Primary Control Strategies Research Articles

Control Strategies of Visually Impaired Travelers

ABSTRACTThis exploratory study evaluated visually impaired travelers' (VITs) psychological adaptations by identifying the travel constraints they anticipated before the trips and encountered when they arrived at the destinations, and the control strategies they employed to negotiate the constraints at the two travel stages. Semi‐structured qualitative face‐to‐face interviews with 18 VITs and their caregivers were conducted. The findings demonstrated that participants were challenged with structural and intrapersonal constraints in these two travel stages and various control strategies were implemented. Selective primary control and compensatory primary control strategies were used to cope with constraints under the VITs' control by changing the external environment, whereas selective secondary control and compensatory secondary control strategies were used to cope with constraints beyond their control by altering one's inner world. This study comprehends how VITs psychologically adapt to the travel constraints they anticipate before and encounter during their trips. Practical implications were provided.

Enhancing wind power with permanent magnet synchronous generator control strategies

AbstractDue to the substantial rise in wind power generation, the direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous generator has emerged as a leading technology for efficient variable speed operation, meeting grid demands effectively. This paper presents a comparative analysis of control strategies for permanent magnet synchronous generator based wind turbine using real variable wind speed data from a 2 MW of Tetouan wind farm in Morocco. The proposed approach is based on evaluating two primary control strategies: the adaptive fuzzy-proportional-integral controller and the conventional proportional-integral controller aimed at enhancing the wind turbine's output power. The simulation performed on MATLAB-Simulink indicates that pitch control mechanisms play a crucial role in optimizing power generation, also demonstrating its ability to achieve satisfactory performance.

Does fuel price volatility induce price instability in the agricultural commodity supply chain? Empirical evidence from Ghana

Food price volatility has become a hot topic after the global food crisis of 2007/2008 and 2010/2011 due to the livelihood threat it poses, particularly to poor households. The purpose of this paper is threefold: to determine the possible volatility spillover effect from fuel to food prices, assess the perception of actors along the food supply chain on the effects of price volatility, and investigate the indigenous management methods used by the identified actors. We discovered evidence of volatility transmission from fuel to food markets in southern Ghana. However, in northern Ghana, where agricultural commodities are primarily brought to market on motorcycles and tricycles, the spillover effect of fuel is negligible. The supply chain participants believe that price volatility is having a detrimental impact on their decision-making or planning, supplies/production, and finances. Wholesalers and retailers handle price volatility by diversifying their sources, storing products for better pricing, and implementing volume controls. Farmers' primary price volatility control strategies include crop diversification, market information collection, staggered sales, and produce storage for better prices. Policy ideas have been developed to assist reduce price uncertainty in the basic food supply chain.

Primary side control strategies for battery charging regulation in wireless power transfer systems for EV applications

AbstractResonant inductive‐based wireless power transfer (WPT) for battery charging has potential applications in electric vehicles (EVs). The EV battery charging process requires the regulation of both charging voltage and current. Duty ratio or frequency control is generally preferred to manage the power flow between the transmitter and receiver coils in the WPT system. In the case of WPT charging, misalignment between the coils and parameter variations are unavoidable issues that result in changes to the output power. Therefore, it is essential to control the power flow to maintain constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) modes during battery charging. To address these challenges, various primary‐side control techniques, such as asymmetric clamped mode (ACM), asymmetric duty cycle (ADC), and phase‐shift (PS) fixed frequency control strategies, have been proposed for WPT systems. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of these control methods, considering their output voltage ranges and their ability to maintain zero‐voltage switching (ZVS) for the entire control range. Furthermore, the paper presents a generalized design for reduced‐order small signal modelling, utilizing an extended describing function. The designed controller, based on small signal modelling, will undergo real‐time testing to evaluate its dynamic performance in the series‐series resonant converter.

Fuzzy Control Strategies Development for a 3-DoF Robotic Manipulator in Trajectory Tracking

This research delves into the development and evaluation of two distinct controllers for a 3-DoF robotic arm in the context of Industry 4.0. Two primary control strategies are presented in the study. The first is a Fuzzy Logic Controller that utilizes joint position error and its derivative as inputs, employing a set of 9 control knowledge rules. The second is an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) Controller, trained to learn the inverse dynamic model of the robot through a structured dataset. The research emphasizes the importance of accurate parameter tuning and data acquisition to achieve optimal control system performance. Extensive experimentation was conducted to evaluate the controllers’ performance in trajectory tracking and their response against external disturbances, such as load variations. The controllers exhibited remarkable precision and proficiency in tracking reference trajectories, with minimal deviations, overshoots, or oscillations. A quantitative analysis using performance indices such as root mean square error (RMSE) and the integral of the absolute value of the time-weighted error (ITAE) further confirmed the controllers’ effectiveness. Notably, the ANFIS Controller consistently outperformed the Fuzzy Logic Controller, demonstrating superior precision in trajectory tracking. The study underscored the importance of selecting the right control method and obtaining high-quality training data. Challenges in parameter tuning for Fuzzy Logic Controllers and potential time constraints in training ANFIS were discussed. The findings have significant implications for advancing robotic control systems, particularly in the era of Industry 4.0.

Phase-wise evaluation and optimization of non-pharmaceutical interventions to contain the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S.

Given that the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines and other therapies is greatly limited by the continuously emerging variants, non-pharmaceutical interventions have been adopted as primary control strategies in the global fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. However, implementing strict interventions over extended periods of time is inevitably hurting the economy. Many countries are faced with the dilemma of how to take appropriate policy actions for socio-economic recovery while curbing the further spread of COVID-19. With an aim to solve this multi-objective decision-making problem, we investigate the underlying temporal dynamics and associations between policies, mobility patterns, and virus transmission through vector autoregressive models and the Toda-Yamamoto Granger causality test. Our findings reveal the presence of temporal lagged effects and Granger causality relationships among various transmission and human mobility variables. We further assess the effectiveness of existing COVID-19 control measures and explore potential optimal strategies that strike a balance between public health and socio-economic recovery for individual states in the U.S. by employing the Pareto optimality and genetic algorithms. The results highlight the joint power of the state of emergency declaration, wearing face masks, and the closure of bars, and emphasize the necessity of pursuing tailor-made strategies for different states and phases of epidemiological transmission. Our framework enables policymakers to create more refined designs of COVID-19 strategies and can be extended to other countries regarding best practices in pandemic response.

Evaluating efficiency and equity of prevention and control strategies for rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in India: an extended cost-effectiveness analysis

There is a dearth of evidence on the cost-effectiveness of a combination of population-based primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and control strategies for rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. The present analysis evaluated the cost-effectiveness and distributional effect of primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions and their combinations for the prevention and control of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in India. A Markov model was constructed to estimate the lifetime costs and consequences among a hypothetical cohort of 5-year-old healthy children. Both health system costs and out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) were included. OOPE and health-related quality-of-life were assessed by interviewing 702 patients enrolled in a population-based rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease registry in India. Health consequences were measured in terms of life-years and quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) gained. Furthermore, an extended cost-effectiveness analysis was undertaken to assess the costs and outcomes across different wealth quartiles. All future costs and consequences were discounted at an annual rate of 3%. A combination of secondary and tertiary prevention strategies, which had an incremental cost of ₹23 051 (US$30) per QALY gained, was the most cost-effective strategy for the prevention and control of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in India. The number of rheumatic heart disease cases prevented among the population belonging to the poorest quartile (four cases per 1000) was four times higher than the richest quartile (one per 1000). Similarly, the reduction in OOPE after the intervention was higher among the poorest income group (29·8%) than among the richest income group (27·0%). The combined secondary and tertiary prevention and control strategy is the most cost-effective option for the management of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in India, and the benefits of public spending are likely to be accrued much more by those in the lowest income groups. The quantification of non-health gains provides strong evidence for informing policy decisions by efficient resource allocation on rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease prevention and control in India. Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi.

A Characteristic Analysis of Various Air Pollutants and Their Correlation with O3 in the Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, and Anhui Provinces of China

Using a series of characteristic analyses of HCHO, SO2, NO2, O3, and absorptive aerosols (ultraviolet aerosol index—UVAI) in the atmosphere of the study area from 2011 to 2021, this paper reviews the pollutants present in Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, and Anhui provinces, which are the key regions for air pollution control in China. Furthermore, the correlation between various air pollutants and O3 is also examined. The results obtained show the following: (1) Within the research areas, temporal pollutant variations can be observed from 2011 to 2021. NO2 and HCHO only modestly decrease, SO2 sharply declines, while UVAI remains stable. During the study period, HCHO and O3 first increase and subsequently decline, whereas the other three pollutants exhibit the opposite behavior. (2) Among the examined pollutants, SO2 is the most unstable. (3) Our research discovered that the atmospheric transport paths at high-value points significantly vary between seasons using the public backward trajectory model. (4) Through the correlation analysis we performed, this research reveals the different degrees of spatial correlations between O3 and other pollutants. (5) Using the FNR index method, the sensitivity of O3 to its precursors (NOx and VOCs) is investigated. Based on the results, we provide some suggestions concerning the primary control pollutants and relative control strategies in different seasons and regions.

Detection and population genetic analysis of kdr L1014F variant in eastern Ethiopian Anopheles stephensi.

Anopheles stephensi is a malaria vector that has been recently introduced into East Africa, where it threatens to increase malaria disease burden. The use of insecticides, especially pyrethroids, is still one of the primary malaria vector control strategies worldwide. The knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation in the IIS6 transmembrane segment of the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) is one of the main molecular mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles. Extensive pyrethroid resistance in An. stephensi has been previously reported in Ethiopia. Thus, it is important to determine whether or not the kdr mutation is present in An. stephensi populations in Ethiopia to inform vector control strategies. In the present study, the kdr locus was analyzed in An. stephensi collected from ten urban sites (Awash Sebat Kilo, Bati, Dire Dawa, Degehabur, Erer Gota, Godey, Gewane, Jigjiga, Semera, and Kebridehar) situated in Somali, Afar, and Amhara regions, and Dire Dawa Administrative City, to evaluate the frequency and evolution of kdr mutations and the association of the mutation with permethrin resistance phenotypes. Permethrin is one of the pyrethroid insecticides used for vector control in eastern Ethiopia. DNA extractions were performed on adult mosquitoes from CDC light trap collections and those raised from larval and pupal collections. PCR and targeted sequencing were used to analyze the IIS6 transmembrane segment of the vgsc gene. Of 159 An. stephensi specimens analyzed from the population survey, nine (5.7%) carried the kdr mutation (L1014F). An. stephensi with kdr mutations were only observed from Bati, Degehabur, Dire Dawa, Gewane, and Semera. We further selected randomly twenty resistant and twenty susceptible An. stephensi mosquitoes from Dire Dawa post-exposure to permethrin and investigated the role of kdr in pyrethroid resistance by comparing the vgsc gene in the two populations. We found no kdr mutations in the permethrin-resistant mosquitoes. Population genetic analysis of the sequences, including neighboring introns, revealed limited evidence of non-neutral evolution (e.g., selection) at this locus. The low kdr mutation frequency detected and the lack of kdr mutation in the permethrin-resistant mosquitoes suggest the existence of other molecular mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance in eastern Ethiopian An. stephensi.

The Mediating Role of Chinese College Students' Control Strategies: Belief in a Just World and Life History Strategy.

The harshness and unpredictability of early life circumstances shape life history strategies for trade-offs between the resources devoted to somatic and reproductive efforts of individuals in the developmental process. This paper uses belief in a just world as a reflection of early environmental cues to predict an individual’s life history strategies. Research has found that belief in a just world influences life history strategies through a sense of control. However, the relationship between a sense of control and a life history strategy is flawed because influencing life history strategies should be intrinsic to control strategies rather than a sense of control. A total of 408 Chinese undergraduate students completed the Personal Belief in a Just World Scale, Mini-K Scale, and Primary and Secondary Control Scale. Structural equation modeling suggested that belief in a just world can directly or indirectly influence life history strategies through primary and secondary control strategies, respectively; there was no statistical difference in the degree of influence between the two paths. These results deepen our understanding of the underlying mechanisms in the relationship between belief in a just world and life history strategies, which can be utilized to ensure a slow life history strategy among Chinese university students in the future.

BESS Primary Frequency Control Strategies for the West Africa Power Pool

In recent years, power systems have been moving from conventional power plants toward the integration of renewable energy sources (RES). This trend is taking shape in many developing economies, including in the West Africa Power Pool (WAPP). The integration of RES, however, stresses grid security and stability due to the variability and intermittency of the underlying renewable sources. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) have been identified as a possible solution to address the frequency control challenges in the WAPP Interconnected Transmission System (WAPPITS) in order to help to accommodate high levels of RES. This paper analyzes the application and effectiveness of BESS in providing primary frequency control reserves in the WAPPITS. The analyses are based on numerical simulations that were performed using an open-loop model based on historic frequency measurements from the WAPPITS. The simplified model provided a first-order analysis of the frequency control and state of charge (SOC) restoration logic for BESS installations. This study indicates that a droop-based control strategy that is able to react only to the symmetrical and fast frequency oscillations in the network could be appropriate for regulating BESS in the system. Moreover, it demonstrates that the deployment of BESS alone does not solve frequency control problems and a deep revision of the frequency control service is required, mainly involving traditional power plants.

Rotor Position Synchronization in Central-Converter Multi-Motor Electric Actuation Systems

The aerospace industry is increasingly transitioning from hydraulic and pneumatic drives to power-electronic based drive systems for reduced weight and maintenance. Electromechanical thrust reverse actuation systems (EM-TRAS) are currently being considered as a replacement for mechanical based TRAS for future aircraft. An EM-TRAS consists of one or more power-electronic drives, electrical motors, and gear-trains that extend/retract mechanical members to produce a drag force that decelerates the aircraft upon landing. The use of a single (“central”) power electronic converter to simultaneously control a set of parallel induction machines is a potentially inexpensive and robust method for implementing EM-TRAS. However, because the electrical motors may experience different shaft torques—arising from differences in wind forces and a flexible nacelle—a method to implement rotor position synchronization in central-converter multi-motor (CCMM) architectures is needed. This paper introduces a novel method for achieving position synchronization within CCMM architecture by using closed-loop feedback of variable stator resistances in parallel induction machines. The feasibility of the method is demonstrated in several case studies using electromagnetic transient simulation on a set of parallel induction machines experiencing different load torque conditions, with the central converter implementing both voltage-based and current-based primary control strategies. The key result of the paper is that the CCMM architecture with proposed feedback control strategy is shown in these case studies to dynamically drive the position synchronization error to zero. The initial findings indicate that the CCMM architecture with induction motors may be a viable option for implementing EM-TRAS in future aircraft.

An Energy-Efficient Method for Controlling Hydraulic Actuators Using Counterbalance Valves With Adjustable Pilot

Abstract Counterbalance valves (CBVs) are widely used in hydraulic machines handling gravitational loads. They are usually adopted in hydraulic circuits that set the flow to the actuator with either metering control strategies or primary control strategies. In these circuits, the CBV does not determine the actuator velocity, but it establishes a proper counterpressure that balances the actuator during overrunning loads. A well-known problem of CBVs is the excessive power consumption introduced into the circuit, which is due to an excessive pressurization of the flow supply. This paper presents a solution for using CBVs to control the actuator velocity while also reducing energy consumption. The method consists in controlling the pilot port of the CBV through an external pressure source (adjustable pilot). The solution is first studied analytically, considering all the possible loading conditions at the actuator. Two different control strategies are presented: the “Smart CBV,” where the CBV does not control the actuator velocity but it minimizes the system pressure; and the “Smart System” that uses the CBV to efficiently control the actuator velocity during overrunning load conditions. An experimental validation of the proposed solutions is also provided, taking as reference a truck-mounted hydraulic crane. The results of the proposed solutions are compared to those achieved by the traditional circuit of the reference hydraulic crane which uses standard CBVs. For both cases of smart CBV and smart system, a remarkable power saving, respectively, up to 75% and up to 90% is observed.

Effects of a Web-Based Pediatric Oncology Legacy Intervention on Parental Coping.

To examine the effects of a legacy intervention for children with advanced cancer and their parents on parental coping strategies. The authors recruited 150 children with advanced cancer and their parents via Facebook. Child-parent dyads were randomly assigned to the intervention or usual care. Children in the intervention group created electronic digital storyboards to assist in documenting their legacies. Parents completed the Responses to Stress Questionnaire at baseline/preintervention (T1) and postintervention (T2). Linear regressions were used to test for differences between the groups in the amount of change from T1 to T2 for each parent coping score. Although not statistically significant, the legacy intervention showed trends toward increasing use of primary control and disengagement coping strategies in parents over time relative to usual care. Nurses can help to facilitate opportunities for parents to use adaptive coping strategies. More work is needed to determine how legacy interventions in pediatric oncology can facilitate adaptive coping strategies for parents of children with cancer.

Effectiveness of SOx, NOx, and Primary Particulate Matter Control Strategies in the Improvement of Ambient PM Concentration in Taiwan

The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) measurement was employed for evaluating the effectiveness of fine particulate matter control strategies in Taiwan. There are three scenarios as follows: (I) the 2014 baseline year emission, (II) 2020 emissions reduced via the Clean Air Act (CAA), and (III) other emissions reduced stringently via the Clean Air Act. Based on the Taiwan Emission Data System (TEDs) 8.1, established in 2014, the emission of particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) was 73.5 thousand tons y−1, that of SOx was 121.3 thousand tons y−1, and that of NOx was 404.4 thousand tons y−1 in Taiwan. The CMAQ model simulation indicated that the PM2.5 concentration was 21.9 μg m−3. This could be underestimated by 24% in comparison with data from the ambient air quality monitoring stations of the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA). The results of the simulation of the PM2.5 concentration showed high PM2.5 concentrations in central and southwestern Taiwan, especially in Taichung and Kaohsiung. Compared to scenario I, the average annual concentrations of PM2.5 for scenario II and scenario III showed reductions of 20.1% and 28.8%, respectively. From the results derived from the simulation, it can be seen that control of NOx emissions may improve daily airborne PM2.5 concentrations in Taiwan significantly and control of directly emitted PM2.5 emissions may improve airborne PM2.5 concentrations each month. Nevertheless, the results reveal that the preliminary control plan could not achievethe air quality standard. Therefore, the efficacy and effectiveness of the control measures must be considered to better reduce emissions in the future.

Assessment of an Insecticidal Paint for Malaria Control

Background: Plasmodium is efficiently transmitted majorly by female Anopheline mosquitoes: Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae sensus lato. A gap exists with respect to primary vector control strategies; indoor residual spray requires expertise while long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) cover early night sleepers. Objectives: To cover the time between dinner and bedtime, there are commercial insecticidal paints for control of the malaria vector. It is important to monitor the efficacy of such paints. Therefore, this study was geared toward assessing the efficacy of insecticidal paint and monitoring the potency of insecticide in the paint over time. Methods: Four rooms were painted with an insecticidal paint, and another four rooms were painted with a non-insecticidal paint. Pyrethroid Spray Catch (PSC) was performed before the rooms were painted. Anopheles mosquito larvae collected from a breeding site were reared to adults in an insectary. Twenty-five-day-old non-blood fed female mosquitoes were exposed to the painted walls using a polyvinyl chloride cone. The knock-down of mosquitoes was monitored for 30 minutes. Mortality was decided by the inability of mosquitoes to move their legs or wings after 24 hours in the holding cup. A total of 11,520 mosquitoes were used for the study. Results: Five mosquitoes were collected from PSC prior to painting, and none were caught post painting. A 100% knock-down rate was observed for wild mosquitoes in the first two months of exposure. The efficacy of the paint decreased in the third month, with a knock-down rate of 92.5% in 10 minutes. Moreover, the knock-down rate was not significantly different (P > 0.05) between the Kisumu and wild strains. Although the knock-down duration increased over time, none of the exposed mosquitoes survived. Hence, the paint is considered effective in malaria control.

The Investigation of Control Strategies within the frame of Motivational Theory of Life-Span Development

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the control strategies used by individuals in the process of reaching a goal within the frame of the motivational theory of life-span development (Heckhausen, Wrosch, & Schulz, 2010). The sample consisted of 396 participants aged between 18 and 30 years. 214 (54%) of the participants were women and 182 (46%) of them were men. The mean age of the participants was 23.92 years (SD = 3.80). All of the participants were at least high school graduates. The participants were asked to remember the goal they had set for themselves during high school and university years, and to indicate what control strategies they applied if they had encountered an obstacle or a failure in the process of reaching this goal. The Optimization in Primary and Secondary Control Scale was also administered to the participants. In this study, we also examined the perceived support from significant others related to the goal. Qualitative data analysis conducted in the frame of motivational theory of life-span development (Heckhausen et al., 2010) indicated that a significant majority of respondents’ answers could be classified as selective primary control and compensatory primary control strategies. These two strategies were followed by selective secondary control. The control strategy which was least used by the participants, was the compensatory secondary control. The results of the One-Way Repeated Measures of ANOVA also revealed that the compensatory secondary control was less frequently used compared to other control strategies. Our findings also showed that participants perceived support mostly from their mothers. The study indicated that participants used strategies such as investing time and effort, trying again and struggling, using new methods, and seeking help or advice from other people more than other strategies. The results also revealed that young individuals who encounter obstacles or failures in the process of reaching their goals mostly continue to strive to achieve their goals.

Moisture control strategies of habitable basements in cold climates

In many countries with a cold climate, basements are used as dwellings. This presents a major challenge concerning moisture safety design. Climate change is expected to increase the risk of moisture-related damage in basements owing to increasing amounts of stormwater, annual precipitation, and annual temperatures. This study examines the primary moisture control strategies for habitable basements in western cold climate countries by identifying the main differences and similarities in national building recommendations for new buildings. Using Norwegian design guides as a baseline, we identified ten key challenges and compared them with four other cold climate countries' recommendations given by experts in the field of building physics (building science). The results showed that other countries' recommendations differ from those of Norway in various key challenges. However, similar but varying recommendations pertaining to ground surface slopes, drainage layers, drainage pipes, capillary breaking layers in floors, avoiding thermal bridges, airtightness, and ventilation were noted. The key differences pertained to the exterior damp proofing of walls, use and position of dimpled membranes and vapour barriers, and use of permeable thermal insulation. The outcome is that countries emphasize the ten key challenges differently. Although the recommendations have many similarities, the weighting (or prioritizing) distinguishes the five countries’ moisture control strategies.

Decentralised primary and secondary control strategies for islanded microgrids considering energy storage systems characteristics

One of the main subjects of Microgrid (MG) islanded operation is its stability. Using the Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) in MGs, the stability can be improved. To ensure the proper operation of the ESSs, their State of Charge (SoC) should be monitored and controlled. In this paper, a new decentralized control method based on the conventional droop method is proposed which considers different types of ESSs used in islanded MG, i.e. ESSs with high power density and high energy density. In the proposed method, the ESS units are divided into two main categories. The master ESS is the main primary frequency control unit and the other ESSs respond to active and reactive power variations of the load and participate in the secondary control of frequency. For each of these categories, a new control method is proposed. The proposed method, including the primary and secondary control, is decentralized, and based on local measurements. Moreover, in the proposed method, a SoC equalization of ESSs is considered. To assess the stability of the MG, a small signal stability model is developed. Three scenarios are simulated to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method in MG frequency control and ESSs SoC balancing.

VESS06. Strategies to Reduce Wound Complications in Below-Knee Amputation

Wound complications, including surgical site infections (SSI) and wound dehiscence (WD), are seen often after below-knee amputation (BKA) of the leg. Since 2015, our group has implemented several strategies intended to reduce the incidence of these wound complications. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of these strategies. A single-center, retrospective cohort study was conducted among patients who underwent BKA procedures. At our center, we have implemented strategies to reduce postoperative wound complications, including (1) decreasing the use of incisional skin staples, (2) increasing the use of negative pressure wound therapy dressings, and (3) implementing an outpatient elective decontamination protocol for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. To examine the effect of these strategies, we defined pre-eras and post-eras. The pre-era included procedures completed between January 2009 and December 2013, before the implementation of infection control strategies. The post-era was between January 2015 and October 2018. Procedures completed in 2014 were excluded to account for a period of uptake in strategies. The primary outcome was a composite of 30-day wound complications (SSI, WD, or both). Multivariable logistic regression was used to model associations between the primary outcome, eras, preoperative comorbidities, and infection control strategies. A total of 182 BKAs were performed: 110 (60.4%) in the pre-era and 72 (39.6%) in the post-era. Patient characteristics between the two eras did not differ significantly in the univariable analysis. The proportion of SSI or WD between periods did not significantly decrease (infection: pre-era = 14%, post-era = 11% [P = .60]; WD: pre-era = 9%, post-era = 7% [P = .60]). After risk adjustment, the use of staples compared with sutures (odds ratio [OR], 0.35; P = .05) was associated with a decreased risk of developing the composite end point. One or more drain placements were associated with an increased risk of SSI/WD incidence (OR, 4.12; P = .04). Procedures completed in the post-era were associated with a decreased risk of composite end point development in the adjusted model; however, this was not significant (OR, 0.48; P = .15). After BKA, skin closure with staples was associated with a decreased adjusted-risk of wound complications, and drain placement was associated with an increased risk of wound complications.