Primary Control Research Articles

Typical causes and clinical presentations of traumatic and nontraumatic soft tissue and organ haemorrhage in emergency departments

Acute bleeding often occurs in awide variety of forms in clinical emergency medicine. In traumatic bleeding, soft tissue injuries to the head or extremities are common, while severe bleeding is less common in chest injuries or pelvic trauma. In nontraumatic emergencies, gastrointestinal bleeding is the leading cause, but many other bleeding entities are possible. Structured management helps to detect the critically ill patient, identify the possible source of bleeding and provide appropriate radiological diagnostics and therapy. Clinical examination, blood gas analyses and emergency ultrasound are crucial in the initial phase of diagnosis. Initially, symptomatic therapy is usually indicated to stabilize the patient, and then interventional or surgical care is indicated in the course of the disease, depending on the location of the bleeding. Volume and catecholamine therapy, coagulation management and emergency transfusion are important components of interdisciplinary emergency care, in addition to primary bleeding control, especially in the case of open injuries.

Dose-Related Effects and Bleeding Risk of Ketorolac in Pediatric Tonsillectomy.

To investigate the safety and effectiveness of dose-related ketorolac administration in children who underwent tonsillectomy. Data sourced from PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases, encompassing literature from their inception until June 2024. The perioperative administration of ketorolac in comparison with a control group was included in this analysis. The outcomes assessed were postoperative pain levels; utilization patterns of analgesic medication in terms of quantity and frequency; and the incidence rates of postoperative nausea, vomiting, and bleeding. Eighteen studies with 11,729 patients that investigated. The ketorolac treatment group with postoperative bleeding had a higher incidence of primary bleeding (significant bleeding and operative bleeding control) compared to the control group. However, ketorolac treatment did not affect the risk of secondary bleeding. Subgroup analysis showed that 0.9 to 1 mg/kg of ketorolac significantly increases primary operative control (odds ratio [OR] = 4.0700 [1.6352; 10.1302]; I2 = 0.0%) and primary significant bleeding (OR = 2.3200 [1.1322; 4.7538]; I2 = 0.0%). On the other hand, 0.5 mg/kg ketorolac did not show any influence on primary operative control. The administration of ketorolac (both 0.9-1 and 0.5 mg/kg) led to a significant decrease in postoperative pain (2-24 hours), nausea, and vomiting compared to the control group. Low-dose (0.5 mg/kg) ketorolac administration to children could significantly reduce the risk of primary significant bleeding and surgical hemostasis compared to high-dose administration (0.9-1.0 mg/kg). In addition, low-dose ketorolac administration could provide sufficient pain control and reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting.

Airborne lidar intensity correction for mapping snow cover extent and effective grain size in mountainous terrain

ABSTRACT Differentially mapping snow depth in mountain watersheds from airborne laser altimetry is a valuable hydrologic technique that has seen an expanded use in recent years. Additionally, lidar systems also record the strength of the returned light pulse (i.e. intensity), which can be used to characterize snow surface properties. For near-infrared lidar systems, return intensity is relatively high over snow and inversely related to the effective grain size, a primary control on snow albedo. Raw intensity is also sensitive to laser range and incidence angle, however, and requires a correction for snow property retrieval that is especially pertinent in mountainous terrain. Here, we describe a workflow to correct the intensity using the plane trajectory, lidar scan angle, and lidar-derived topography. As a proof of concept for snow retrievals, we apply the workflow to an airborne 1064 nm lidar flight over a snow-covered mountain basin in the Colorado Rockies. Corrected intensity was empirically related to reflectance before delineating snow extent and retrieving grain size. Relative to the traditional snow classification derived from optical imagery, the lidar-derived snow extent covered 5.4% more area due to the fine resolution point cloud and absence of shadows common in optical imagery. The lidar-derived grain size retrievals had a MAE of 32 µm compared to those from field spectroscopy, which translated to a 1% error in snow albedo. We found high incidence angles yielded an overcorrection in intensity that introduced a high bias in the grain size distribution and, therefore, suggest using an incidence angle threshold (40°). Developing methods specifically for quantitative snow surface property retrievals from lidar intensity is timely and relevant as aerial lidar is increasingly being used to map snow depth for hydrologic and cryospheric studies.

EPCO-08. EPIGENETIC THERAPY POTENTIATES TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT TRANSCRIPTION TO CREATE TUMOR-ENRICHED ANTIGENS IN GLIOBLASTOMA

Abstract Epigenetic treatment has been studied as a means to augment anti-tumor immune cell activity by increasing the expression of antiviral response genes. Previous studies, including our own, have revealed an additional consequence of epigenetic treatment: reactivation of transposable elements (TEs). Normally, most TEs are epigenetically repressed in healthy somatic tissues. However, epigenetic treatment can reactivate TEs as previously unannotated promoters, particularly in rapidly proliferating cells. These reactivated TEs could generate unique proteins that may act as novel antigens for immunotherapy. To study epigenetic treatment as a novel method to augment immunotherapy in cancers with a low number of somatic mutation-derived antigens, we chose glioblastoma as a model. Specifically, we investigated if drug-induced TE expression increases the antigen repertoire upon combinatorial treatment with DNMT inhibitor (Decitabine) and HDAC inhibitor (Panobinostat), agents currently being tested for clinical use in cancers, including CNS tumors. Using patient-derived primary glioblastoma stem cell (GSC) lines and control cell lines (astrocytes and fibroblasts), we first profiled treatment-induced changes in the epigenetic landscape using WGBS-seq and ATAC-seq. Then, using nanoCAGE-seq, both short-read and long-read RNA-seq, we identified treatment-induced, TE-derived transcripts that are predominantly expressed in glioblastoma cells along with upregulation of antiviral gene programs. Finally, using LC-MS/MS, we validated that tumor-enriched reactivated TEs, which mostly originate from the LTR class, encode HLA-I presented antigens in primary GSCs. Notably, epigenetic therapy also reactivated many TEs in proliferating control cell lines, and thus we provide evidence that targeted approaches like CRISPRa might reduce the side effects of activating nonspecific TE loci. Overall, our findings suggest that the therapeutic utilization of epigenetic treatment-induced, TE-derived antigens holds great promise but also provides a cautionary tale regarding the careful selection of tumor-enriched antigen targets.

Wheat Leaf Rust, Caused by Puccinia triticina , and Mitigation Through Host Genetic Resistance

Abstract The obligate fungal pathogen Puccinia triticina causes leaf rust symptoms on wheat worldwide. Epidemics of leaf rust occur during periods of mild weather with high relative humidity. The pathogen infects leaves, causing orange to red pustules, containing millions of urediniospores, reducing the photosynthetic area and causing desiccation and yield loss. Wind-borne urediniospores are produced in continuous asexual cycles on wheat plants. Genetic resistance is the primary control strategy. There are over 80 known leaf rust ( Lr ) resistance genes, and most are race-specific and are active from the seedling stage to maturity. A few Lr genes are nonrace-specific and confer partial resistance to leaf rust and other diseases at the adult plant stage. Combining Lr genes that confer seedling and adult plant resistance has been particularly successful and durable. Pathogen populations are genetically diverse, and races evolve continuously to evade recognition by Lr genes. This results in boom-and-bust cycles when new cultivars with race-specific Lr genes are resistant for some years, but become susceptible, due to evolution of the P. triticina population. Surveillance of P. triticina for the evolution of races helps to develop wheat cultivars with Lr genes that will be resistant to the most prevalent races. Information © The Authors 2024

Operation status monitoring for 500 kV DC circuit breaker with internal failures and relative backup fault isolation schemes

As the primary protection and control device in direct current (DC) power systems, DC circuit breakers (DCBs) have complex structures and numerous components, making it prone to diversified internal failures. This paper explores an operation status monitoring method for DCBs, and relative backup fault isolation schemes and system recovery schemes are proposed to handle cases of DCBs with different internal failures. Contributions of this paper are: (1) An operation status monitoring method is proposed to reflect the failure degrees of DCB, categorizing the statuses of DCB into status-1 (normal), status-2 (minor failure) and status-3 (major failure). (2) According to the failure degrees of DCB, relative backup fault isolation and system recovery schemes are proposed to ensure the fault isolation scope is as small as possible and the system could recovery as fast as possible. Simulations are conducted in PSCAD/EMTDC for validation.

Adaptive Virtual Synchronous Generator Control Strategy Based on Frequency Integral Compensation

With the increasing proportion of power electronic equipment in the power system, improving the inertia and damping characteristics of the system through virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control technology has become a hot research topic. In terms of adjusting the output frequency, traditional primary frequency modulation control cannot ensure that the output frequency is maintained within the safe operating range when the load disturbance is large, so secondary frequency modulation with the integral link is usually adopted. However, the fixed integral coefficient cannot solve the contradiction between system regulation time and frequency oscillation. In this paper, a strategy of coordinated adaptive control based on the integral coefficient, moment of inertia, and damping coefficient is proposed. According to the offset of frequency and the change rate of the frequency offset, the value of parameters is determined, and the specific parameter setting method is determined. Finally, the correctness of the proposed control strategy is verified on a simulation platform and a semi-physical experimental platform.

A Two-Stage Online Inertia Estimation: Identification of Primary Frequency Control Parameters and Regression-Based Inertia Tracking

In recent years, power system inertia has significantly decreased and has become more variable due to the massive integration of converter-interfaced renewable energy sources. Real-time awareness of the inertia present in the system is essential for operators to take preventive actions and mitigate potential instability risks. Online inertia tracking methods based on field data have been used to accomplish this task. However, most existing methods are disturbance-based and few have proven effective under normal operating conditions. In addition, some methods require prior knowledge of the primary frequency control dynamics, which are usually unknown, especially in presence of power converters. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes a two-stage online inertia estimation method. The first stage estimates the primary frequency control parameters. The second stage uses a regression-based approach to track the inertia in real time. A sensitivity analysis of the parameters of the regression model is used to determine the conditions under which the primary frequency control parameters must be updated. The performance of the method is validated using the IEEE 39-bus benchmark network under normal operating conditions and under the occurrence of large disturbances. The algorithm is also tested in the presence of converter-interfaced sources controlled in both grid-following and grid-forming modes. Real-time tests validate the applicability of the method.

The Clearing Strategy of Primary Frequency Control Ancillary Services Market from the Point of View ISO in the Presence of Synchronous Generations and Virtual Power Plants Based on Responsive Loads

Since the increase in penetration of renewable energy sources connected to the system reduces the inertia of power systems, the penetration of these sources leads to increase in the requirements of primary frequency control (PFC) services. Fortunately, with the expansion of network intelligence platforms, responsive loads (RL) can be effectively useful in ancillary services in the near future and can be used like traditional power plants. Since these equipment have a high rate of change of status, if they are visible in the market by aggregating (with virtual power plant (VPP)), they can compete with synchronous generations (SG). Because the response speed of the participants in the market can affect the decision independent system operator (ISO) in determining the winning units, therefore in this article, we have proposed a market framework to create competition between SGs and VPPs in providing ancillary services. In the proposed framework, ISO minimizes the weighted sum of power purchase costs from VPPs and SGs. The proposed weighting coefficients express the response speed of each unit. In fact, the desired objective function is affected by two terms, cost and speed. The presented model has been simulated on a test system including four SGs units and one VPP unit in matrix laboratory (MATLAB) software and checked under five different scenarios. The comparison of the obtained results indicates an increase in the possibility of accepting units with a smaller weighting factor and a higher response speed (the meaning of accepting units are market players, i.e. SGs and VPPs).

Screens for mutants defective in UapA trafficking highlight the importance of ER-exit as a primary control point in transporter biogenesis

Most transmembrane membrane proteins are thought to traffic to the plasma membrane (PM) via the conventional secretory pathway through sorting from the Golgi. However, our recent work has shown that in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans several nutrient transporters and other major membrane proteins traffic to the PM via Golgi-bypass and independently of known post-Golgi secretory mechanisms. Here in an effort to dissect the molecular mechanism underlying membrane cargo trafficking via Golgi-bypass we design and use unbiased genetic screens, based on the UapA uric acid-xanthine transporter, which allowed the isolation of mutants defective in UapA translocation to the plasma membrane. Analyses of these mutants highlight the importance of ER-exit as the primary control point in transporter trafficking via Golgi-bypass. Most mutants isolated concerned mutations within the uapA gene, albeit we also obtained uapA extragenetic mutants affecting secretion and growth pleiotropically or leading or apparent activation of an efflux transporter related to purine-detoxification. Our work paves the way to use genetic approaches targeting specifically trafficking mutations affecting Golgi-bypass.

Radiation-induced morphea of the breast – characterization and treatment of fibroblast dysfunction with repurposed mesalazine

Radiation-induced morphea (RIM) is a rare complication of radiotherapy presenting as inflammatory fibrosis, most commonly reported in breast cancer patients. As underlying disease mechanisms are not well understood, targeted therapies are lacking. Since fibroblasts are the key mediators of all fibroproliferative diseases, this study aimed to characterize patient-derived fibroblasts to identify therapeutic targets. We studied primary human control and RIM-fibroblasts on a functional and molecular basis, analyzed peripheral blood and tissue samples and conducted, based on our findings, a treatment attempt in one patient. In RIM, we identified a distinct myofibroblast phenotype reflected by increased alpha-smooth-muscle-actin (αSMA) expression, reduced proliferation and migration rates, and overexpression of osteopontin (OPN). Our RNA sequencing identified aberrant Myc activation as a potential disease driver in RIM fibroblasts, similar to previous findings in systemic sclerosis. Treatment with the anti-inflammatory drug mesalazine reversed the myofibroblast phenotype by targeting Myc. Based on these findings, a patient with RIM was successfully treated with mesalazine, resulting in reduced inflammation and pain and tissue softening, while serum OPN was halved. The present study provides a comprehensive characterization of RIM fibroblasts, suggests a disease-driving role for Myc, demonstrates promising antifibrotic effects of mesalazine and proposes OPN as a biomarker for RIM.

Bending/force switching control of pneumatic soft actuator based on multi-sensor fusion

Abstract The soft actuator has unlimited freedom, and can realize the grasping of irregular or fragile objects. A pneumatic soft actuator is designed in this paper, which consists of a series of symmetrically distributed pneumatic chambers. The soft actuator consists of a top expansion layer composed of 20 chambers and a bottom restraint layer. The Yeoh model and the finite element method (FEM) were employed to analyze the bending of the soft actuator. To improve the tracking performance, a PID strategy of the endocrine system (ES-PID) based on the neuroendocrine thyroid hormone regulation mechanism was constructed to tune the bending deformation. To achieve steady and precise force control, a bending/force switching control algorithm based on multi-sensor fusion is designed to realize high control accuracy. The bending/force switching control strategy mainly consists of two feedback loops for bending control, a force control, and a switching control. In the experimental process, the bending control is the primary control, and the force control is the primary control when the switching condition is satisfied. In order to prevent the occurrence of a false switching action, a switching factor is constructed using the method of successive comparison of neighboring values. Finally, several experiments are carried out to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the control algorithm.

Ground beetle trophic interactions alter available nitrogen in forest soil

It is generally held that microbes exert primary control over nitrogen availability in temperate forests. Yet the role of soil and litter‐dwelling invertebrates to provide additional control via the breakdown of organic matter is an area of current exploration. Through trophic interactions within soil food webs, predators may indirectly affect prey with cascading effects on litter breakdown and nitrogen availability. The importance of these interactions, however, may be context‐dependent, varying with the stage of forest development and associated decomposer species composition given that young and old forests have vast differences in nitrogen availability, vegetation litter, soil properties and invertebrate functional groups. We examined ground beetle control over soil nitrogen and soil properties using a 68‐day mesocosm experiment that manipulated trophic structure (omnivore + predator beetles, predator beetles, and no beetles) in a young and old forest stand in the northeastern United States. In the young forest, net nitrogen mineralization decreased under predator + omnivore and the bulk soil C:N ratio in the old forest. However, we found no response in either forest context to the predator only treatment. Our study demonstrates the potential for ground beetles to strongly impact nitrogen availability and soil properties in forest ecosystems. Therefore, animal trophic interactions and their contexts must be included in our paradigm of nutrient cycles in temperate forests.

An observational analysis of the impact of deltamethrin + piperonyl butoxide insecticide-treated nets on malaria case incidence and entomological indicators in Ebonyi State, Nigeria, 2017–2021

BackgroundIntense pyrethroid resistance threatens the effectiveness of the primary vector control intervention, insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), in Nigeria, the country with the largest malaria burden globally. In this study, the epidemiological and entomological impact of a new type of ITN (piperonyl-butoxide [PBO] ITNs) distributed in Ebonyi State were evaluated. The epidemiological impact was also compared to the impact of standard pyrethroid-only ITNs in Cross River State.MethodsA controlled interrupted time series analysis was conducted on monthly malaria incidence data collected at the health facility level, using a multilevel mixed-effects negative binomial model. Data were analysed two years before and after the PBO ITN campaign in Ebonyi State (December 2017 to November 2021). A pre-post analysis, with no comparison group, was used to assess the impact of PBO ITNs on human biting rates and indoor resting density in Ebonyi during the high transmission season immediately before and after the PBO ITN campaign.ResultsIn Ebonyi, PBO ITNs were associated with a 46.7% decrease (95%CI: -51.5, -40.8%; p < 0.001) in malaria case incidence in the 2 years after the PBO ITN distribution compared to a modelled scenario of no ITNs distributed, with a significant decrease from 269.6 predicted cases per 1000 population to 143.6. In Cross River, there was a significant 28.6% increase (95%CI: -10.4, 49.1%; p < 0.001) in malaria case incidence following the standard ITN distribution, with an increase from 71.2 predicted cases per 1000 population to 91.6. In Ebonyi, the human biting rate was 72% lower (IRR: 0.28; 95%CI 0.21, 0.39; p < 0.001) and indoor resting density was 73% lower (IRR: 0.27; 95%CI 0.21, 0.35; p < 0.001) after the PBO ITNs were distributed.ConclusionsThe epidemiological and entomological impact of the PBO ITNs underscore the impact of these ITNs in areas with confirmed pyrethroid resistance. These findings contribute to ongoing research on the impact of new types of ITNs in Nigeria, providing critical evidence for the Nigeria National Malaria Elimination Programme and other countries for future ITN procurement decisions as part of mass ITN campaign planning and malaria programming.

Experimental investigation on wind loads and wind-induced responses of large-span flexible photovoltaic support structure

Flexible photovoltaic (PV) support structure offers benefits such as low construction costs, large span length, high clearance, and high adaptability to complex terrains. However, due to the high flexibility and low damping of the cable system, wind load becomes the primary control factor for structural safety and the key consideration in the design. In this study, a 45 m span flexible PV support structure with 3 spans and 12 rows was designed. The wind loads on PV panels were obtained by wind tunnel tests on a rigid model and the wind-induced responses were investigated by wind tunnel tests on an aeroelastic model. The shielding effects and tilt angle of PV modules on the wind load and wind-induced vibration of the flexible PV support were studied. The experimental results show that in the rigid model wind tunnel test, the wind pressure on the surface of PV modules exhibits a gradient distribution along the direction of wind flow, with symmetric distribution along the mid span. With the increase in the tilt angle of the PV module, the shielding effect becomes significant and the most pronounced shielding effect on the mean wind pressure coefficient occurs in the second row of the windward zone. In aeroelastic model wind tunnel tests, the mean vertical displacement of the flexible PV support structure increases with the increase of wind speed and tilt angle of PV modules. Due to the wind-resistant anchor cables set in both the windward and leeward zones, the vibration amplitude near the edge rows is significantly smaller than that of the middle rows when the structure is subjected to wind suction. When the flexible PV support structure is subjected to wind pressure, the maximum mean vertical displacement occurs in the first rows at high wind speeds. The shielding effect has a noticeable impact on the wind-induced response of the leeward zone at α = 20° under wind pressure, resulting in the decrease of amplitude vibration by approximately 53 %. The wind vibration coefficients in different zones under the wind pressure or wind suction are mostly between 2.0 and 2.15. Compared with the experimental results, the current Chinese national standards are relatively conservative in the equivalent static wind loads of flexible PV support structure.

Rapid phase current sampling in a permanent magnet synchronous motor servo system utilizing flexible memory controller bus

Background The permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) servo system, integral to robots and other high-precision motion control applications, has its performance directly influenced by the current loop in the PMSM servo system. Though the theoretical adjustment time of the current loop can approach the electrical time constant of PMSM in order of magnitude, constraints such as control frequency make the adjustment time significantly larger than this theoretical limit. Methods This paper introduces a PMSM servo system using a flexible memory controller (FMC) bus for rapid phase current sampling. It leverages an independent current sampling module, equipped with an external analog-to-digital (AD) conversion chip for precise sampling of the output phase current of the PMSM. The sampling precision is 16-bit with a range of 0-3V. The sampled signal is preprocessed by a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), with the phase current data finally transmitted to the primary control chip through the FMC bus. Results By implementing this rapid current sampling architecture, we have successfully reduced the current sampling time by 95.4% while maintaining sampling accuracy. This scheme also substantially shortens the microcontroller unit’s (MCU) interrupt response time, potentially enhancing the current loop's control frequency, ultimately increasing the current loop bandwidth to 20kHz. Conclusions In conclusion, the proposed PMSM servo system with rapid current sampling significantly enhances the performance of the current loop. This advancement in sampling efficiency and control frequency offers substantial improvements for high-precision motion control applications, making it a valuable contribution to the field.

Revealing Goal-Directed Neural Control of the Pharyngeal Phase of Swallowing.

Swallowing is considered a three-phase mechanism involving the oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases. The pharyngeal phase relies on highly coordinated movements in the pharynx and larynx to move food through the aerodigestive crossing. While the brainstem has been identified as the primary control center for the pharyngeal phase of swallowing, existing evidence suggests that the higher brain regions can contribute to controlling the pharyngeal phase of swallowing to match the motor response to the current context and task at hand. This suggests that the pharyngeal phase of swallowing cannot be exclusively reflexive or voluntary but can be regulated by the two neural controlling systems, goal-directed and non-goal-directed. This capability allows the pharyngeal phase of swallowing to adjust appropriately based on cognitive input, learned knowledge, and predictions. This paper reviews existing evidence and accordingly develops a novel perspective to explain these capabilities of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. This paper aims (1) to integrate and comprehend the neurophysiological mechanisms involved in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing, (2) to explore the reflexive (non-goal-directed) and voluntary (goal-directed) neural systems of controlling the pharyngeal phase of swallowing, (3) to provide a clinical translation regarding the pathologies of these two systems, and (4) to highlight the existing gaps in this area that require attention in future research. This paper, in particular, aims to explore the complex neurophysiology of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing, as its breakdown can lead to serious consequences such as aspiration pneumonia or death.

Efficient power management strategies for AC/DC microgrids with multiple voltage buses for sustainable renewable energy integration

This study proposes a distinct coordination control and power management approach for hybrid residential microgrids (MGs). The method enhances the feasibility of hybrid MGs by reducing power loss on ILBCs. The MG has been modeled with solar and wind generators. The MG comprises multiple direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) sub-microgrids (SMGs) with varying voltage levels. The coordination control and power management strategies for autonomous hybrid MGs with primary and secondary control levels. A novel technique is proposed to ensure seamless and precise power transfer among SMGs while minimizing the constant operation of ILBCs in islanded mode, with a focus on the secondary control level. The study uses MATLAB/Simulink to analyze on-grid, off-grid, and transient mode power transfer among MG. The MG has been operative during transient/faulty conditions. The results indicate that the proposed method demonstrates excellent adaptability in managing power flow.

Decentralized Goal-Function-Based Microgrid Primary Control with Voltage Harmonics Compensation

Decentralized Goal-Function-Based Microgrid Primary Control with Voltage Harmonics Compensation

Analysis of short- and long-term controls on the variability of event-based runoff coefficient

Study regionThis study focuses on the Ohio Region, which spans 11 states in the eastern United States. Study focusRunoff coefficients are crucial in hydrology, indicating the relationship between rainfall and runoff. Understanding their controls and variability is essential for water resource assessment, management strategies, and land use planning. This research examines factors influencing runoff coefficients and their trends in the Ohio region using data from the North American Land Data Assimilation System phase-2 (NLDAS-2) Mosaic Land Surface Model, covering 2000–2020. The analysis considers short-term controls, such as climatic features (rainfall intensity, amount, and duration), hydrological factors (antecedent soil moisture, drainage density, and curve number), topographic factors (drainage area, land use, slope, elevation), and watershed shape. Additionally, the study investigates trends in runoff coefficients and their long-term controls, including climatic factors and land use changes. New hydrological insights for the regionThe findings indicate that runoff coefficients increase with antecedent soil moisture and rainfall intensity. Higher elevations show lower runoff coefficients due to forested land use. Larger watersheds have lower runoff coefficients at low rainfall intensity but higher ones when intensity is high. Long-term trends reveal soil moisture as the primary control, with land cover changes as a secondary factor. This research deepens understanding of runoff coefficient dynamics and controls in the Ohio region. Future studies could explore the impacts of urbanization, reservoirs, evapotranspiration, and snowmelt on runoff coefficients.