Abstract
In recent years, power systems have been moving from conventional power plants toward the integration of renewable energy sources (RES). This trend is taking shape in many developing economies, including in the West Africa Power Pool (WAPP). The integration of RES, however, stresses grid security and stability due to the variability and intermittency of the underlying renewable sources. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) have been identified as a possible solution to address the frequency control challenges in the WAPP Interconnected Transmission System (WAPPITS) in order to help to accommodate high levels of RES. This paper analyzes the application and effectiveness of BESS in providing primary frequency control reserves in the WAPPITS. The analyses are based on numerical simulations that were performed using an open-loop model based on historic frequency measurements from the WAPPITS. The simplified model provided a first-order analysis of the frequency control and state of charge (SOC) restoration logic for BESS installations. This study indicates that a droop-based control strategy that is able to react only to the symmetrical and fast frequency oscillations in the network could be appropriate for regulating BESS in the system. Moreover, it demonstrates that the deployment of BESS alone does not solve frequency control problems and a deep revision of the frequency control service is required, mainly involving traditional power plants.
Highlights
The integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into the West Africa Power Pool (WAPP) Interconnected Transmission System (WAPPITS) has increased significantly; be‐tween 2016 and 2021, about 439 MW of solar PV was installed, representing 1.9% of the total installed generation capacity
PV and wind power is expected to grow to about 40% of the total generation capacity between 2030–2033 in order to fulfill the regional goal of increasing electricity access for the citizens of the Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS) [1]
This study considered the question of whether Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) is well‐suited for this type of frequency control, given what is known about the frequency control issues within the WAPPITS
Summary
The integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into the West Africa Power Pool (WAPP) Interconnected Transmission System (WAPPITS) has increased significantly; be‐tween 2016 and 2021, about 439 MW of solar PV was installed, representing 1.9% of the total installed generation capacity. PV and wind power is expected to grow to about 40% of the total generation capacity between 2030–2033 in order to fulfill the regional goal of increasing electricity access for the citizens of the Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS) [1]. Since wind and solar RES resources are generally inverter‐based, these generators reduce system inertia relative to generation capacity, making the system frequency very susceptible to any loss of generation, transmission line or load [3,4,5,6,7]. The variability and uncertainty of the output of RES generation results in an increase in the variability and uncertainty of net load in the short term [8]
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