary optimization

This article aims to contribute to numerical strategies for PDE-constrained multiobjective optimization, with a particular emphasis on CPU-demanding computational applications in which the different criteria to be minimized (or reduced) originate from different physical disciplines that share the same set of design variables. Merits and shortcuts of the most-commonly used algorithms to identify, or approximate, the Pareto set are reviewed, prior to focusing on the approach by Nash games. A strategy is proposed for the treatment of two-discipline optimization problems in which one discipline, the primary discipline, is preponderant, or fragile. Then, it is recommended to identify, in a first step, the optimum of this discipline alone using the whole set of design variables. Then, an orthogonal basis is constructed based on the evaluation at convergence of the Hessian matrix of the primary criterion and constraint gradients. This basis is used to split the working design space into two supplementary subspaces to be assigned, in a second step, to two virtual players in competition in an adapted Nash game, devised to reduce a secondary criterion while causing the least degradation to the first. The formulation is proved to potentially provide a set of Nash equilibrium solutions originating from the original single-discipline optimum point by smooth continuation, thus introducing competition gradually. This approach is demonstrated over a testcase of aero-structural aircraft wing shape optimization, in which the eigen-split-based optimization reveals clearly superior. Thereafter, a result of convex analysis is established for a general unconstrained multiobjective problem in which all the gradients are assumed to be known. This results provides a descent direction common to all criteria, and adapting the classical steepest-descent algorithm by using this direction, a new algorithm is defined referred to as the multiple-gradient descent algorithm (MGDA). The MGDA realizes a phase of cooperative optimization yielding to a point on the Pareto set, at which a competitive optimization phase can possibly be launched on the basis of the local eigenstructure of the different Hessian matrices.

Cooperative research centers and faculty satisfaction: a multi-level predictive analysis

Cooperative research centers (CRCs) are an important part of the innovation landscape in the US and are likely to play an increasingly important role in the US’s emerging cooperative research-based innovation policy. However, in spite of considerable research on the technology transfer and economic development outcomes of CRCs, little empirical research has focused on the benefits and risks faculty may expose themselves to while participating in these partnership arrangements. Given these circumstances, this study attempted to address two questions: What outcomes do faculty experience from their participation in a CRC? To what extent is faculty satisfaction with their involvement in CRCs explained by variables at different levels of analysis? Questionnaire data were obtained from 275 faculty involved in federally-funded CRCs. Descriptive findings suggest participating faculty receive a mix of tangible and intangible benefits and few report negative consequences. Predictive analyses indicated faculty satisfaction is explained by variables operating at the organizational (university research funding), center (primary discipline) and individual-level (faculty benefits and symmetry with industry). Implications for future research and policy are discussed.

Managing Low Back Pain in the Primary Care Setting: The Know‐Do Gap

To ascertain knowledge gaps in the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic low back pain (LBP) in the primary care setting to prepare a scoping survey for identifying knowledge gaps in LBP management among Alberta's primary care practitioners, and to identify potential barriers to implementing a multidisciplinary LBP guideline. English language studies, published from 1996 to 2008, comparing the clinical practice patterns of primary care practitioners with guideline recommendations were identified by systematically searching literature databases, the websites of various health technology assessment agencies and libraries, and the Internet. Data were synthesized qualitatively. The literature search identified 14 relevant studies. Knowledge gaps were reported among various primary care practitioner groups in the assessment of red flags, use of diagnostic imaging, provision of advice regarding sick leave and continuing activity, administration of some medications (muscle relaxants, oral steroids and opioids) and recommendation of particular treatments (acupuncture, physiotherapy, spinal manipulation, traction, ultrasound, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and spinal mobilization). A know-do gap clearly exists among primary care practitioners with respect to the diagnosis and treatment of LBP. The information on know-do gaps will be used to construct a survey tool for unearthing the local knowledge gaps extant among Alberta's primary care practitioners, and to develop a dissemination strategy for a locally produced multidisciplinary LBP guideline, with the aim of ensuring that the know-do gaps inherent within each primary practice discipline are specifically targeted.

Qualified Statisticians in the European Pharma Industry: Present and Future Directions

An EFSPI Qualifications Working Party questionnaire was completed by the boards of 10 EFSPI-affiliated organizations. Questions concerned responsibilities, qualifications, training, continuing professional development (CPD), and professional certification of statisticians in the pharmaceutical industry. A master's degree in statistics was most frequently the minimum requirement for an entry-level statistician, although some companies would accept a qualification where statistics was not the primary discipline. Recent developments in statistics were considered optional for an entry-level statistician, which may suggest that the pharmaceutical statistical community is not in the best position to respond to the current changing environment. Development of statisticians by companies is well supported, although therapeutic area and personal development courses are less well supported. Smaller countries noted there were insufficient statistical courses in their country for training after formal qualification. Interpretation of the ICH E9 term qualified statistician was still inconsistent five years after EFSPI published a common core definition. No EFSPI organization planned to publish a CPD policy or implement a registration scheme.

A View From the Borderlands of Philosophical Bioethics and Empirical Social Science Research: How the ‘Is’ Can Inform the ‘Ought’

I speak from the borderlands of philosophical bioethics (my primary discipline) and empirical social science research (my secondary discipline). As such, I strongly agree with Kon's (2009) core the...

Church of the In-Between God: Recovering an Ecclesial Sense of Place Down-under

AbstractThis article examines the significance of ‘place’ as a theme in ecclesiology in the interests of developing an ecclesial sense of place within my own context of Australian Anglicanism. To talk about ecclesiology is to talk about place, about God’s place, about our placement in the world, about how and why our social life operates as it does, about what engenders optimal life enhancing community. From this perspective, place can be a critical concept through which theology, ecclesiology, mission and ministry can be organized and better understood. The primary discipline that has deployed the concept of place is geography. Accordingly, in this article, I consider the theme of place as it is discussed in professional geography and briefly examine some implications for being church and the Anglican Church in particular. This provides the framework for consideration of place within an Australian cultural and ecclesial context. In doing so, I examine the motif of verandah as a depiction of ecclesial place down-under. The key concept of the ‘in-between place’ to depict a post-colonial way of being church is deployed in order to recover an ecclesial sense of place down-under. Underpinning such an approach is the theological concept of the in-between God.

Billing for Co-treatment

Billing for Co-treatment

Forgetting Lot’s Wife: On Destructive Spectatorship , and: The Citizen Audience: Crowds, Publics, and Individuals (review)

Reviewed by: Forgetting Lot’s Wife: On Destructive Spectatorship, and: The Citizen Audience: Crowds, Publics, and Individuals Macelle Mahala Forgetting Lot’s Wife: on Destructive Spectatorship. By Martin Harries. New York: Fordham University Press, 2007; pp. x + 155. $70.00 cloth, $24.00 paper. The Citizen Audience: Crowds, Publics, and Individuals. By Richard Butsch. New York: Routledge, 2008; pp. ix + 186. $95.00 cloth, $27.95 paper. While using different methodological approaches focused on disparate source material, both Martin Harries and Richard Butsch examine the ways in which a performance medium situates the audience, both politically and personally. Both texts are wellwritten and of interest to scholars and students of performance studies, cultural studies, media studies, [End Page 683] and theatre history. Forgetting Lot’s Wife advances the field of performance studies by moving with fluency across the disciplinary borders of visual art, film, and theatre in ways that complicate understandings of works formally situated within one primary discipline. The Citizen Audience advances the field of media studies by pointing out the class-based assumptions and biases of many sociological studies focusing on the effects of media on audiences. Both authors discuss how audiences or spectators might disrupt or challenge their positioning as particular kinds of passive audiences, and it is for this reason that I look at these two books together as being complementary. In Forgetting Lot’s Wife, Harries uses performancestudies methodologies, particularly intertextual analyses of disparate art forms, to illuminate twentieth- and twenty-first-century performance practices that engage the concept of spectatorial destruction. Harries focuses on artworks (visual, performative, and filmic) that reference the biblical story of Lot’s wife as a place from which to imagine, caution, or fantasize about the destructive potentiality of witnessing disturbing events. For instance, in his chapter “Artaud, Spectatorship, and Catastrophe,” Harries begins with Artaud’s reactions to the sixteenth- century painting Lot and His Daughters (attributed to Dutch painter Lucas van Leyden) as a means to articulate and define the theatre of cruelty. Harries then juxtaposes this analysis with Artaud’s performance in the 1928 silent film The Passion of Joan of Arc. In both these works, the spectacle of destruction is based on religious narratives and is theorized as potentially purifying and liberating. Harries traces Artaud’s use of these works in service of creating a ritualized, sacred theatre in which both performer and spectator risk annihilation. The other particularly cogent chapter in this book is “Anselm Kiefer’s Lot’s Wife: Perspective and the Place of the Spectator.” In this chapter, Harries explores the application and relevance of the salient theme from the biblical narrative of Lot’s wife— —witnessing the destruction of cities—to Kiefer’s work. Kiefer’s desolate “landscape” paintings Lilith (1987–89) and Lot’s Wife (1989) specifically reference biblical narratives. Harries suggests that the formal elements of these paintings place the spectator in the position of the destroyer in the case of Lilith, and the destroyed in the case of Lot’s Wife, while at the same time eliding differences between the landscape itself and the observer of it. Harries points to Kiefer’s witnessing the slums and urban decay of Rio de Janeiro from the air as the impetus/ inspiration for the creation of his painting Lilith, and his adoption of an aerial perspective for works referencing the fire-bombing of German cities during World War II as further support for his thesis that Kiefer’s use of perspective was potentially destructive. Interspersed with his analyses of Kiefer’s work, Harries includes poems, fiction, and personal narratives regarding witnessing the destruction of Dresden (Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut and “After Nature” by W. G. Sebald, among others) as well as trauma theory from the field of psychology as counter-texts framing and informing his analysis of the unique place of Kiefer’s work among other works focusing on the same historical content. In his epilogue, “Coda: Lot’s Wife on September 11, 2001,” Harries questions the social authority given to witnesses of destructive events as a kind of unethical standing in for the dead. Harries recounts his personal reaction to witnessing the destruction of the World Trade Center, and then details...

Implementation and Impact of a Translational Research Training Program in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine

The translation of basic research advances to the clinical arena has been slow and inefficient. With the goal of improving interactions and collaboration between basic science and clinical investigators, we instituted a Translational Research Training Program (TRTP) in acute lung injury to complement our basic science and clinical research training programs in pulmonary and critical care medicine. We developed a TRTP in which trainees select a primary research discipline for rigorous development of skills in either basic science research or clinical research. This primary foundation is complemented by cross-training in the other discipline through a specifically designed program of study. To measure the impact of the program, we analyzed publication rates, coauthorship to reflect collaboration between research disciplines, and publication of papers with a translational focus by members of our division before and after the institution of the TRTP. We describe our new training program, including modifications to our preexisting program and development of new components. We found significant increases in multidisciplinary authorship and translational articles following institution of TRTP. An explicit TRTP appears to increase collaboration between basic and clinical investigators. Our goal is to share our experiences and provide a template for other pulmonary and critical care programs interested in developing similar curricula. We speculate that this training will improve the translation of basic research findings into clinical advances, thus increasing the probability that successful treatments will be developed for patients with lung diseases.

How Important is Research-Based Practice to Chiropractors and Massage Therapists?

Objective This study evaluated the perceptions of research, frequency of use of research findings in practice, and the level of research skills of chiropractors and massage therapists in Canada. Predictors of application of research findings in clinical practice were also explored. Methods A survey was mailed to members of the College of Chiropractors of Alberta (n = 833) and the Massage Therapist Association of Alberta (n = 650). Univariate and logistic regression analysis were conducted with SPSS and Stata. Results A total of 483 questionnaires were returned (response rate, 32.6%). Chiropractors and massage therapists reported an overall positive perception toward research, acknowledging the importance of research to validate their practice. Although both groups felt comfortable using the library, they had little confidence in their research skills and overall application of research in practice was limited. Significant differences were found between the 2 professional groups, with chiropractors reporting more research skills and evidence-based practice. Primary discipline, frequent referral to peer-reviewed journals, and strong agreement with the statement that “research adds credibility to my discipline” were predictors of research application in practice. Conclusion It appears that in Canada neither chiropractors nor massage therapists consistently apply research in practice, which may result from a lack of research education and research skills. The differences between the 2 professional groups may be attributed to the chiropractic profession's relatively more research-focused professional training. Strategies to encourage greater research uptake and evidence-based behavior by practitioners include professional association incentives, such as education credits or practitioner cooperatives that would provide time and support for research.

Research in information systems in China (1999–2005) and international comparisons

The purpose of this study is to review the research activities in information systems (IS) in the mainland of China. We reviewed and analyzed a total of 859 research papers in information systems published in 18 leading academic journals in business and management in the mainland from 1999 to 2005. Applying the content analysis method, we first categorized the papers by their reference disciplines, research topics, research methods, and the units of analysis. The data were then compared with the results of similar Western studies. Results show that, among the published IS research papers in the mainland of China, IS research itself represents the primary theoretical reference discipline; organizational and system/software issues are the main topics of the focus; non-empirical studies were the dominant research method; and the majority of studies were conducted at the organizational and/or system level. Compared with the West, IS research in China demonstrates its own characteristics in theoretical foundations, research focuses, and research methods, and there are a number of areas that need to be improved.

On an Engineering Use of Engineering History

This is a tale of how writing about the engineering past is benefiting the engineering present. Our story is not of the familiar kind, however, in which knowledge of the past failure or success of a particular device has influenced later, related designs. Instead, we deal here with a general methodology from the history of one engineering field and its fruitful application to presentday research and design in another, very different field. The field of application human-computer interaction is the primary discipline supporting the design of computer-based artifacts that people use directly, such as websites, computer games, mobile phones, electronic notebooks, and other interactive programs and devices. Like many fields of engineering in their early years, it has been feeling its way as an area of activity. Because advances in information technology have been so rapid and new applications have emerged with such regularity, no overall research or design methodologies have become established a situation rarely apparent to those who enter the field. This was certainly true of one of the coauthors of this tale, William Newman, an engineer and computer scientist who went to work in the Xerox laboratory in Cambridge, England, in 1988. Confronted with design choices in his work on novel user interfaces, he sought help in journals and conference proceedings devoted to human-computer interaction, but rarely found it. It gradually dawned on him that there was no coherent view

The Sociology of Globalization

Although the word ‘globalization’ is widely used, its sociological meaning needs clarification. The aim of this article is to achieve that, while returning to the basic premise that sociology is the primary discipline that charts changes within the world-society. Two typical subjects for the sociology of globalization can be distinguished: defining what is ‘global’ at first sight and the identification of similar changes in (almost) all countries. However, can national-born concepts help to explain these subjects? This is debated by considering the sociology of social movements (Touraine) and the sociology of the elite (Aron and Rocher) to explain power in the study of alterglobalist movements. The authors conclude that in order to understand world metamorphosis, there is an urgency to make available accurate and reliable data and match universally recognized definitions. Both of these suggestions bring us to the broader yet fundamental issue of the specific principles required within the social sciences.

Research vessels: Underutilized assets for climate observations

Sustained, global observations of the ocean and atmosphere, which are coordinated by the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) and the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), include various international and national mooring networks, Argo floats, surface drifters, and measurements from satellites, volunteer observing ships (VOSs),and research vessels (R/Vs).These sustained measurements have to some extent drawn attention away from the role of R/Vs in collecting global observations, yet R/Vs' global coverage and onboard technical support make them uniquely valuable to climate observing no matter what the primary scientific discipline is for any particular cruise.Remarkably, there is no systematic compilation of global R/V tracks. This article presents documentation of R/V coverage for 1997 using the positions of about 80,000 individual meteorological reports (Figure 1) from 154 oceangoing R/Vs. If 1997 is typical, then each year R/Vs cover almost the entire globe and thus have great value since their missions often take them far from commercial shipping routes. A University of Delaware database (http://www.researchvessels.org/) shows 60 R/Vs capable of working across entire ocean basins (≥50‐meter length and 30‐day endurance).

Analog Days: The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer (review)

MUSIC TECHNOLOGIES AND RECORDING Analog Days: The Invention and Impact of the Synthesizer. By Trevor Pinch and Frank Trocco. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002. [xv, 368 p. ISBN 0-674-00889-8 (pbk.)] Index, bibliography, illustrations, discography, glossary. In 1954, nineteen-year-old Robert founded a small company to facilitate the manufacturing and selling of Theremins and Theremin kits. As detailed in Analog Days: The Invention and Impact of the Synthesizer by Trevor Pinch and Frank Trocco, this was but a first small step in a journey that would eventually make the Moog perhaps the single-most identifiable brand name in synthesizers. The 2002 publication of this book is timed nicely to correspond with the recent flurry of activities leading up to the fiftieth anniversary celebration of die 1954 founding of the R. A. Company. These include the 2002 award of a special Technical Grammy award to Moog, the 2004 release of director Hans Fjellestad's documentary (Brooklyn, NY: Plexigroup, 2005, on DVD), and the 2004 and 2005 Moogfest concerts. The book joins several others published in the last fifteen years that focus on electroacoustic music history, and more specifically, electronic music instruments and their developers. These books include Reynold Weidenaar's Magic Music from the Telharmonium (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1995), Albert Glinsky's Theremin: Ether Music and Espionage (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000), and Gayle Young's biography of Hugh Le Caine, The Sackbut Slues (Ottawa: National Museum of Science and Technology, 1989). Analog Days will undoubtedly (and deservedly) join these books on the shelves in many public, academic and home libraries, but its approach to the subject matter is quite different from its peers. In addition to dealing with more recent years (mostly between 1960 and 1975), a significant difference is that the authors' primary discipline is the relatively new interdisciplinary field of science and technology studies, rather than music. The authors describe this area as the study of sets of practices, discourses, and material artifacts that have evolved over human history and that can take on new forms in different social, cultural, and historical context (p. 10). The book examines all aspects of early commercial analog synthesizers, their developers and users (musicians/engineers), works created, the public's changing reception of synthesizers, and finally the marketing professionals and sales people. As a result, the book crosses over with, and frequently cites, Paul Theberge's study of music technology in the twentieth century, Any Sound Can Imagine: Making Music/Consuming Technology (Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press; University Press of New England, 1997). Although Pinch's early encounters with synthesizers was the EMS VCS^sub 3^ and later his own home-built modules, a position at Cornell University placed him at Moog's alma mater, just down the road from the original factory in Trumansburg, New York. This provided the impetus to begin research that would lead to this book. Over the course of four years, Pinch and Trocco, who joined the project in 1996, compiled an extensive collection of interviews with many of the engineers, composers, musicians, and sales people involved with early development of voltagecontrolled analog synthesizers. The book draws heavily from these interviews, with almost every page including extensive quotes. Readers learn of the development and marketing of commercial voltage-controlled analog synthesizers as told through an insider's insights into and reflection on the time and events. When describing the first sale of a modular synthesizer to choreographer Alwin Nikolais, the authors quote Moog's reaction: You know it just happened. It [was like] in these amusement parks where you're sort of going down and you're not quite in control (pp. 29-31). Although the synthesizer is the important character, the book's focus extends well beyond this, tracing the development of commercial analog voltagecontrolled synthesizers in the 1960s and early 1970s. …

PRAYERFUL TEACHING IN HIGHER EDUCATION: A SURVEY OF THEMES

Prayer is a primary spiritual discipline for Christians. Nonetheless, few contemporary scholarly discussions have ventured into exploring the role of prayer in college teaching. This paper extends the conversation by reviving three themes in writings about prayer and academics and making application of those themes to teaching and learning today.

The bottom line for U.S. life scientists.

Although physicists, chemists, and engineers have long had their own salary surveys, no one until recently has tried to keep tabs on the sprawling biological research community. This summer the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), which publishes Science , filled that gap with the first-ever salary survey of its 70,000 life sciences members in the United States. Members whose primary discipline is a life science make up 65% of the total U.S. AAAS membership. In addition to polling them on their level of compensation, the survey asked a series of questions about their jobs, their careers, and what guidance would be most helpful to the next generation of scientists. The questionnaire was developed by the AAAS membership office in consultation with other AAAS staff members, salary survey experts, and Shugoll Research of Bethesda, Maryland. It was mailed in June to a sample of 19,000 members, including those with no discipline listed in the AAAS files. The population was limited to those 80 years or younger who are still active professionally. Some 8692 people completed the six-page questionnaire, including 3556 who responded electronically, for a response rate of 46%. ![Figure][1] Where life scientists work. Academics make up 61% of the respondent population; one-third of all respondents work at medical schools, hospitals, or independent medical labs. (Figure 1) ILLUSTRATION: TERRY E. SMITH The answers, processed by ReData Inc. of Bethesda and analyzed by Shugoll, yield a wealth of information about how scientists view themselves and their duties as educators, researchers, and life sciences professionals. Although the data remain confidential, some respondents graciously agreed to be interviewed about the survey. We offer capsule descriptions of nine such scientists. We invite your comments and suggestions on additional topics to be covered, as we plan to repeat this survey. A publically available electronic version of these pages is posted on the Science Careers site ( ); postdoc issues related to the survey are discussed on Science 's Next Wave ([nextwave.sciencemag.org][2]); and a complete, searchable database is available free to members at a new AAAS Web site, AAASMember.org. [1]: pending:yes [2]: http://nextwave.sciencemag.org/