Dose-Related Effects and Bleeding Risk of Ketorolac in Pediatric Tonsillectomy.

Abstract

To investigate the safety and effectiveness of dose-related ketorolac administration in children who underwent tonsillectomy. Data sourced from PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases, encompassing literature from their inception until June 2024. The perioperative administration of ketorolac in comparison with a control group was included in this analysis. The outcomes assessed were postoperative pain levels; utilization patterns of analgesic medication in terms of quantity and frequency; and the incidence rates of postoperative nausea, vomiting, and bleeding. Eighteen studies with 11,729 patients that investigated. The ketorolac treatment group with postoperative bleeding had a higher incidence of primary bleeding (significant bleeding and operative bleeding control) compared to the control group. However, ketorolac treatment did not affect the risk of secondary bleeding. Subgroup analysis showed that 0.9 to 1 mg/kg of ketorolac significantly increases primary operative control (odds ratio [OR] = 4.0700 [1.6352; 10.1302]; I2 = 0.0%) and primary significant bleeding (OR = 2.3200 [1.1322; 4.7538]; I2 = 0.0%). On the other hand, 0.5 mg/kg ketorolac did not show any influence on primary operative control. The administration of ketorolac (both 0.9-1 and 0.5 mg/kg) led to a significant decrease in postoperative pain (2-24 hours), nausea, and vomiting compared to the control group. Low-dose (0.5 mg/kg) ketorolac administration to children could significantly reduce the risk of primary significant bleeding and surgical hemostasis compared to high-dose administration (0.9-1.0 mg/kg). In addition, low-dose ketorolac administration could provide sufficient pain control and reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting.